O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as problemáticas legislativas na Ordem de São Damião durante a vida de Clara de Assis (1193/4-1253). Para isso, foi feita uma análise comparativa da forma de vida de 1253 com as seguintes normas: a forma de vida de Hugolino de 1219, a Regula non bullata de 1221, a Regula bullata de 1223 e a forma de vida de Inocêncio IV de 1247. A forma de viver (do latim forma vivendi; literalmente, a forma que se deve viver) que teria sido dada por Francisco a Clara continha a máxima da altíssima pobreza e observância rigorosa do evangelho que na leitura franciscana proibía toda e qualquer tipo de propriedade. As resistências de Clara e suas coirmãs, através de cartas e pedidos à Igreja para vivenciar a pobreza prometida a Francisco, somavam-se na relutância das comunidades de Sorores minores às imposições dos papas Gregório IX (1227-1241) e Inocêncio IV (1243-1254) à Ordem de São Damião. Esta tese também discutiu o enquadramento dos movimentos femininos religiosos de seguimento franciscano e os impasses jurídicos do projeto da Igreja para o movimento franciscano. Por fim, foi avaliado de maneira serial um conjunto de bulas diretamente relacionados à Ordem de São Damião. As formas de resistência de Clara e irmãs pobres foram fundamentais para a aprovação da forma vitae que foi promulgada três dias antes da morte de Clara em 1253. A partir da análise dos aspectos acima relacionados, o principal intuito deste trabalho foi o de verificar o debate franciscano no âmbito das discussões jurídicas da Igreja e das irmãs pobres da Ordem de São Damião, com ênfase ao mosteiro em que Clara vivia. / The present work aims at evaluating the legislative issues in the Order of San Damiano during the life of Clare of Assisi (1193/4-1253). In order to do so, we carried out a comparative analysis between the form of life of 1253 and the following norms: form of life of Hugolino of 1219, the Regula non bullata of 1221, the Regula bullata of 1223, and the form of life of Innocent IV of 1247. The form of living (in Latin, forma vivendi; literally, the way one should live) which would have been given from Francis to Clare contained the motto \"high poverty\" and the strict observance of the gospel which, in the Franciscan reading, forbade any kind of property. Resistance forms of Clare and her sisters, through letters and claims to the church to experience the poverty promised by Francis, amounted to the reluctance of Sorores minores communities to the impositions of Popes Gregory IX (1227-1241) and Innocent IV (1243-1254 ) to the Order of San Damiano. This thesis also discussed the framing of religious women\'s movement of the franciscan segment and the legal impasses of the Church project to the franciscan movement. Finally, we serially evaluated one set of bulls directly related to the Order of San Damiano. Forms of resistance of Clare and the poor sisters were essential for the approval of the forma vitae, which was enacted three days before Clara\'s death in 1253. Through analysis of the aspects above, the main goal of this thesis will be verifying the debate Franciscan in the context of the judicial discussions of the Church and the poor sisters of the Order of San Damiano, with emphasis to the monastery where Clara lived.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a evolução das práticas jurídicas no movimento Franciscano e, para esse fim, partimos da proto-Regra de 1210, Regula non bullata de 1221, da Regula bullata de 1223 e do Testamentum beati Francisci de 1226. Ao estudarmos a construção da norma no movimento da primeira geração menorítica, demonstramos que a pobreza franciscana e a Imitatio Christi, que tem por base as Regras e o Testamento, foram adequados paulatinamente ao modelo jurídico da Igreja da época, ajustando-se ao Corpus Iuris Canonici e ao IV Concílio de Latrão, igualando-se às demais instituições religiosas tradicionais. Para o período de 1230 a 1323, foi imprescindível avaliar a dissidência franciscana dos resistentes a esse ajustamento, a qual influenciou as relações sociais e políticas entre a Igreja e a Ordem. Este trabalho de mestrado também discutiu a institucionalização do movimento Franciscano na época de vida de Francisco de Assis (1182-1226) e as contendas jurídicas em torno dos seus escritos legislativos formuladas posteriormente à sua morte. Para fazer tal análise, avaliamos de maneira serial um conjunto de bulas exegéticas sobre a Regra e o Testamento formuladas por diversos papas. Ademais, os debates internos à Norma gravitaram em torno de dois frades de atuação significativa para a Ordem, a saber, Boaventura de Bagnoregio (1221-1274) que, ao longo de seu generalato (1257-1274), introduziu