Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-31T20:54:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sidney Lincoln Vitorino.pdf: 1441226 bytes, checksum: 68c336e4c30b7687a98c2dc63f7d2b09 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-31T20:54:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sidney Lincoln Vitorino.pdf: 1441226 bytes, checksum: 68c336e4c30b7687a98c2dc63f7d2b09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / The global competitiveness requires knowledge of organizations to respond to risks and challenges demanded by each environment in their project management. Making predictability, speed of response and adaptation skills to survive and expand. To promote the achievement of these skills, there is a risk management projects. The expansion of an objective organization increased its competitiveness in this respect the franchise sector has been highlighted, supported by sharing model of investment, management and risks. Still, this expansion can be complex and risky, so the goal of this research is to describe how the franchisor and the franchisee understand the risks of a franchise unit deployment project. This research used multiple case study with a descriptive exploratory approach and qualitative analysis. The cases organizations were chosen given its relevance to the industry and their respective segments. From three case studies were conducted nine interviews depths, being interviewed in each of three managers responsible for the implementation of the franchise units projects. Were also collected data in documents and reports of networks and franchise units, as well as official reports in developers organs and / or regulatory segment, in addition to personal visits to the units on more than one occasion including as a mystery shopper, and participation of a actual process of franchisee funding. The research identified in practice, risks that are described in the literature and success indicators commonly used for implantation of franchises unit projects. Examples of these risks are: excess franchisor's expectations and franchisee; repetition of mistakes by failure to record lessons learned; emotional imbalance of the franchisee; neglects to identify risks; deployment with outdated standardized manuals; overconfidence in the experience of franchisors; ignore the satisfaction of the teams; and the risk that the franchisee limited to the knowledge disseminated by the network and etc. As a contribution to the practice generated a list of risks that can occur in such projects, enabling better management in order to ensure more successful deployments. It is suggested for future studies, glimpse from the perspective of Behavior Theory and still carry out a survey of greater geographic coverage, using survey research to assess whether the risks identified are actually the most important. / A competitividade globalizada exige das organizações conhecimentos para responder aos riscos e desafios demandados por cada ambiente na sua gestão de projetos. Tornando a previsibilidade, a velocidade de resposta e a adaptação, competências para sobreviverem e expandir. Para favorecer o alcance dessas competências, existe a gestão de riscos em projetos. A expansão de uma organização objetiva o aumento da sua competitividade, nesse aspecto o setor de franquias têm se destacado, suportado pelo modelo de compartilhamento do investimento, gestão e riscos. Ainda assim, essa expansão pode ser complexa e arriscada, por isso, o objetivo dessa pesquisa é descrever como o franqueador e o franqueado percebem os riscos de um projeto de implantação de unidade de franquia. Esta pesquisa utilizou estudo de casos múltiplos, com uma abordagem exploratória descritiva e uma análise qualitativa. As organizações dos casos foram escolhidas dadas à sua relevância para o setor e os seus respectivos segmentos. A partir de três estudos de casos foram realizadas nove entrevistas de profundidades, sendo entrevistados em cada um três gestores responsáveis pela implantação de projetos das unidades de franquias. Também foram coletados dados em documentos e relatórios das redes e das unidades de franquias, bem como relatórios oficiais em órgãos fomentadores e/ou reguladores dos segmentos, além de visitas pessoais nas unidades em mais de uma ocasião inclusive como cliente oculto, e participação de um processo real de captação de franqueado. A pesquisa identificou na prática, riscos ainda não descritos na literatura e os indicadores de sucesso mais usados, para implantação de projetos de unidade de franquias. Exemplos desses riscos são: excesso de expectativas do franqueador e do franqueado; repetição de erros por falta de registro de lições aprendidas; desequilíbrio emocional do franqueado; negligencia na identificação de riscos; implantação com manuais de padronização desatualizados; excesso de confiança na experiência dos franqueadores; ignorar a satisfação das equipes; e o risco de o franqueado limitar-se aos conhecimentos disseminados pela rede e etc. Como contribuição para a prática se gerou uma lista de riscos que podem ocorrer nesse tipo de projeto, possibilitando uma gestão mais adequada de forma a garantir implantações mais bem sucedidas. Sugere-se para estudos futuros, vislumbrar sob a ótica da Teoria de Comportamento e ainda realizar um levantamento de maior abrangência geográfica, usando pesquisa survey para avaliar se os riscos identificados são realmente os mais importantes.

