Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:02:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroHOC.pdf: 308732 bytes, checksum: f9e88debb287b72111d2b3aeb9898ae7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-19 / The objective of the current study was to evaluate the zootechnical performance (survival and growth) of Litopenaeus vannamei post-Iarvae fed an artificial shrimp diet supplemented with Artemia flakes or freeze-dried Artemia embryos. For that purpose, 20 culturing units were individually stocked with 50 shrimp post-Iarvae (average dry weight of 0,3 ? 0,03 mg) at a stocking density of 20 post-larvae per liter, and fed the experimental diets to satiation during 20 days. The experimental design consisted of four diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4) with five repetitions each. For treatments T1, T2 and T3, dietary supplements of 5mg of Artemia flakes (T1), freeze-dried Artemia embryos (T2), and of the commercial shrimp diet (T3) were offered 2 hours after the shrimp were initially fed the commercial shrimp diet. For treatment T4 (control), no additive was offered 2 hours after the initial feeding. Shrimp survival, absolut (GPA) and relative increase in weight (GPR), and specific growth rate (TCR) were used as evaluation criteria. After the experimental period, no significant statistical differences (p>0,05) in survival were observed. Regarding growth, the dietary treatment which used freeze-dried Artemia embryos as an additive (T2) presented the best results for GPA (6,7 ? 0,7 mg). There were no statistical differences within treatments T1, T3 and T4 (p>0,05). AIso, post-larvae fed freeze-dried embryos (T2) showed a relative increase in weight (2241,4%) which differed significantly (p<0,05) from T4(1911,7%) but not from T1 (1801,6%) or T3 (1946,7%). In conclusion, the results of the current study indicate that an artificial shrimp diet supplemented with freeze-dried Artemia embryos fulfils the nutritional requirements of post-larvae L. vannamei and promotes a better growth than diets not supplemented with Artemia flakes / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho zoot?cnico (sobreviv?ncia e crescimento) de p?s-larvas de Litopenaeus vannamei alimentadas com dietas comerciais suplementadas com flocos ou embri?es liofilizados de Artemia. Para isso, durante um per?odo de 20 dias, cada uma das 20 unidades de cultivo foram estocadas com 50 p?s-larvas de peso seco m?dio inicial de 0,3 ? 0,03 mg (a uma densidade de 20 p?s-larvas por litro) e alimentadas de modo ad libitum. O desenho experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (T1, T2, T3 e T4) com cinco r?plicas cada. Para os tratamentos T1, T2 e T3, 2 h ap?s a oferta inicial da ra??o comercial, um suplemento adicional de 5mg aditivo era ofertado. Os aditivos utilizados consistiram de Artemia em flocos (T1), embri?es liofilizados de Artemia (T2) e ra??o comercial (T3). Para o tratamento T4 (controle), n?o houve oferta de aditivo 2 h ap?s o arra?oamento. O protocolo experimental utilizou como crit?rios de avalia??o a sobreviv?ncia, o ganho de peso absoluto (GPA), o ganho de peso relativo (GPR) e a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR). Ap?s o per?odo experimental, n?o foram observadas diferen?as estat?sticas significativas (p>0,05) para o crit?rio sobreviv?ncia. Para o crit?rio crescimento, o tratamento que utilizou embri?es de Artemia como aditivo (T2) para p?s-larvas de camar?o L. vannamei apresentou o melhor desempenho para o GPA (6,7 ? 0,7 mg). Os tratamentos T1, T3 e T4 n?o diferiram estatisticamente (p>0,05) entre si. Igualmente, as p?s-larvas alimentadas com embri?es liofilizados (T2) apresentaram ganho de peso relativo (GPR) de 2241,4%, o qual diferiu significativamente (p<0,05) do tratamento T4 (1911,7%), mas n?o dos tratamentos T1 (1801,6%) ou T3 (1946,7%). Em conclus?o, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que uma dieta artificial suplementada com embri?es liofilizados de Artemia atende ?s necessidades nutricionais das p?s-larvas de L. vannamei e promove um melhor crescimento em rela??o a dietas comerciais n?o suplementadas ou parcialmente suplementadas com flocos de Artermia