mudanças institucionais importantes na Ordem e Angelo Clareno (1245-1337), um dos dissidentes do movimento Franciscano, originário da região da Marca de Ancona, lugar de importante produção teórica por parte de uma série de frades. A partir da análise dos aspectos acima relacionados, o principal intuito deste trabalho será aquele de verificar a evolução do conceito de pobreza franciscana no âmbito das discussões jurídicas da Igreja e da Ordem dos Frades Menores. / The present work aims at evaluating the evolution of the judicial practices in the Franciscan movement and, to do so, we departed from the proto-Rule of 1210, the Regula non bullata of 1221, the Regula bullata de 1223 and from the Testamentum beati Francisci of 1226. By studying the construction of the norm in the first minorite generation, we demonstrated that the Franciscan poverty and the Imitatio Christi, which have the Rules and the Testament as their base, were adapted to the judicial model of that time, gradually adjusting itself to the Corpus Iuris Canonici and to the IV Lateran council, equalizing itself to the traditional religious institutions. The period from 1230 to 1323 was crucial for the research because we evaluated the Franciscan dissidence of the resistants to this adjustment, which influenced the political and social relations between the Church and the Order. This Masters dissertation also discussed the institutionalization of the Franciscan Movement during Francis of Assisis life and the judicial dissents about his legal writings formulated after his death. In order to analyze this, we carried out a serial evaluation a set of exegetic bulls about the Rule and the Testament formulated by several popes. Moreover, the internal debates to the Norm gravitated around two friars who had significant roles to the Order: Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (1221-1274) who, along his generalate (1257- 1274), introduced important institutional changes in the Order and Angelo Clareno (1245-1337), one of the dissidents from the Franciscan movement, who comes from the region of Marca of Ancona, a place of important theoretical production by several friars. By analyzing the aspects above, the main goal of this dissertation will be verifying the evolution of the concept of the Franciscan poverty in the context of the judicial discussions of the Church and the Minor Friars Orders.

<p>This dissertation explores how the combination of pious practice, economic activity, and religious poverty shaped the architecture of the mendicants in medieval Verona. It also examines how the presence of the friars affected the city. By the thirteenth century, the populated centers of northern Italy were fertile grounds for heretical movements, religious skepticism, and anti-clerical attitudes. The mendicant orders developed as a response to the crisis of the medieval church in the city and provided a new concept of the religious vocation, one committed to voluntary poverty and the conversion of heretics. The most important representatives of the new orders were the Franciscans and Dominicans, who centered their religious mission in an urban context where the growth of commerce and a literate and numerate middle class required a new approach to pastoral care, one that directly addressed both doctrinal and social issues. The friars revolutionized traditional religious practice: they used exterior sites as extensions of liturgical space and their innovative approach to church architecture emphasized function and utility.</p><p>Existing studies on mendicant building have traditionally emphasized the formal characteristics of the monuments, examining churches in isolation, with little concern for context, use, and sequence of construction. This dissertation moves beyond this approach to consider the broader circumstances that frame the appearance of mendicant houses. It examines how the Franciscan church of S. Fermo Maggiore, the Dominican church of S. Anastasia, and their respective communities, responded to the dynamics of urban Verona. The study includes revised construction narratives and new dates for S. Fermo and S. Anastasia that emphasize the <italics>process<italics> of construction--how the friars approached their building projects--and the role of lay patronage in the configuration of architectural space. As research reveals, the friars began to erect their conventual complexes before instigating construction or reconstruction of the churches themselves, and this sequence had significant implications for how the friars used the spaces in and around their convent for preaching and liturgical celebrations. They planned or reconfigured their architectural space to both appeal to and accommodate the lay public and their pious practices, including sermon attendance, burial, and the veneration of local saints. Modifications to the exterior spaces around the convents likewise indicate their liturgical importance. By investigating the specific interactions between the mendicants and the city of Verona, this dissertation explores how the architecture of the friars expressed aspects of the society in which they operated.</p> / Dissertation