The subject of this diploma thesis is to elaborate a business plan based on franchising in early childhood education. The theoretical part contains the definition of a business plan and its parts, as well as explanations of basic concepts in franchising and finally a description of laws and regulations, which must be followed in the establishment of kindergarten. The target is a practical demonstration of the establishment of kindergarten through franchising.

No description available.

Titel: Franchisekonflikter inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen   Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi  Författare: Josefin Sundström och Tilde Östlund  Handledare: Jonas Kågström och Martin Ahlenius   Datum: 2024 – maj   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka processen vid franchisekonflikter inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen genom att analysera konflikternas orsaker, undvikande åtgärder, konflikthanteringsmetoder och konsekvenser.  Metod: Två enkätstudier skickades till franchisegivare och franchisetagare inom den svenska mäklarbranschen. Resultaten analyserades med Jasp. Populationen bestod av svenska franchiseföretag inom mäklarbranschen, och 13 mäklarföretag valdes ut genom ett bekvämlighetsurval.  Resultat och slutsats: Studien visar att franchisekonflikter inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen är mindre vanliga än tidigare forskning antyder, men resultaten kan vara missvisande på grund av låg svarsfrekvens. Konsekvenserna av konflikter kan leda till både dysfunktionella förhållanden samt bidra till utveckling av franchisekedjan. Studien visade på skillnader i konflikthantering mellan parterna och resulterade i en guide för hur olika typer av orsaker till konflikter kan hanteras.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Undersökningen är det första bidraget som undersöker franchisekonflikter inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen och är viktig för att utveckla hållbara franchiserelationer. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Fortsatt forskning kan fokusera på skillnader i konflikthantering mellan franchisetagare och franchisegivare. En liknande studie med kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt skulle kunna öka svarsfrekvensen och är därför intressant att genomföra. Ytterligare ett förslag är att utföra en replikering av studien i en annan bransch för att testa generaliserbarheten. / Title: Franchise Conflicts in the Real Estate Industry   Level: Bachelor's Thesis in Business Administration  Author: Josefin Sundström and Tilde Östlund   Supervisor: Jonas Kågström and Martin Ahlenius   Date: 2024 - may  Aim: The purpose of the study is to examine the process of franchise conflicts in the real estate industry by analyzing the causes of conflicts, avoidance measures, conflict management methods, and consequences.  Method: Two survey studies were sent to franchisors and franchisees within the Swedish real estate industry. The results were analyzed using Jasp. The population consisted of Swedish franchise companies in the real estate industry, and 13 real estate companies were selected through a convenience sample.  Results and conclusions: The study shows that franchise conflicts in the real estate industry are less common than previous research suggests, but the results may be misleading due to the low response rate. The consequences of conflicts can lead to dysfunctional relationships and contribute to the development of the franchise chain. The study identified differences in conflict management between the parties and resulted in a guide on how to handle various types of conflict causes. Contribution of the thesis: This study is the first to investigate franchise conflicts within the Swedish real estate industry and is important for developing sustainable franchise relationships.  Suggestions for future research: Further research can focus on differences in conflict management between franchisees and franchisors. A similar study with a qualitative method could increase the response rate and is therefore interesting to conduct. Another suggestion is to replicate the study in a different industry to test its generalizability.