Brazil is one of the greatest producers of fruits in the world which involves the generation of a large amount of agro-industrial residues whose potential still needs to be better studied. The yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) is rich in minerals, vitamins and fibers and its production generates a large number of by-products as peels and seeds, which can reach 70% of the fruit weight. Within this reality, the methods of dehydration stand out as an alternative to remove moisture of this material, preventing the proliferation of microorganisms and creating opportunities for its reutilization. In this work, it was studied the impact of four techniques of dehydration in the passion fruit s residue: hot air, infrared, microwaves and freeze drying. In all was possible to obtain a material with satisfactory final moisture levels, highlighting the use of microwaves as the most efficient in terms of time. Dehydration by hot air was positively affected by velocity and temperature conditions, but the bioactive compounds had impact of temperature and time (80oC and 7 hours). The temperature of 95oC was the most efficient for the moisture removal and contends of bioactive compounds in the dehydration of infrared, but an overexposure to this radiation beyond the observed limits must be avoided. The use of microwaves show that is possible to obtain a material with good final quality and quickly, since intermediate levels of powers (480 W) are used to avoid over exposure. Freezer drying produced a final product with better visual appearance but its great operation times and the final content of bioactive compounds found wasn t better to other methods, in exception of pectin contents. Analyzing the bioactive compounds, phenolics and flavonoids were positively impacted by dehydration, reach values near and above of the residue in natura in all techniques. Citric acid showed deterioration in all conditions observed, indicating its sensibility to thermal processes as much as freeze drying. The ascorbic acid was strongly influenced by heat exposure an increased its levels, except in the freeze drying samples. Overall, the best dehydration methodology was the microwave technique, indicating a potential future use of this method in the use of passion fruit residues. / O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de frutas do mundo, o que implica na geração de uma grande quantidade de resíduos agroindustriais cujo potencial ainda necessita ser melhor estudado. O maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) é um fruto rico em minerais, vitaminas e fibras e sua produção gera uma grande quantidade de subprodutos como cascas e sementes, que podem chegar até 70% do peso do fruto. Dentro dessa realidade, destacam-se as metodologias de desidratação como alternativa para remoção de umidade desse material, impedindo a proliferação de micro-organismos e abrindo oportunidades para seu posterior aproveitamento. Neste trabalho foram verificados os impactos de quatro metodologias de desidratação no resíduo de maracujá: o uso de ar quente, infravermelho, micro-ondas e liofilização. Em todos foi possível obter um material com níveis de umidade final satisfatórios, destacando-se o uso de micro-ondas como o mais eficiente em termos de tempo. A desidratação por ar quente se mostrou impactada positivamente pela velocidade e temperatura de operação, mas os compostos bioativos sofreram maior impacto da temperatura e do tempo (80oC e 7 horas). A temperatura de 95oC se destacou como a mais eficiente tanto em remoção de umidade quanto nos teores de compostos bioativos para a desidratação por infravermelho, mas verificou-se que uma superexposição a essa radiação além dos limites observados deve ser evitada. O uso de micro-ondas indicou que é possível obter um material final de qualidade e rapidamente, desde que sejam utilizadas potências intermediárias (480 W) e evitado o excesso de exposição. A liofilização resultou em um produto final com melhor aspecto visual, porém seus tempos de operação elevados e o nível de compostos bioativos finais encontrados não obtiveram destaque perante os demais métodos, com exceção aos teores de pectina. Quanto aos compostos bioativos, os fenólicos e flavonoides foram impactados positivamente pela desidratação, atingindo valores próximos e superiores ao do resíduo in natura em todas as metodologias. O ácido cítrico apresentou degradação em todas as condições a que foi submetido, indicando a sensibilidade do mesmo tanto a processos térmicos quanto à liofilização. Já o ácido ascórbico se mostrou fortemente influenciado pela exposição ao