A field guide is always a handy, but rare, little document, especially for a secondary educator. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to research, develop, write and present this document, for the Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve. The University of California Natural Reserve System oversees thirty-six multi-acre, natural reserves. One part of the overall mission of these reserves is an educational outreach program in which curriculum is made available to the school systems. The curriculum is to be used to educate the students about each specific reserve area, to engage students in learning about their environment and to create an awareness of the need for conservation of wild areas. The final products from this research are a secondary-level geology guidebook, for students, with suggested classroom and in-field lessons, specifically written for the Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve, Big Sur, California, along with a revised and updated geologic map of the Reserve and a teaching rock collection, for use at the Reserve. / text

Thesis (M.A.)--Catholic University of America, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 308-317).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_eg_me_assis.pdf: 899178 bytes, checksum: f2799af21b70e6c60444e2c0afc3b4b6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente dissertação de mestrado aborda a problemática do despojamento em São Bernardo de Claraval (1090-1153) e São Francisco de Assis (1181/2-1226), nos séculos XII-XIII, a partir de algumas Epístolas de Bernardo e do Tratado intitulado a Apologia a Guilherme; e, para Francisco de Assis, a Regra Bulada e o Testamento, juntamente com a Primeira Vida de São Francisco de Assis, composta por Tomás de Celano (1185?/1190?-1260?). Nossa proposta diz respeito às implicações no modo de vida religiosa dos séculos XII-XIII implantadas por Bernardo e Francisco; do contato social que mantiveram com os homens; bem como do desenvolvimento do modelo monástico cisterciense por Bernardo de Claraval, baseado no exemplo de Cister (1098) e na Regra de São Bento (535-545); e, da criação da fraternidade franciscana por Francisco de Assis, com a instituição de uma nova comunidade, de uma Regra, que adota como norma à pobreza, a obediência, a caridade e a humildade, mantendo os seus frades ligados à cidade, trabalhando com os leprosos e mendigos. Por fim, analisamos o problema do despojamento corporal em Bernardo e Francisco, sobretudo porque, na Idade Média, os religiosos tinham uma relação diferente com o corpo, geralmente, visto como uma tentação a ser vencida por meio da busca da parúsia e do encontro com Cristo. / The respective Master Essay Thesis considers the problem of desecration caused through the rules of Saint Bernard of Claraval (1090-1153) and Saint Francisco of Assis (1181/2-1226), between the centuries XI-XIII, concerning Bernard's Epistles and a Treaty named Guilherme's Apololy as well as Francisco of Assis's, Bulled Rule and Testament, in combination with Saint Francisco's First Life, that was composed by Thomas of Celano (1185?/1190-1260). Our purpose is to show the implications in the religious way of life, between the XII-XIII centuries made by Saints Bernard and Francisco. This covers the social contact and the company kept between men, such as the development of the monastic standards of Cistercians by Bernard of Claraval, based on Cister's example (1908) and those of Saint Benedict's Rule (535-545); and, also the Franciscan brotherhood created by Francisco of Assis. This Franciscan Rule for a new community instituition adopting rules covering poverty, obedience, charity and humility, keeping their priests connected to city society and population, through working with lepers and beggars and other ostracized members of the community. Actually, we attempt to analyse in Bernard and Francisco a problem about the desecration of the body, because, in the Middle Age, religious clergies had a different relationship with the human body, usually seen as a tentation to be win, through seeking the Parousia, where it is preached throughout the Christian & Catholoic Church that all christian people await Christ's Second Coming to absolve them of their sins.