日常在消費與飲食之前，檢視有效日期成為一種習慣性的社會行為，習以為常但並非理所當然，乃至於矛盾。基於此，本研究好奇有效日期這項制度於社會的現況為何？如何被實踐？試以眾人熟悉且店家數分布最密集的連鎖加盟便利商店—「7-Eleven統一超商」為代表性研究場域，其門市職員為面訪對象來源。研究發現到有效日期的實施與「食物浪費」之間的強烈關聯性，換言之，以「食物安全」為目的的有效日期，與「食物浪費」產生的對立、衝突，成為不可被忽略的事實。現代社會中，一方面面對著不時被討論、關懷的糧食危機議題，食物浪費的嚴重化成為最大的諷刺；另一方面食品危機層出不窮、屢見不鮮，對於食物安全的重視度成了最沉重的難題。 本研究試圖釐清「在有效日期制度存在之下，對於食物究竟可食與否，產生的兩難困境」：若不依據有效日期而食，「食物安全」令人堪憂疑慮；反之，「食物浪費」成了不得不的後果。本研究依序從制度、理性、價值面向來對此困境進行歸納與分析，最終歸結為下列五點：一、近年來，頻繁的食安風暴造成食物安全的要求加重，而易將仍可食用的食物拋棄；二、有效日期的氾濫使用致使消費者僅在意食物「過期與否」而非「可食與否」；三、越謹守有效日期所帶來的新鮮品質與安全保障，越能為業者製造更多正面名聲與商業價值；四、個人原本對於食物應負起的責任，因有效日期而轉移到整體社會來承擔，使得人們對於「食物浪費」顯得無感與忽視；五、買賣雙方對有效日期的意義認知有一定差異，前者視為「預期性安全」，後者作為「必然性浪費」。 時至今日，有效日期這項制度在社會建構下的結果，改變了社會與食物之間的關係，冀望此研究作為現代社會的反思基礎，並共同致力於未來出路。 / Checking for the expiry date before buying or eating anything, has to be one of the habitual behaviors in our daily life. This act seems usual, but actually is not necessary at all and is even a contradiction. Based on this reasoning, this research is about how the system of expiration date is being used nowadays and how it is being implemented. Through participant observation and in-depth interviews, collecting view points and experience from staff members in 7-ELEVEN President Chain Store, which is known for the most branches of convenience retailer in Taiwan. The research found that there is a robust relation between the implementation of expiration date and serious “food waste”. It means that the system of expiration date, which is for the purpose of ensuring “food safety”, will also come about vast amounts of “food waste”. Comparing with the global food crisis, “food waste” is not only a great irony but also conflicts with the maintenance of “food safety”. In view of this, the objective of this research lies in clarifying that food is edible or not will be a dilemmatic situation under the system of expiration date. If people don’t follow the expiration date it compromises “food safety”, otherwise “food waste” will be the consequence without choice. Whereas this dilemma, the research is going to integrate and analyze it sequentially via three dimensions, including system, rationality, and value. There are five following conclusions: (1) Recently, the frequent food safety issues raise the demand of safety, so it’s easier to abandon edible food. (2) Overusing the expiration date makes the consumer only focus on if food is “overdue or not” but not “edible or not”. (3) For businessmen, adhering to the expiration date more results in having more positive prestige and benefits. (4) Because of the expiration date, the responsibility of food for the individual shifts onto the whole society. (5) The understanding of expiration date between buyer and seller are different. The former views it as “Precautionary safety”, while the latter is to regard it as “Inevitable Waste”. Hopefully this research will provide reference for reflecting on the relation between society and food, and aid in finding a solution in the future.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LL.M.)". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 15% des mémoires de la discipline. / La franchise: une recette magique que chacun aimerait maîtriser pour s'assurer la réussite dans le monde des affaires. Or, le secret de cette recette revient à appliquer un simple postulat: réitérer, par un franchisé, la réussite du concept d'un franchiseur qui a déjà fait ses preuves. Mais, auparavant, il est essentiel que le franchiseur transmette au franchisé les éléments qui lui ont valu cette même réussite, quitte à ce que ce dernier s'engage à les mettre en oeuvre selon les prescriptions de son initiateur et sous son contrôle. Une telle mise en ouvre appelle, cependant, que les deux protagonistes empruntent une avenue basée sur la coopération, la confiance, la loyauté et la bonne foi. Néanmoins, une telle démarche n'est pas évidente en pratique en ce que les deux partenaires sont animés par des intérêts divergents, conflictuels et antimoniques. Dès lors, le rapport contractuel né du contrat de franchise se verra empreint par un déséquilibre manifeste entre les prestations réciproques des parties issu de la position économiquement dominante du franchiseur. Ce dernier, sera à même de fixer unilatéralement le contenu contractuel, de sorte à diminuer ses obligations tout en élargissant le champ de ses droits. Surgit alors tout un pan de comportements opportunistes du franchiseur se traduisant, notamment, par des abus au détriment du franchisé qui ne peut qu'acquiescer à la volonté de son partenaire. En effet, l'étude