Le Brésil, comme tous les pays en voie de développement, est très sensible à l'investissement étranger, qui stimule son industrie et son commerce, intérieur et extérieur. En même temps, la sécurité juridique est donc une clé dans le processus d'affirmation du commerce international brésilien, notamment aux yeux de l'UE et la France, et garantit un développement continu et durable du pays. Dans ce contexte, déjà en 2001, plusieurs aspects politiques et juridiques ont été cités par la Banque Mondiale et le Gouvernement Français comme étant une barrière à l'investissement : la bureaucratie, le coût de la main d'œuvre, la fiscalité, le transfert de technologie, le respect aux contrats et les accords internationaux. La présente étude vise à contribuer au développement de la relation entre le Brésil et les investisseurs franco-européens, en apportant à ceux-ci une meilleure compréhension du système juridique brésilien, à travers l'analyse comparée du contrat de franchise, lequel exige une étude plus approfondie grâce à sa complexité, plus particulièrement en matière de droit des obligations, de la concurrence, et de la propriété intellectuelle. / As any other developing country, Brazil is very sensitive concerning foreign investments, which stimulates its industry and commerce, domestically or cross borders. At the same time, legal safety is one of the keys in this Brazilian international commerce consolidation, especially vis-à-vis Europe and France, in order to ensure a sustainable and continuous development of the country. In this context, in 2001 already, several political and legal aspects were mentioned by the World Bank and the French Government as true barriers to foreign investment : bureaucracy, work force cost, taxation, technology transfer, and the respect to contracts and international treaties. The present essay aims to contribute to the development of the relationship between Brazil and the franco-european investors, by providing a better comprehension of the Brazilian legal system, through a comparative analysis of the franchising agreement, which demands deeper studies in view of its complexity, concerning particularly contract law, competition and intellectual property.

The first part of Master`s thesis focuses on defining the concept of small and medium sized company, a description of their meaning and the possibility of obtaining grants from EU structural funds and from government institutions. Within the options of grant will be prepared and submitted a grant application for a subsidized loan from Czech-Moravian Guarantee and Development Bank or from another entity. The second part of Thesis deals with the business plan. Thesis compares business plan from the franchisor with the reality that arose in building small store in Tabor and its operation in the first fifteen months. Based on the comparison may be designed to optimizing cost outlets of the store. The contribution of this Thesis is to look at a small retail business and it's financing. Such a complex view can help to similar retailers with orientation in the establishment and funding of a similar type of retail businesses. It will also be evaluated by franchise concept Náš grunt in the light of the real picture of financing its stores.

Institutional investors and corporates are constantly looking to achieve double digit yields in relation to investments in traditional real estate assets. With retail, office and residential property under pressure the study set out to determine how hotels perform compared to traditional property investment asset classes in terms of investment yields during different stages of the property cycle, and whether investors (property developers and institutional investment funds) are considering the hospitality sector for investment or diversification of current portfolios. Furthermore, to determine how aligned the commercial banks, Development Funding Institutions (DFI) and Section 12J funds are with funding single hotel assets versus portfolio lending, and what their requirements are. As an exploratory study, interviews were conducted to obtain in- depth and rich information from purposively selected respondents with experience in the sector after completing a preparatory questionnaire. Respondents included property developers, investors, financiers, tour operators and hotel operators. Results confirmed that both developers and investment funds are indeed considering hotels as an alternative investment since the yields are favourable when compared to other asset classes, yet with a longer investment horizon. Hotels required time to stabilise and at this point an expected yield should be higher than 12.5% which is higher than initial yields for traditional commercial properties. Historically, hotels investors were very specific in their investment asset classes and usually purely focused on hospitality assets (specialist investors). This has now changed with an increase in generalist investors coming to the market with exposure in a diversity of asset classes including the hospitality sector. Funding challenges, due to the operational risk associated with Hotel Management Agreements (HMA) is perceived by both financiers and developers or investors. Leases are the preferred income model but are seldom available in the hospitality sector and often those that are made available, may not provide the strong covenants required by financiers and developers/investors. Alternative funding is available in the form of Section 12J VCC’s or from DFI’s but both have their limitations as became apparent in the results. Recommendations for further research include funding challenges for a development or acquisition strategy at a single asset and portfolio level, and expansion to Sub-Saharan Africa as it impacts many investors and international hotels brands with exposure in these regions. / Dissertation (MSc (Real Estate))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Construction Economics / MSc (Real Estate) / Unrestricted