Orientador: Ruy de Oliveira Andrade Filho / Banca: Eduardo Basto de Albuquerque / Banca: Marcelo Candido da Silva / Resumo: A presente dissertação de mestrado aborda a problemática do despojamento em São Bernardo de Claraval (1090-1153) e São Francisco de Assis (1181/2-1226), nos séculos XII-XIII, a partir de algumas Epístolas de Bernardo e do Tratado intitulado a Apologia a Guilherme; e, para Francisco de Assis, a Regra Bulada e o Testamento, juntamente com a Primeira Vida de São Francisco de Assis, composta por Tomás de Celano (1185?/1190?-1260?). Nossa proposta diz respeito às implicações no modo de vida religiosa dos séculos XII-XIII implantadas por Bernardo e Francisco; do contato social que mantiveram com os homens; bem como do desenvolvimento do modelo monástico cisterciense por Bernardo de Claraval, baseado no exemplo de Cister (1098) e na Regra de São Bento (535-545); e, da criação da fraternidade franciscana por Francisco de Assis, com a instituição de uma nova comunidade, de uma Regra, que adota como norma à pobreza, a obediência, a caridade e a humildade, mantendo os seus frades ligados à cidade, trabalhando com os leprosos e mendigos. Por fim, analisamos o problema do despojamento corporal em Bernardo e Francisco, sobretudo porque, na Idade Média, os religiosos tinham uma relação diferente com o corpo, geralmente, visto como uma tentação a ser vencida por meio da busca da parúsia e do encontro com Cristo. / Abstract: The respective Master Essay Thesis considers the problem of desecration caused through the rules of Saint Bernard of Claraval (1090-1153) and Saint Francisco of Assis (1181/2-1226), between the centuries XI-XIII, concerning Bernard's Epistles and a Treaty named Guilherme's Apololy as well as Francisco of Assis's, Bulled Rule and Testament, in combination with Saint Francisco's First Life, that was composed by Thomas of Celano (1185?/1190-1260). Our purpose is to show the implications in the religious way of life, between the XII-XIII centuries made by Saints Bernard and Francisco. This covers the social contact and the company kept between men, such as the development of the monastic standards of Cistercians by Bernard of Claraval, based on Cister's example (1908) and those of Saint Benedict's Rule (535-545); and, also the Franciscan brotherhood created by Francisco of Assis. This Franciscan Rule for a new community instituition adopting rules covering poverty, obedience, charity and humility, keeping their priests connected to city society and population, through working with lepers and beggars and other ostracized members of the community. Actually, we attempt to analyse in Bernard and Francisco a problem about the desecration of the body, because, in the Middle Age, religious clergies had a different relationship with the human body, usually seen as a tentation to be win, through seeking the Parousia, where it is preached throughout the Christian & Catholoic Church that all christian people await Christ's Second Coming to absolve them of their sins. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:47:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Silveira Zaneti_dissertacao.pdf: 15543828 bytes, checksum: 5c8af829ff7cdf6d47866e65a7456357 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-12 / The study has as focus the first group of the Normal Course of Canguçu, of the Franciscan School Ours Mrs. Aparecida tends as temporary cutting the period from 1965 to 1970, context in that happens the implantation of the course and graduation of the group. We started by a contextualization of the municipality of Canguçu presenting the educational reality in the period of analysis. Following by a retrospect of Franciscan institutions until the arrival of the order in the city, emphasizing the conditions in which the installation of the normal course. We who were the students, as well as the first professionals who took part in this training. We analyzed the role of the enrolment of students, the curriculum, the rules, practice intra and walls, passing by the probationary and reaching to the day of graduation. The class was a milestone in the education of the municipality and the region, since that was the first teacher-training school in the city, while maintaining its activities until today, following ideals Franciscans. For this work we use documentary research and oral history in an attempt to presentificar the past absent, trying to weave the nexus, crossing the wires of various sources, up the history of education that we have now. Therefore the research is an important milestone in the education of Canguçu, being that this first class vanishes the change in the professionalization of the professor, raising the quality of the work in schools. / O estudo tem como foco a primeira turma do Curso Normal de Canguçu, da Escola Franciscana Nossa Senhora Aparecida tendo como recorte temporal o período de 1965 a 1970, contexto em que ocorre a implantação do curso e formatura da turma. Começamos por uma contextualização do município de Canguçu apresentando a realidade educacional no período de análise. Seguindo por um retrospecto das instituições franciscanas até a chegada da ordem no município, enfatizando as condições em que se deu a instalação do curso normal. Apresentamos quem eram as alunas, bem como os primeiros profissionais que fizeram parte desta formação. Analisamos o papel das matrículas das alunas, o currículo, o regimento, práticas intra e extramuros, passando pelo estágio e chegando ao dia da formatura. A turma representou um marco na educação do município e região, visto que foi a primeira escola de formação de professores no município, mantendo suas atividades até os dias de hoje, seguindo os ideais franciscanos. Para a realização deste trabalho utilizamos pesquisa documental e história oral na tentativa de presentificar o passado ausente, buscando tecer os nexos, cruzando os fios de várias fontes, tramando a história da educação que ora apresentamos. Portanto a pesquisa constitui-se num importante marco na educação de Canguçu, sendo que esta primeira turma descortina a mudança na profissionalização do professor, elevando a qualidade do trabalho nas escolas.