du droit civil révèle que les systèmes civilistes reposent sur une conception libérale du contrat permettant de présumer que les parties sont capables de défendre leurs intérêts. En vertu de la théorie de l'autonomie de la volonté, le contrat est présumé être conforme aux intérêts respectifs des parties. À défaut de tout vice de consentement, le contrat ne peut qu'être équilibré. Cependant, s'il se trouve que le contrat est malgré tout déséquilibré, le droit civil, à moins de circonstances exceptionnelles, n y pourra rien en pareil cas. La lésion ne vicie pas les conventions conclues entre majeurs non protégés, et la théorie de l'imprévision est rejetée par la plupart des systèmes civilistes. L'indifférence du droit civil face à ce déséquilibre se justifie essentiellement par deux impératifs: la liberté contractuelle et la sécurité juridique. Le principe de la force obligatoire du contrat s'impose aux parties autant qu'au juge et, partant, exclut toute tentative du juge de réviser un contrat déséquilibré. Toutefois, devant cette indifférence et cet immobilisme de la loi, le droit a, depuis, énormément évolué dans le sens d'apporter une protection plus accrue à la partie la plus faible au contrat. À ce titre, nous assistons aujourd'hui à une double intervention plus réaliste: l'intervention du juge et celle du législateur (particulièrement dans les contrats d'adhésion). D'abord, le juge manifeste une volonté accrue de corriger des déséquilibres contractuels choquants, notamment en présence de clauses contractuelles manifestement abusives, et ce au regard des exigences d'une justice contractuelle basée sur la bonne foi des parties et l'exigence d'agir raisonnablement. Ensuite, le législateur à travers l'élaboration de droits spéciaux ayant pour finalité la protection de la partie la plus faible, instaure des règles impératives destinées à condamner les éventuels déséquilibres contractuels. Ce souci de protection justifie l'atteinte ainsi portée au principe de la force obligatoire du contrat. Aussi, le postulat de Fouillée se voit inversé par Lacordaire qui souligne pertinemment que « entre le fort et le faible, c'est la liberté qui asservit et la loi qui libère ». En somme, la protection du franchisé appelle au glissement du rapport contractuel d'un rapport conflictuel vers un rapport de coopération et notamment par la reconnaissance du concept de solidarisme contractuel. Néanmoins, une telle démarche n'est pas sans troubler l'ordre normal de l'idée classique du contrat. D'une part, l'introduction d'obligations implicites au contrat renie en quelque sorte l'idée traditionnelle qu'on a des obligations contractuelles basée sur la commune intention des parties, et d'autre part, elle appelle à la reconsidération, par les systèmes civilistes, de la théorie de l'imprévision comme le suggère le droit uniforme et notamment le Guide d'UNIDROIT sur les accords internationaux de franchise principale, mais aussi les Principes relatifS aux contrats du commerce international. / The Franchise: a magic formula that each individual would like to possess to be able to ensure success in the business world. The secret of this formula exists in the shape of a simple postulate: for the franchisee to reiterate success of the franchised concept, which has already proven itself successful. But first, it is essential that the franchisor transmit the essential elements ofthat success to the franchisee, so that the latter may put into practice those prescribed elements as per the created by the initiators concept and control. This kind of transaction requires that both protagonists enter into their dealing in a manner that is based on cooperation, trust, loyalty and goodfaith. Nevertheless, this process is not easy to establish. In deed, both parties may have divergent interests, causing conflicts and antipathies. Thus, the contractual relationship born ofthe franchise concept, will have at its core a manifest imbalance created by the dominant financial status ofthe franchisor. The latter, is in a position to unilaterally stipulate the contractual contents, in such a manner as to diminish his own obligations while enlarging the scope of his rights. From this, a plethora of opportunistic behaviours from the franchisor translating into varied kinds of abuse to the detriment of the franchisee whom has not choice but to acquiesce to the franchisors wishes. In truth, the study of civil law reveals that the civil systems are founded on a liberal conception of the contract, presuming that both parties