aquecimento, apresentando aumento em seus teores, com exceção das amostras liofilizadas. Globalmente, o melhor método de desidratação obtido foi o micro-ondas, indicando um potencial uso do mesmo no aproveitamento do resíduo de maracujá. / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-23T15:47:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Monick Cristina Braga - 2016.pdf: 3023233 bytes, checksum: 1cca73525c76930a1072da12ee837400 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-30T15:45:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Monick Cristina Braga - 2016.pdf: 3023233 bytes, checksum: 1cca73525c76930a1072da12ee837400 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T15:45:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Monick Cristina Braga - 2016.pdf: 3023233 bytes, checksum: 1cca73525c76930a1072da12ee837400 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality Curcuma Longa L. leaf submitted to three drying methods: hot air drying, freezedrying and microwave drying, as well as the study of kinetic drying methods by convection and microwave. For the kinetic study the leaves were dried by hot air (60 °C) and microwave drying (900W power). Mathematical modeling using various models was performed, as follows: Lewis, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Wang and Singh, and logarithmic models were used to adjust experimental kinetic data. The results showed that the drying time of microwave was 60 times lower than hot air drying. Page model was the best adjusted the drying kinetics data by both methods. The phenol content was higher in the dry leaf (185.42mg/100g-1±0,65) by microwave (p <0.05) than in the hot air dried leaf (183,76 mg/100g-1±0,60), showing phenolic content greater than three times the fresh leaf (54,88mg/100g-1±0,76). It was observed that the drying process does not influence the color variation (ΔE) of the dried leaf. To study the physical and chemical characterization of Curcuma longa L. leaves by studying the chemical composition of the fresh leaf, mineral composition, antinutritional factors and evaluation of the color change of fresh and dry leaf, they were dehydrated by methods microwave, hot air drying and freezedrying. The chemical composition showed appreciable amounts of protein (39,5g (100g) -1 ± 0.91), carbohydrates (44,74g (100g) -1 ± 1.04), total fiber (34,47g (100g) -1 ± 0.98), and soluble fiber (22,65g (100g) -1 ± 0.65), insoluble fiber (11,81g (100g) -1 ± 0.34), ash (13,81g (100g) - 1 ± 1.05), and low in lipids (2,47g (100g) -1 ± 0.12). The mineral composition showed higher amounts of Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, and Mn. Other minerals are Fe and Zn. It was observed low levels of nitrate 0.05 mg / g ± 0.00 (fresh leaf) and 0,46-0,47mg / g (dry leaves) and showed no cyanogenic compounds in its composition. It was observed that the drying process influence on color variation of the dry leaves, increasing the brightness, diminindo the intensity of green color and causing the change in the shade of green to yellowish green. To study the effect of different methods of preservation (hot air drying, in a microwave and freezedrying) the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of turmeric leaves, they were dehydrated by drying in an oven (60 ° C) in microwaves (900 W) and lyophilizing (vacuum of 300 mmHg) until equilibrium moisture content (0.030 kgágua.kgsolido dry- 1 ). The content of total phenolics, tannins hydrolysates and condensates and antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging, reducing and iron chelation) of dried and fresh Curcuma longa leaves were evaluated. The drying methods led to reduction of all the characteristics assessed on a dry basis (2.77 to 73.86%) and antioxidant capacity compared to fresh leaf (67 to 98%). The microwave drying was preservation method studied which produced the best dry leaves, based on the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity (top being 0.9 to 612% compared to other methods). / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade físico-química e caracterizar os compostos bioativos e capacidade antioxidante da folha da Cúrcuma Longa L. submetida a três métodos de secagem: estufa, liofilização e micro-ondas, assim como o estudo cinético pelos métodos de secagem por convecção e micro-ondas. Para o estudo cinético as folhas foram secas por convecção (temperatura de 60°C) e micro-ondas (potência de 900 W). Foi realizada a modelagem matemática utilizando vários modelos, sendo eles: Lewis, Page, Henderson e Pabis, Wang & Singh e logarítmico, ajustando os modelos aos dados experimentais cinéticos. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o tempo de secagem por micro-ondas foi 60 vezes inferior ao de secagem convectiva. O modelo de Page foi o que melhor ajustou os dados de cinética de secagem pelos dois métodos. O conteúdo de fenólicos foi superior na folha seca (185,42mg/100g-1±0,65) pelo método micro-ondas (p<0,05) que na folha seca por convecção (183,76 mg/100g-1±0,60), apresentando conteúdo de fenólicos maior que três vezes o da folha in natura (54,88mg/100g-1±0,76). Observou-se que o processo de secagem não influenciou na variação de cor (ΔE) da folha seca. Para o estudo da caracterização física e química de folhas de Curcuma longa L. através do estudo da composição centesimal da folha fresca, composição de minerais, presença de fatores antinutricionais e avaliação da variação de cor da folha fresca e seca, estas foram desidratadas pelos métodos de micro-ondas, estufa e liofilização. A composição centesimal apresentou quantidades apreciáveis de proteínas (39,5g (100g)-1 ±0,91), carboidratos (44,74g (100g)-1±1,04), fibras totais (34,47g (100g)-1±0,98), sendo fibra solúvel (22,65g (100g)-1±0,65), fibra insolúvel (11,81g (100g)-1±0,34) , cinzas (13,81g (100g)-1±1,05), e baixo teor de lipídeos (2,47g (100g)-1±0,12). A composição mineral mostrou maiores valores de Na, Mg, Ca, K, P e Mn. Outros minerais foram Fe e Zn. Observou- se baixos teores de nitrato 0,05 mg/g±0,00 (folha fresca) e 0,46-0,47mg/g (folhas secas) e não apresentou compostos cianogênicos em sua composição. Observou-se que o processo de secagem influenciou na variação de cor das folhas secas, aumentando a luminosidade, diminindo a intensidade da cor verde e provocando a mudança da tonalidade verde para verde amarelada. Para o estudo do efeito de diferentes métodos de conservação (secagem em estufa, em micro-ondas e liofilização) no conteúdo de compostos bioativos e na capacidade antioxidante de folhas de cúrcuma, estas foram desidratadas por secagem em estufa (60ºC), em micro-ondas (900 W) e liofilização (vácuo de 300 mmHg) até umidade de equilíbrio (0,030 kgágua.kgsólido seco -1 ). O conteúdo de fenólicos totais, taninos hidrolisados e condensados e atividade antioxidante (sequestradora de DPPH, redução e quelação de ferro) de folhas cúrcuma secas e fresca foram avaliados. Os métodos de secagem provocaram redução de todas as características avaliadas, em base seca (2,77 a 73,86%) e capacidade antioxidante em relação à folha fresca (67 a 98%). A secagem por micro-ondas foi o método de conservação estudado que produziu as melhores folhas secas, com base no conteúdo de compostos bioativos e capacidade antioxidante (sendo superior de 0,9 a 612% em relação aos outros métodos utilizados).

Orientador: Gláucia Maria Pastore / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T19:51:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Scheid_MarleneMariaAmaral_D.pdf: 2067279 bytes, checksum: 6ec78155a94879fe6581b82a7478c2e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar as alteracoes fisicas e o conteudo de FOS e acucares nas raizes de yacon fresco armazenadas e verificar se a ingestao diaria, por nove semanas de yacon liofilizado (YL) contendo 7,4 g de FOS altera a motilidade intestinal, perfil glicemico e lipidico, a ingestao alimentar e sistema imunologico de idosos frequentadores da Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade.A longevidade da populacao humana tem aumentado em todo mundo e esta associada a doencas e alteracoes no sistema imunologico, no metabolismo glicemico, lipidico e na motilidade intestinal. O uso de prebioticos tem demonstrado eficacia contra condicoes patologicas, comuns na populacao idosa, como doencas cardiacas, metabolicas e alteracoes intestinais. Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) uma planta originaria dos Andes, e reconhecida pelo potencial prebiotico devido a alta concentracao de frutooligossacarideos (FOS). Para avaliar as alteracoes fisicas e mudancas no teor de acucar e FOS, as raizes de yacon fresco foram armazenadas a temperatura ambiente (25oC), e em geladeira (4oC) durante 31 dias. Glicose, frutose, sacarose e FOS de cada amostra foram extraidas com agua e analisados por cromatografia de ions em um sistema Dionex ICS-5000. Setenta e dois idosos, media de idade 67,11 ¡Ó 6,11 idade, foram estudados durante 9 semanas em um estudo duplo-cego placebo-controlado. Eles foram aleatoriamente divididos em grupo experimento, que recebeu 18g de YL contendo 7,4 g FOS e grupo placebo, que recebeu 12g de maltodextrina. O estado nutricional foi realizado antes e apos 9 semanas de intervencao atraves da avaliacao do consumo alimentar, antropometrica e bioquimica. O habito intestinal foi avaliado antes e apos a intervencao atraves de um questionario, contendo informacoes sobre frequencia evacuatoria, esforco para evacuar, dor a evacuacao, sensacao de evacuacao incompleta, dores abdominais, tempo gasto para iniciar a evacuacao, tipo de auxilio para evacuacao, tentativas falhas/dia e duracao da constipacao. A avaliacao da funcao imune, realizada antes e apos 9 semanas foi feita pelas dosagens de citocinas (IL-1¿Ñ, IL-1£], IL-2, IL-4,IL6, IL-8, IL10, TNF- ?, INF-?). O estudo revelou que raízes de yacon têm elevado conteúdo de FOS (74% em massa seca) e durante o armazenamento o teor FOS reduz-se nas raízes armazenadas a 4°C e a 25°C, sendo menor no armazenamento em geladeira (4º C). Além disso, durante o armazenamento, tubérculos de yacon fresco se deterioram, tornando-se murchos e desidratados. A ingestão diária de YL com 7,4 g de FOS por 9 semanas diminuiu significativamente (4,6%) a glicemia sanguínea (p = 0,013), mas não reduziu a concentração de lipídios séricos em idosos. A dose dada foi limitada para melhorar o trânsito intestinal, e não causou inchaço, flatulência ou desconforto intestinal. Idosos de ambos os grupos apresentavam adequado estado nutricional e adequada função imunológica antes da intervenção. Os idosos que consumiram YL mostraram um decréscimo significativo nos níveis de IL-1? (p < 0,001) e quando ajustado para idade e massa gorda, houve redução significativa de 54,6% na IL-6 (p = 0,039) quando comparado com o grupo placebo. Nosso estudo apresentou um elevado nível de participação (97,3%). Nossos dados indicam que raízes de yacon são consideradas uma fonte potencial de FOS, é recomendável que sejam armazenado à 4º C e consumidas até o décimo sétimo dia pós-colheita. YL foi bem aceito pelos idosos, é um produto de fácil armazenamento e quando consumido diariamente melhora o perfil glicêmico e a resposta imunológica, entretanto não podemos afirmar que se associa à melhora do perfil lipídico e do hábito intestinal de idosos / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical changes and the changes of FOS and sugar content in fresh yacon roots post- harvest and to verify if the daily intake for 9 weeks of freeze-dried powdered yacon (FDY) containing 7.4 g of FOS could alter bowel habit, affect glycaemic and lipid metabolic profile, the dietary intake and the immune system of non-institutionalised elderly.Human longevity has increased in many countries and is associated with diseases and changes in the immune system and the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and intestinal transit. The use of prebiotics has demonstrated efficacy against pathological conditions that are common in the elderly, including heart disease, inflammatory and metabolic disease and intestinal dysmotility. Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a plant originating from the Andes, which is recognised for its prebiotic potential due to its high concentration of fructooligosaccharides (FOS). To evaluate the physical changes and changes in sugar and FOS in fresh yacon roots stored under room temperature and chilled conditions during 31 days, the glucose, fructose, sucrose and FOS in each sample were extracted with water and analysed in an Ion Chromatograph Dionex Model ICS-5000. Seventy two elderly, (mean age 67.11 ± 6.11 years), were studied for 9 weeks in a double- blind placebo-controlled experiment. They were randomly assigned to either the supplemented group, receiving 18g FDY containing 7.4 g of FOS and the placebo group, receiving 12g Maltodextrin. Anthropometric measurements, intestinal transit, blood samples, clinical analyses, dietary intake and serum cytokine levels were determined at the start and at the end of the experiment. The study revealed that yacon roots have a good content of FOS, and that the FOS content of yacon root stored at 4°C decreased, but to a lesser extent than that