The overall purpose of this paper is to investigate how the concept of democracy was used in Swedish parliamentary debates before the great franchise reform 1919-1921. To use conceptual history to study parliamentary debates is a relatively recent phenomenon and when it comes to Sweden it has mostly been about the period around and after the mentioned great reform. This paper therefore takes a step back and concentrates on the years 1902, 1907 and 1912 when bills and motions were presented that advocated more inclusive voting rights. It is not only a period that has been less researched but an inquiry into these years also complete and enhance the understanding of the later great reform. Since the concept of democracy rarely appears in the parliamentary debates during the first years studied the paper also investigates the context in which the concept was used with a special focus on who were to be allowed to take part in an enlarged franchise. The final analysis shows that the concept of democracy went through substantial change during the period in question. Not only did it become used more frequently in the debates, but most politicians also accepted the future-oriented quality of the concept. The context of the debates shifted during the period but most importantly the view of who among the people were supposed to be included in a democratic society changed. Some of the uses of the concept of democracy that was to reverberate during the debates leading up to the great franchise reform 1919-1921 can also be found during the period here studied.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

La présente recherche propose un cadre intégrateur de la gouvernance des réseaux de franchise, mobilisant à la fois l'approche contractuelle et relationnelle. Elle cherche à examiner le degré de dépendance entre les mécanismes de gouvernance émanant de ces deux approches. L'étude empirique est mise en œuvre à travers une méthodologie de recherche à la fois qualitative et quantitative. L'étude qualitative nous a permis de développer des connaissances plus détaillées sur le fonctionnement des réseaux de franchise, de vérifier la véracité empirique de notre modèle conceptuel et de mettre au point notre questionnaire définitif. Les données recueillies auprès de 90 franchisés français, à l'aide d'une enquête électronique, ont fait l'objet d'une étude quantitative. Cette dernière nous a permis, dans un premier temps, de valider les échelles de mesures des variables latentes intégrées dans le modèle conceptuel, à travers une analyse exploratoire suivie d'une autre confirmatoire appliquant la Modélisation en Equations Structurelles (MES). La MES a été également mobilisée afin de confirmer, dans un second temps, la structure causale du modèle empirique. En termes de résultats, nous avons mis en évidence, du moins partiellement, l'existence de relations de dépendance entre les trois composantes de la gouvernance contractuelle à savoir : le système d'allocation des droits décisionnels, le système d'évaluation des performances et le système d'incitation. Plus particulièrement, les résultats statistiques confirment que le système d'incitation dépend significativement de l'allocation des droits décisionnels et du système d'évaluation des performances. S'agissant des relations de complémentarité entre la gouvernance contractuelle et la gouvernance relationnelle, les résultats statistiques semblent plus concluants en montrant que les normes relationnelles de la dyade franchiseur-franchisé, fondées sur la confiance, la coopération et l'harmonisation des conflits, dépendent significativement des trois mécanismes de la gouvernance contractuelle cités ci-dessus. Voulant affiner davantage notre analyse, cette recherche met également en évidence l'influence de cinq variables de contrôle sur la portée de certains mécanismes de gouvernance plus que d'autres. Pour conclure, cette recherche contribue, sur le plan théorique, à enrichir les travaux émergents sur le contrôle et la gouvernance des réseaux de franchise et, sur le plan professionnel, à fournir aux acteurs du commerce des éléments d'appréciation sur la capacité de la franchise à concilier contrôle, autonomie et normes relationnelle, ainsi que des recommandations aux franchiseurs afin de bien gérer leurs relations avec leurs franchisés et emporter leur adhésion. / This research provides an integrating framework for the governance of franchising networks involving both contractual and relational approach. It seeks to examine the degree of dependence between the governance mechanisms from these two approaches. The empirical study is implemented through both qualitative and quantitative methodology. The qualitative study, allowed us to develop more detailed operational knowledge of franchising networks, to check the empirical veracity of our conceptual model and to finalize our questionnaire for the quantitative study. The electronic survey data collected from 90 French franchisees have been the subject of the quantitative study. This later allowed us, firstly, to validate the measurement scales of latent variables included in the conceptual model, through an exploratory analysis followed by a confirmatory one