are capable of defending their interests. By virtue of the theory of autonomy of the will, the contract is presumed to respect each partie 's interests. Without any vice of consent, the contract can only be balanced. However, if the contract proves to be imbalanced, civil law, unless there are no exceptional circumstances, will have no effect, in such a case. Lesion don't vice conventions concluded between unprotected parties, and the imprevision theory is rejected by most civil systems. The indifference of civil law to the contractual imbalance is justified by two imperatives: contractual liberty and judicial security. The principal of the obligatory force of a contract imposes on both parties, as well as to the judge, and, in that way, excludes all attempts by judge to revise the imbalanced contract. Nonetheless, in spite of the laws indifference and opposition to change, the law has since evolved enormously in supplying more protection to the weakest party of a contract. Thus, we are now witness to a double, more realistic intervention: the intervention of the judge and the legislator (particularly in contracts of adhesions). First, the judge manifests a will to correct the more obviously imbalanced aspects of the contract, most notably with regards to the presence of abusive contractual clauses, taking into account the requirements of a contractual justice based on the goodfaith of both parties and the obligation to act in a reasonable manner. Furthermore, the legislator through the use of special rights for the purpose of protecting the weakest party within the contract, implements imperative rules to restore the balance and fairness of the contract. This worry of protection is justified by the undermine as so imposed to the obligatory force of the contract. Also, the postulate of Fouillée is here revoked by Lacordaire which underlines that between the strong and the weak, it is freedom that enslaves and the law that liberates. To summarize, the protection of the franchisee calls for the modification of the contractual obligation from one of conflict to one of cooperation and notably by the recognition of the contractual solidarity concept. Nevertheless, such a measure does not take place without disturbing the classic concept of the contract. On the one hand, the introduction of the implied terms into the contract denies the traditional idea of the contractual obligations based on the common intention of both parties, and also, it calls for the reconsideration, by the civil systems, of the theory of imprevision as is suggested by the uniform law and especially the Guide to international master franchise arrangements, but also the Unidroit Principles of international commercial contracts.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Le devoir de coopération s'affirme comme un nouveau concept destiné à faciliter le bon usage des accords contractuels. En élargissant les principes de bonne foi ou d'intérêt commun, il jouxte la notion d'affectio societatis du droit des sociétés. Ce concept s'est particulièrement développé pour appuyer la mondialisation des échanges économiques aussi bien comme guide des parties contractantes dans la bonne administration de leurs relations que comme mode d'interprétation ou de règlement des différends. Le devoir de coopération est un souffle nouveau destiné à rendre implicite une attitude coopérative et non plus antagoniste des parties. Le domaine de.la franchise internationale est une , bonne illustration de ce nouveau concept: les parties au contrat de franchise internationale doivent s'adapter au marché local par exemple, ce qui nécessite à l'évidence une attitude entrepreneuriale coopérative. Le devoir de coopération peut être conçu comme une notion clef de la bonne exécution contractuelle. Il est en tout cas déjà consacré comme tel en droit contractuel international où il agit comme source de droit supplétive lorsque la lettre du contrat s'avère insuffisante. / The duty to cooperate is emerging as a new legal concept intended to facilitate the performance of contractual agreements. By broadening the principles of good faith or common interest, the notion of cooperation could be seen as analogical to the notion of affectio societatis in the right of societies? This notion has developed in particular to support the globalization of economic exchanges, not only as a guide for contracting parties in the proper administration of their relationship, but also as a mode of interpretation or for dispute resolution. The duty to