stored at 25°C. Besides this, during storage, fresh yacon tubers deteriorated in appearance where they became withered and dried. A daily intake of FDY containing 7.4 g FOS for 9 weeks produced a significant effect in decreasing mean serum glucose (p = 0.013) while was incapable of reducing serum lipid concentration in the elderly. The dose given was limited in order not to adversely affect intestinal transit. It did not cause bloating, flatulence or intestinal discomfort. The elderly of both groups were well-nourished with an adequate immune function. Comparative analyses of variables between the 2 groups and the 2 time showed significant decrease on IL-1? (p < 0,001). When adjusted for age and fat mass the production of IL-6, in FDY-supplement group has a significant decrease of 54, 6% compared to that of the placebo group (p = 0.039).Our study had a high level of participation being 97.3%. Our data indicate that yacon roots are a potential source of FOS, and that it is recommended that yacon should be stored at 4oC and consumed before 17 days post-harvest. Freeze-dried powdered yacon was well accepted and when consumed daily had beneficial effects on serum glucose and on the immune system of the elderly / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutora em Ciência de Alimentos

Les enrobés bitumineux sont des matériaux composites complexes constitués de plusieurs phases : granulats, liants bitumineux et vides. L'assemblage de ces phases définit une microstructure très complexe qui pilote la réponse macroscopique des enrobés. Classiquement, les réponses mécanique et thermique des enrobés sont caractérisées par des essais à l'échelle macroscopique en supposant que le matériau est homogène et isotrope. À l’échelle des constituants, la caractérisation de ces matériaux nécessite d’utiliser une technique de mesure disposant simultanément d’une bonne résolution spatiale et d’une bonne résolution de mesure. L’enjeu de ce travail est d’une part d’évaluer les possibilités d’utilisation de la méthode de la grille (MG) pour l’analyse des propriétés thermo-mécaniques des enrobés bitumineux, et d’autre part de caractériser, grâce à l’apport de cette méthode, l’effet de l’introduction d’agrégats d’enrobés (AE). L’étude expérimentale comprend des essais de compression et de traction ainsi que des essais de gel-dégel. Les champs cinématiques issus de la MG ont permis d'étudier la réponse de ces matériaux à des échelles allant de l’échelle du constituant jusqu’à celle de l’éprouvette. Les résultats obtenus ont également permis de valider une approche expérimentale innovante pour l’analyse des enrobés en permettant d’accéder à des informations fiables et riches à l’échelle de la microstructure. Certains aspects liés à l'impact du recyclage sur le comportement local de l’enrobé sont également fournis. / Asphalt mixtures are complex composite materials constituted of several phases, namely aggregates, bituminous binder and voids. The assembly of these phases defines a highly complex microstructure, which drives the macroscopic response of asphalt mixtures. Classically, both the mechanical and the thermal responses of asphalt materials are characterized by using experiments at the scale of the mixture assuming that the material is homogeneous. At the scale of their constituents, these materials require a measurement technique featuring simultaneously both a good spatial resolution and a good strain resolution. To date, there are only few experimental studies available in the literature that describe the thermal and mechanical behavior of bituminous mixes at the scale of the constituent. The aim of this work is, on the one hand, to evaluate the possibilities of using the grid method (GM) for the analysis of the thermo-mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures and, on the other hand, to characterize the effect of the recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) inclusion on the local behavior of these materials. Full-field measurements provided by GM allow to study the response of these materials at scales ranging from the component to the mixture itself. These results enable us to validate an innovative experimental approach for the analysis of asphalts. It gives access to reliable and rich information at the scale of the microstructure. Some aspects related to the impact of RAP on the local behavior of asphalt were also provided.