Matthieu d'Aquasparta (v. 1240-1302) est une figure emblématique de la fin du XIIIe siècle. Maître en théologie de l'Université de Paris, son oeuvre est abondante ; franciscain, il est élu ministre général de l'Ordre ; nommé cardinal par Nicolas IV, il est un des plus fidèles alliés du pape Boniface VIII. Pourtant, malgré ses écrits et son parcours politique, Matthieu d'Aquasparta ne connaîtra aucune postérité avant d'être redécouvert au début du XXe siècle. Son oeuvre de théologien acquiert une place croissante dans les analyses des historiens et des philosophes médiévistes grâce aux éditions de ses Questions disputées, publiées par les frères de Quaracchi ; les interprétations s'affinent progressivement : après l'avoir longtemps considéré comme un « néo-augustinien » convaincu, les historiens s'interrogent sur sa place parmi les franciscains de sa génération, son lien avec Thomas d'Aquin et ses rapports avec la tradition aristotélicienne. L'édition de ses six Quodlibets disputés à Paris et à la Curie pontificale offre de nombreuses perspectives de recherches. Ces textes sont conservés principalement dans deux manuscrits, un autographe et une copie corrigée par l'auteur ; il s'agit par conséquent d'un témoignage exceptionnel pour étudier le travail d'un maître en théologie. L’analyse de ses manuscrits (autographes et manuscrits de travail) complétée par l’étude du contenu des questions éditées permettent d’esquisser une introduction biographique du personnage. La diversité des questions quodlibétiques contribue ainsi à éclairer différents aspects de la pensée du maître sur des sujets aussi divers et précis que la forme substantielle unique ou le métier des avocats et des juges. / Matthew of Aquasparta (v. 1240-1302) could be seen for many reasons as an emblematic figure at the end of the thirteenth century. He was a master of theology at the University of Paris and wrote many works ; as a Franciscan, he was elected as Minister general of the Order ; he was nominated cardinal by Nicolas IV and was one of the most faithful allies of Bonifacius VIII. However, in spite of his position as a master of theology and as a cardinal, Matthew of Aquasparta did not become a famous historical figure and only became acknowledged at the beginning of the twentieth century. His work as a theologian became more and more important in the studies of historians and medievalist philosophers, thanks to the editions of his Disputed questions published by the Quaracchi brothers ; the interpretations became more and more refined : historians considered him as a “neo-Augustinian”, but they recently wondered about his place among the contemporary Franciscans, his links with Thomas Aquinas and his connection with the Aristotelian tradition. This work is based on an edition of his six Quodlibeta. It is completed by some studies and commentaries which throw light on his life and on different sides of his work. The master’s Quodlibeta are kept on an autograph and on a copy corrected by Matthew himself ; his manuscripts are important testimonies to study the process of writing and the work of a theologian master. The variety of sources and the diversity of themes in his Quodlibeta (the unicity of substantial form or the ethics of advocates and juges) enables us to understand his historical importance better and to clarify his part in the intellectual and political context at the end of the thirteenth century.

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