cooperate is an innovative notion designed to create an implicit cooperative, no longer antagonistic , attitude among the parties. This is could be best demonstrated by examining its development in the field of international franchising : for example, the parties to an international franchising agreement must adjust their business plan to the local market and culture, which obviously necessitates a cooperative entrepreneurial attitude. The dut y to cooperate should be understood as a key element in the proper performance of contractual agreements. It has already been acknowledged as such normative compone nt in international contractual law where it serves as a suppletive law in those cases where the letter of the contract is insufficient.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rubens Cusnir.pdf: 979028 bytes, checksum: 7e9e285f3952b163371bfc28325df8ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / The present study aimed to suggest the use of different methods that can help decision makers to evaluate financial investment to be made in the setting up of a particular business venture. The business involves the acquisition, deployment and operation of a health service franchise that is presented to the consumer market in the form of a fitness center oriented and specialized in elderly people. The circumstances offered as investment alternatives in the economic environment that presents real interest rates much lower than those offered to investors in the early 2000s are taken into account, in parallel with the strengthening of the franchises as a thriving productive investment option, with strong growth seen in the last 10 years. The formal and commercial peculiarities of the relationship between franchisees and franchisors, with the possible difficulties and perceived conflicts in the management of these interests are also studied. Medical health market services and the recent awareness for the need for physical activities in all ages are described in addition to the prospect of increased longevity and quality of life in the elderly due to adoption of physical activities. For investment evaluation purposes, methods of Break-Even point, Payback, Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return are applied, calculated and discussed from a practical case, with real and contemporary data. The study is based on the outcome of these calculations and on their real utility. Suggestions and topics to be addressed in further studies are also provided / O objetivo deste trabalho é sugerir a utilização de diferentes métodos que possam auxiliar um tomador de decisão na avaliação de um investimento financeiro a ser feito na constituição de um empreendimento comercial. O referido empreendimento é composto pela aquisição, implantação e operação de uma franquia de serviços em saúde que se apresenta ao mercado consumidor na forma de uma academia de ginástica voltada e especializada no atendimento do público da terceira idade. São levadas em consideração as circunstâncias atuais oferecidas como alternativas de investimento, num cenário econômico que apresenta taxas de juros reais muito inferiores àquelas oferecidas aos investidores no início dos anos 2.000, em paralelo ao fortalecimento das franquias como uma pujante opção de investimento produtivo, com forte crescimento evidenciado nos últimos 10 anos. Também são estudadas as peculiaridades da relação entre franqueados e franqueadores, do ponto de vista formal e comercial, junto às possíveis dificuldades e conflitos percebidos na gestão desta conjunção de interesses. São descritos o mercado de prestação de serviços em saúde e a recente conscientização a respeito da necessidade de atividades físicas para todas as idades, além da perspectiva do aumento da longevidade e da qualidade de vida dos idosos com a adoção destas práticas esportivas em seu cotidiano. Para efeito de avaliação de investimentos, são descritos os métodos de Ponto de Equilíbrio, Payback, Valor Presente Líquido e Taxa Interna de Retorno, aplicados, calculados e comentados a partir de um caso prático, com dados reais e contemporâneos. O estudo é concluído com base no resultado destes cálculos e a análise da conveniência de suas utilizações, junto a sugestões de aprofundamento dos temas a serem abordados em novos estudos

本研究旨要探討加盟總公司對於加盟業者所提供的服務的實際程度？這些對滿意度真的很重要？亦或關係導向及其因素對滿意度的影響較重要？加盟業者對加盟總公司的滿意度是否對績效有所影響？或可增加未來合作的程度？加盟業者對總公司所提供的好處的實際感受？對關係行銷中的信任程度及未來合作影響如何？綜合以上的架構，建立一整體的概念，以加盟業者為研究對象，獲得實證結果，實際了解加盟業者對總公司所提供的服務與關係行銷品質對滿意度及未來合作的影響，並從結果中提出建議，以供參考。 依據實證結果，影響加盟業者滿意度的主要因素為總公司的關係行銷的活動，而非總公司所提供的服務項目。因此總公司是否造成業者的信任及良好的溝通品質，形成彼此的穩固的關係；及總公司與業者建立資產專屬性，使業者更加信任總公司的供需決定及績效的提升，這些才是業者對總公司的總體滿意度主要關鍵條件，進而直接或間接使未來合作意願的提升，支持理論發展出的假說。 根據實證結果，建議業者如何經營關係行銷的實際活動，讓彼此更加的信任及未來合作的意願更加穩固。