L‘intérêt de développer de nouvelles applications de la nanotechnologie pharmaceutique dans les soins de santé augmente année après année. Le rôle des nanosystèmes est devenu évident, surtout après que certains d'entre eux aient contribué à des solutions révolutionnaires dans des maladies graves. Dans notre projet, nous avons cherché à synthétiser des nanoparticules (NPs) intelligentes capables de livrer, de façon sélective, des agents anticancéreux. Les NPs ont été synthétisées afin de cibler des cellules cérébrales atteintes par le glioblastome multiforme (GBM), un cancer du cerveau présentant un mauvais pronostic et un taux de survie médian très faible. À cet effet, nous avons planifié de synthétiser et analyser ces nanoparticules et également d’étudier les preuves de concept de leur efficacité. Tout d'abord, nous avons sélectionné avec soin, la procédure de formulation ainsi que les polymères avant d’optimiser les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des nanogels (NGs) formulés à base de chitosane. Après l'optimisation de la taille, du PdI et du potentiel de surface des NGs, nous avons synthétisés des NGs chargés en substance active. Deux molécules thérapeutiques ont été retenues La première était la doxorubicine HCl (DOX) qui est trop hydrophile pour passer la BHE, bien qu’ayant démontré une efficacité in vitro contre le GBM. Le deuxième médicament était le témozolomide (TMZ) qui est déjà utilisé dans le traitement de GBM, comme adjuvant à la radiothérapie, après l’intervention chirurgicale. Les méthodes d'analyses ont ensuite été développées pour déterminer l’efficacité du taux d'encapsulation (EE%) et l'efficacité de chargement de médicament (DLE%) des deux médicaments. Pour la préparation des nanogels théranostiques, nous avons suivi les mêmes procédures après l’addition de l’agent de contraste USPIO, durant la synthèse des NGs. Ensuite, nous avions besoin d’assurer la qualité de nos NGs lors du stockage à long terme. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons développé une procédure de lyophilisation en utilisant différents sucres de nature et de concentrations variables. Les sucres ont été ajoutés pour cryoprotéger les NGs contre les contraintes mécaniques et physiques mises en jeu lors de la lyophilisation. Les sucres qui ont démontré des résultats satisfaisants avec NGs vides ont été utilisés, par la suite, dans la cryoprotection des NGs chargées de médicament au cours de leur lyophilisation. Finalement, nous avons étudié la libération de la DOX à partir des NGs chargées avant et après lyophilisation. Cette étude, en particulier avait deux objectifs. Le premier était de comparer l'effet de la lyophilisation sur le comportement de la libération de DOX des NGs, en observant l’impact de cette procédure sur la cinétique de libération Le deuxième but de l'étude de relargage était de tester la capacité des NGs à libérer leur contenu à trois pH différents : 5.8 (pH intracellulaire des cellules tumorales), 6.8 (espace interstitiel de la tumeur) et 7.4 (plasma sanguin). / The interest in developing new applications of nanotechnology in the pharmaceutical health care increases year after year. The role of nanosystems became clearer, especially after some of them contributed to revolutionary solutions in serious diseases. In our project, we sought to synthesize ‘intelligent’ nanoparticles (NPs) capable of selectively delivering anticancer agents. NPs were synthesized to target brain cells affected by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a brain cancer with a poor prognosis and a very low rate of median survival. To this end, we planned to synthesize and analyze these nanoparticles and also to study the proof-of-concept of their efficiency. First, we carefully selected the formulation process and the polymers prior to optimize physicochemical characteristics of the nanogels (NGs) formulated with chitosan. After optimization of the NGs size, PDI and surface potential, we synthesized NGs loaded with active substances. Two therapeutic molecules were selected. First we chose doxorubicin HCl (DOX) which is too hydrophilic to cross the BBB, whereas demonstrating in vitro efficacy against GBM. The second drug was temozolomide (TMZ), already used in the treatment of GBM as an adjuvant to radiotherapy after surgery. Analytical methods were then developed to determine the encapsulation efficiency (EE %) and drug loading efficiency (DLE %) of both drugs. For the preparation of theranostic nanogels, we followed the same procedures after the addition of the USPIO contrast agent during the NGs synthesis. Next, we needed to ensure the quality of our NGs during long-term storage. To achieve this goal, we developed a freeze-drying process using different kind of sugar cryoprotectants at varying concentrations, in order to protect NGs against mechanical and physical stresses at play during freeze-drying. Most promising sugars used with unloaded NGs were subsequently used to cryoprotect DOX-loaded NGs. Finally, we studied the release of DOX from DOX-loaded NGs before and after freeze-drying. This study in particular had two objectives. The first was to compare the effect of the freeze-drying process on the behavior of the DOX-loaded NGs, observing the impact of this procedure on the release kinetics. The second purpose of the release study was to test the ability of NGs to release their contents at three different pH: 5.8 (intracellular pH of tumor cells), 6.8 (interstitial space of the tumor) and 7.4 (blood plasma).