applying the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The SEM was also leveraged to confirm, in a second step, the causal structure of the empirical model. In terms of results, we have highlighted, at least partially, the dependency between all three components of the contractual governance, namely: the allocation of decision rights system, performance measurement system and incentive system. In particular, statistical results confirm that the incentive system depends significantly on the allocation of decision rights and performance measurement system. Regarding complementarities between contractual and relational governance, statistical results seem to be more conclusive by showing that the relational norms of the franchisor-franchisee dyad, based on trust, cooperation and harmonization of conflict, depend significantly on the three contractual governance mechanisms cited above. Wishing to further refine our analysis, this research also highlights the influence of five control variables on the scope of certain governance mechanisms more than others. In conclusion, the contributions of this research are related, on the theoretical level, to the enrichment of the emerging work on control and governance of franchising networks, and on the professional level, to providing trade players with evidence on the ability of franchising to reconcile control, autonomy and relational norms, as well as recommendations to franchisors in order to manage effectively their relationships with their franchisees and gain their support.

O setor de franquias representa uma oportunidade rara para a investigação do uso de formas plurais, visto que as empresas franqueadoras, em geral, adotam simultaneamente dois tipos de arranjos contratuais (unidades próprias e franqueadas). Para a investigação da criação e da evolução de sistemas de franquias, duas teorias destacam-se nos estudos empíricos publicados sobre o mercado norte-americano: teorias de Agente-Principal e de Escassez de Recursos. Assim, o presente estudo teve dois objetivos principais: primeiro, investigar a aplicabilidade dessas duas teorias para explicar a adoção e a evolução do sistema de franquias, no Brasil, considerando o período de 2000 a 2009; segundo, analisar a existência de estabilidade no uso de formas plurais por redes de franquias, ao longo dos anos. Diferenciando-se de outros estudos, foi empregada a técnica de análise de regressão múltipla de dados em painel, bem como foram realizadas estimativas com cinco diferentes formas funcionais (linear, lin-log, log-lin, log-linear e recíproco). Os resultados apurados para as três bases de dados definidas para este estudo não corroboram os argumentos da Teoria de Escassez de Recursos, porém são consistentes com as hipóteses baseadas na Teoria de Agente-Principal. Para as cinco dimensões testadas (esforço do franqueador, risco para o franqueado, custos de monitoramento, esforço do franqueado, risco de free-riding), relacionadas a essa segunda teoria, foram encontradas evidências que suportam as três primeiras, consistentes com estudos anteriores. Com relação às duas últimas dimensões, as proxies adotadas não apresentaram coeficiente significativo. Por fim, a análise da estabilidade do uso de formas plurais também revelou consistência entre os resultados apurados para empresas que atuam no Brasil e no mercado norteamericano. Os resultados indicam que, após alguns anos de adoção da franquia empresarial, as empresas tendem a realizar poucas modificações na proporção de unidades próprias (mix contratual). Verifica-se que a proporção de unidades próprias tende a cair rapidamente nos primeiros anos de adoção da franquia empresarial, estabilizando-se próximo a 20% do total da rede. Após cerca de dezesseis anos de operação com o sistema de franquias, as empresas tendem a ajustar o percentual de unidades próprias elevando-o ligeiramente. Depois, segue-se um novo período de estabilidade do mix contratual. / The franchise sector represents a rare opportunity for the investigation of the use of plural forms, as franchisors generally adopt simultaneously two types of contractual arrangements (company owned and franchised units). To investigate the creation and the development of franchise systems, two theories are frequently applied in empirical studies on the U.S. market: Principal-Agent Theory and Resource Scarcity Theory. The present investigation had two main objectives: first, to examine the applicability of these two theories to explain the adoption and the evolution of the franchise system in Brazil in the period from 2000 to 2009; and second, to analyze the existence of stability in the use of plural forms by franchise networks over the years. Differing from other studies previously published in Brazil, this investigation employed the panel data multiple regression technique, and estimates were made with five different functional forms (linear, lin-log, log-lin, log-linear and reciprocal). The results obtained for three databases defined for this study do not corroborate the arguments of the Resource Scarcity Theory, but are consistent with the hypotheses based on the Principal-Agent Theory. For the five dimensions tested in connection with this second theory (the franchisors effort, the risk to the franchisee, the cost of monitoring, the franchisees effort, the risk of free-riding) there was evidence supporting the first three, which is consistent with previous studies. Regarding the latter two dimensions, the proxies adopted did not show a significant coefficient. Finally, the analysis of the stability of the use of plural forms also revealed consistency between the results calculated for companies operating in Brazil, and those operating in the U.S. market. The results indicate that a few years after the adoption of franchising, companies tend to make few changes in the proportion of company owned units (contractual mix). The proportion of company owned units tends to fall rapidly in the early years of adoption of the franchising, stabilizing around 20% of the total network. After about sixteen years of operation with the franchise system, companies tend to adjust the percentage of company owned units, raising it slightly. Then follows a new period of stability of the contractual mix.