La franchise: une recette magique que chacun aimerait maîtriser pour s'assurer la réussite dans le monde des affaires. Or, le secret de cette recette revient à appliquer un simple postulat: réitérer, par un franchisé, la réussite du concept d'un franchiseur qui a déjà fait ses preuves. Mais, auparavant, il est essentiel que le franchiseur transmette au franchisé les éléments qui lui ont valu cette même réussite, quitte à ce que ce dernier s'engage à les mettre en oeuvre selon les prescriptions de son initiateur et sous son contrôle. Une telle mise en ouvre appelle, cependant, que les deux protagonistes empruntent une avenue basée sur la coopération, la confiance, la loyauté et la bonne foi. Néanmoins, une telle démarche n'est pas évidente en pratique en ce que les deux partenaires sont animés par des intérêts divergents, conflictuels et antimoniques. Dès lors, le rapport contractuel né du contrat de franchise se verra empreint par un déséquilibre manifeste entre les prestations réciproques des parties issu de la position économiquement dominante du franchiseur. Ce dernier, sera à même de fixer unilatéralement le contenu contractuel, de sorte à diminuer ses obligations tout en élargissant le champ de ses droits. Surgit alors tout un pan de comportements opportunistes du franchiseur se traduisant, notamment, par des abus au détriment du franchisé qui ne peut qu'acquiescer à la volonté de son partenaire. En effet, l'étude du droit civil révèle que les systèmes civilistes reposent sur une conception libérale du contrat permettant de présumer que les parties sont capables de défendre leurs intérêts. En vertu de la théorie de l'autonomie de la volonté, le contrat est présumé être conforme aux intérêts respectifs des parties. À défaut de tout vice de consentement, le contrat ne peut qu'être équilibré. Cependant, s'il se trouve que le contrat est malgré tout déséquilibré, le droit civil, à moins de circonstances exceptionnelles, n y pourra rien en pareil cas. La lésion ne vicie pas les conventions conclues entre majeurs non protégés, et la théorie de l'imprévision est rejetée par la plupart des systèmes civilistes. L'indifférence du droit civil face à ce déséquilibre se justifie essentiellement par deux impératifs: la liberté contractuelle et la sécurité juridique. Le principe de la force obligatoire du contrat s'impose aux parties autant qu'au juge et, partant, exclut toute tentative du juge de réviser un contrat déséquilibré. Toutefois, devant cette indifférence et cet immobilisme de la loi, le droit a, depuis, énormément évolué dans le sens d'apporter une protection plus accrue à la partie la plus faible au contrat. À ce titre, nous assistons aujourd'hui à une double intervention plus réaliste: l'intervention du juge et celle du législateur (particulièrement dans les contrats d'adhésion). D'abord, le juge manifeste une volonté accrue de corriger des déséquilibres contractuels choquants, notamment en présence de clauses contractuelles manifestement abusives, et ce au regard des exigences d'une justice contractuelle basée sur la bonne foi des parties et l'exigence d'agir raisonnablement. Ensuite, le législateur à travers l'élaboration de droits spéciaux ayant pour finalité la protection de la partie la plus faible, instaure des règles impératives destinées à condamner les éventuels déséquilibres contractuels. Ce souci de protection justifie l'atteinte ainsi portée au principe de la force obligatoire du contrat. Aussi, le postulat de Fouillée se voit inversé par Lacordaire qui souligne pertinemment que « entre le fort et le faible, c'est la liberté qui asservit et la loi qui libère ». En somme, la protection du franchisé appelle au glissement du rapport contractuel d'un rapport conflictuel vers un rapport de coopération et notamment par la reconnaissance du concept de solidarisme contractuel. Néanmoins, une telle démarche n'est pas sans troubler l'ordre normal de l'idée classique du contrat. D'une part, l'introduction d'obligations implicites au contrat renie en quelque sorte l'idée traditionnelle qu'on a des obligations contractuelles basée sur la commune intention des parties, et d'autre part, elle appelle à la reconsidération, par les systèmes civilistes, de la théorie de l'imprévision comme le suggère le droit uniforme et notamment le Guide d'UNIDROIT sur