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-08T14:29:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dulce Helena Teixeira e Silva.pdf: 736674 bytes, checksum: cd31da07d348bc73e3440711314ea209 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T14:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dulce Helena Teixeira e Silva.pdf: 736674 bytes, checksum: cd31da07d348bc73e3440711314ea209 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-17 / Nenhuma / Esta pesquisa se dispõe a colocar a lente de estudo sobre o tema inovação social no intuito de conhecer e analisar como se dão suas práticas em organizações que atuam através do modelo de franquias sociais. A fundamentação teórica partiu de uma introdução ao tema inovação, como também com a forma como vem se desenvolvendo os estudos acadêmicos na área. O tema central da pesquisa é apresentado com base em alguns conceitos extraídos de publicações nacionais e internacionais, bem como instituições que se dedicam ao estudo da inovação social. Além disso, buscou-se embasamento teórico também nos conceitos de empreendedores e empreendedorismo social, nos fundamentos acerca de Responsabilidade Social Empresarial, na Teoria dos Custos de Transações e na influência do ambiente institucional e as respectivas mudanças isomórficas dele decorrentes. A pesquisa é um estudo de casos múltiplos, onde foram verificadas e analisadas as práticas de inovações sociais em organizações que atuam através do modelo de franquias sociais. As instituições pesquisadas foram escolhidas após terem sido elencadas 17 franquias sociais em atividade no Brasil. Optou-se por estudar aquelas que se concentram na área educacional, tendo em vista que um dos problemas sociais recorrentes no Brasil é a baixa escolarização e qualificação, bem como as desigualdades sociais daí decorrentes. Após a revisão bibliográfica deu-se início ao estudo de campo em franqueadoras e franqueadas. Concluiu-se que os modelos de franquia social estudados estão alinhados com o conceito de inovação social e que organizações que desejam atuar no âmbito social e não o fazem por não possuir know-how para tal, podem se valer destes modelos como forma de minimizar riscos e atuar de maneira mais assertiva. Como contribuição acadêmica, acredita-se que este trabalho seja uma possibilidade de apresentar como a inovação social acontece na prática, apresentando, através do estudo de casos múltiplos, de que forma as organizações que atuam a partir do modelo de franquia social agem para que a inovação social aconteça. Espera-se que esta pesquisa venha a servir também de estímulo àquelas instituições que ainda não atuam no contexto social e que venham a fazê-lo, depois de conhecer como se dão as práticas em outras organizações. / This research sets out to put the lens on the subject of social innovation in order to know and analyze how happen their practices in organizations that operate under a model of social franchise. The theoretical foundation has started from an introduction to the innovation topic as well the way it has been developed academic studies in this area. The central theme of this research is presented based on some concepts drawn from national and international publications, as well as, institutions devoted to the study of social innovation. Furthermore, it was sought also in the theoretical concepts of social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs, in the grounds on Corporate Social Responsibility, in Transactions Costs Theory and in the institutional environment influence and its arising isomorphic changes. The research is a multiple case study, where it was checked and analyzed the social innovation practices in organizations that operate through the social model franchise. The institutions surveyed were chosen after being listed 17 social franchises operating in Brazil. Those were chosen to study because of their focus in education, considering that the one of the recurring social problems in Brazil is the low education and qualification, as well as, social inequalities arising therefrom. Following the literature review, it was initiated the study in the field of franchisors and franchisees. It was concluded that social franchising models studied are aligned with the concept of social innovation and organizations wishing to operate in the social scope and do not do it for not having the know how to do so, can draw these models as a way to minimize risks, acting more assertively. As academic contribution, it is believed that this work is a possibility of displaying how social innovation happens in practice, showing, through a multiple case study, the way organizations make, from the franchise model, the social innovation happen. It is hoped that this research will also serve as a stimulus to those institutions that do not operate in a social context and that will be able to do it, after knowing how to give the practices in other organizations.