les accords internationaux de franchise principale, mais aussi les Principes relatifS aux contrats du commerce international. / The Franchise: a magic formula that each individual would like to possess to be able to ensure success in the business world. The secret of this formula exists in the shape of a simple postulate: for the franchisee to reiterate success of the franchised concept, which has already proven itself successful. But first, it is essential that the franchisor transmit the essential elements ofthat success to the franchisee, so that the latter may put into practice those prescribed elements as per the created by the initiators concept and control. This kind of transaction requires that both protagonists enter into their dealing in a manner that is based on cooperation, trust, loyalty and goodfaith. Nevertheless, this process is not easy to establish. In deed, both parties may have divergent interests, causing conflicts and antipathies. Thus, the contractual relationship born ofthe franchise concept, will have at its core a manifest imbalance created by the dominant financial status ofthe franchisor. The latter, is in a position to unilaterally stipulate the contractual contents, in such a manner as to diminish his own obligations while enlarging the scope of his rights. From this, a plethora of opportunistic behaviours from the franchisor translating into varied kinds of abuse to the detriment of the franchisee whom has not choice but to acquiesce to the franchisors wishes. In truth, the study of civil law reveals that the civil systems are founded on a liberal conception of the contract, presuming that both parties are capable of defending their interests. By virtue of the theory of autonomy of the will, the contract is presumed to respect each partie 's interests. Without any vice of consent, the contract can only be balanced. However, if the contract proves to be imbalanced, civil law, unless there are no exceptional circumstances, will have no effect, in such a case. Lesion don't vice conventions concluded between unprotected parties, and the imprevision theory is rejected by most civil systems. The indifference of civil law to the contractual imbalance is justified by two imperatives: contractual liberty and judicial security. The principal of the obligatory force of a contract imposes on both parties, as well as to the judge, and, in that way, excludes all attempts by judge to revise the imbalanced contract. Nonetheless, in spite of the laws indifference and opposition to change, the law has since evolved enormously in supplying more protection to the weakest party of a contract. Thus, we are now witness to a double, more realistic intervention: the intervention of the judge and the legislator (particularly in contracts of adhesions). First, the judge manifests a will to correct the more obviously imbalanced aspects of the contract, most notably with regards to the presence of abusive contractual clauses, taking into account the requirements of a contractual justice based on the goodfaith of both parties and the obligation to act in a reasonable manner. Furthermore, the legislator through the use of special rights for the purpose of protecting the weakest party within the contract, implements imperative rules to restore the balance and fairness of the contract. This worry of protection is justified by the undermine as so imposed to the obligatory force of the contract. Also, the postulate of Fouillée is here revoked by Lacordaire which underlines that between the strong and the weak, it is freedom that enslaves and the law that liberates. To summarize, the protection of the franchisee calls for the modification of the contractual obligation from one of conflict to one of cooperation and notably by the recognition of the contractual solidarity concept. Nevertheless, such a measure does not take place without disturbing the classic concept of the contract. On the one hand, the introduction of the implied terms into the contract denies the traditional idea of the contractual obligations based on the common intention of both parties, and also, it calls for the reconsideration, by the civil systems, of the theory of imprevision as is suggested by the uniform law and especially the Guide to international master franchise arrangements, but also the Unidroit Principles of international commercial contracts. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LL.M.)". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 15% des mémoires de la discipline.