The dissertation thesis concentrates on financial reporting of professional sports franchises. The thesis is divided into eight sections. In addition to introduction and conclusion the thesis includes the section focus on sports economics and five sections consider specific issues of professional sports clubs from accounting perspective. Section 1 accents an increasing importance of sport in society involving growing allocation of financial resources. Entry into stock is way to obtain an external capital. However this entry increases user's requirements on financial statements. Section 2 focus on economic background of professional sports franchises. Understanding of economic relations in sports branche provides correct interpretation of economic phenomenons and their recognition. Section 3 emphasizes importance of intangible rights in sports branche and presents approaches of intangible asset accounting included in IFRS and US GAAP. Section 4 be engaged in most important issue in sports branche -- economic relations between players and sports franchises established in the player contracts. This section concern about initial recognition of player contracts depending on type of acquisition and accounting of longterm liabilities included in the player contracts. Section 5 shows economic implications of league franchise (especially teritorial exclusivity) which are crucial for fulfiling the recognition criteria to be classified as an (intangible) asset. Key problem of subsequent recognition of league franchise is determining the useful life of an intangible asset. Section 6 present the main sources of revenues for sports franchises (operating segments) and their influence on the structure of financial statements. This section concentres mostly on recognition of revenues from sale of broadcasting rights guaranteed in longterm contracts. Section 7 focus on some economic and accounting aspects of operating a sports facility (especially subvencion and longterm lease of sports facilities). Section 8 summarise the main ideas included in this dissertation thesis.

La franchise repose sur l’exploitation par le franchisé d’une clientèle attachée à la marque du franchiseur. L’intérêt commun des deux parties dans l’exploitation d’une clientèle justifie les obligations réciproques qui leurs incombent : le franchisé mobilise des moyens financier et humain, tandis que le franchiseur apporte des actifs immatériels. La réalisation d’une œuvre commune justifie également la collaboration et la confiance mutuelle des parties pendant l’exécution du contrat de franchise. On constate toutefois que les parties au contrat de franchise, au-delà de leur intérêt commun, ont chacune des intérêts particuliers. Il n’est dès lors pas étonnant que chacune d’elles cherche à obtenir le plus grand avantage à son seul profit moyennant le plus faible sacrifice.L’approche comparative du rapport d’intérêts entre le franchiseur et le franchisé, sous l’angle du droit français et du droit vietnamien, est riche d’enseignements. Elle permet de comprendre le régime juridique réservé à la franchise dans deux systèmes juridiques qui, malgré leur différence, possèdent de nombreux points communs. / Franchising is based on the exploitation by a franchisee of a clientele associated with the franchisor’s trademark. The common interest of both parties in operating a class of customers justifies their mutual obligations: the franchisee mobilizes financial and human resources while the franchisor brings intangible assets. The implementation of a common work also justifies collaboration and mutual trust among the parties during the carrying out of the agreement.Beside their common interest, each of the franchisor and the franchisees has proper interests. Therefore, it is not astonishing to find that every party tries to obtain the best advantage at the lowest cost.The comparative approach of the relationship between the franchisor and franchised in light of their respective interests, under French Law and Vietnamese Law, is enriching. It enables to go thoroughly into the legal aspects of franchising under two legal systems which, in spite of their difference, have many common points.