Abstract This PhD thesis is composed of a synopsis and five published papers that are focused on both the research results of studies on electrical properties of road materials and subgrade soils and their seasonal changes and the use of Ground Penetrating Radar technique in traffic infrastructure surveys. The data for this survey was collected mainly in Finland, Texas, Scotland and Sweden and thus presents many kinds of road materials, subgrade soils and climate conditions. The synopsis of this work begins with a presentation of the theory and basic principles of GPR techniques. Special attention is given to the dielectric properties and seasonal changes of unbound road materials and subgrade soils. The synopsis also presents different kinds of GPR hardware systems as well as recommendations and experiences from different data collection, processing and interpretation techniques. Special attention is given to a method whereby GPR data is integrated with other road survey data and then analysed using a number of structural diagnostic methods. Finally, the synopsis provides an overview of of the various GPR applications on roads and streets, bridges, railways and airports. The laboratory test results presented in this work show that the relationship between dielectric value and increasing water content is not linear or exponential but more likely a series of logarithmic functions. Laboratory results also showed that dielectric dispersion, which can be related to poorly performing subgrade soils and road aggregates, takes place mainly in loosely bound adsorption water and capillary water layer. As such these moisture sensitive problem materials can also be identified during the dry summer seasons when they are stiff. Dielectric value and electrical conductivity can also be related to other technical properties of road materials and subgrade soils such as frost susceptibility, shear strength, plastic limit, compaction degree and voids content. Laboratory tests and field data collected using the Percostation technique also demonstrate that a knowledge of seasonal changes and thermodynamics is very important in understanding and modelling the mechanical behaviour of road structures. Finally, laboratory and field tests indicate that colloids have an important role in the failure mechanism of the road materials. This research demonstrates that the GPR technique not only gives valuable structural information on the different types of structures and subgrade soils but it provides a wide range of information of the electrical properties of the materials under survey which can be further related to their mechanical performance. The best information will be gained if GPR data is analysed together with other non destructive testing data collected form the roads, railways and airports.

L'objectif de cette thèse est la préparation d’aérogels biosourcés ayant des propriétés de super-isolation thermique. Pour cela, nous avons choisi de développer de nouveaux aérogels à base de nanofibres de cellulose (NFC). Les aérogels ont été préparés par lyophilisation. Dans un premier temps, une analyse des paramètres expérimentaux jouant un rôle sur la morphologie et les propriétés physico-chimiques des aérogels a été réalisée afin d’obtenir les meilleures propriétés d’isolation thermique. Avec une suspension de NFC à 2% en masse, sans ajout de sels et sans faire varier le pH, une lyophilisation réalisée dans des moules d’aluminium à une température de -80°C a permis d’obtenir des aérogels ayant une conductivité thermique de 0,024 W/m.K. Afin de diminuer cette conductivité thermique, nous avons choisi de réduire la taille des pores pour obtenir un effet Knudsen. Pour cela, une nouvelle technique de séchage a été proposée : la lyophilisation par pulvérisation. Les aérogels préparés dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales que précédemment avec cette technique ont des propriétés thermiques super-isolantes (0,018 W/m.K) grâce à la nano-structuration du réseau poreux. Finalement, un nouveau dispositif expérimental a été développé pour caractériser plus finement les propriétés thermiques des aérogels. C’est un dispositif transitoire impulsionnel qui permet d'estimer simultanément la contribution de la conduction solide et gazeuse, l'effet radiatif et la diffusivité thermique grâce à un modèle théorique simple. Ce dispositif permettra d’approfondir l’étude complexe du transfert thermique à travers des matériaux poreux semi-transparents tels que les aérogels. / The objective of this thesis is the preparation of renewable aerogels having thermal super-insulating properties. To do it, we designed new aerogels from nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) by freeze-drying. This technique is simple and has the advantage of not using organic solvents. First of all, the parameters playing a role on the aerogel morphology and physico-chemical properties of the aerogels were analyzed to get the best thermal insulating properties. Using 2 wt% NFC suspensions, without addition of salts, keeping the initial pH, the obtained freeze-dried aerogels in alumina molds at -80 °C have a thermal conductivity of 0.024 W/m.K. In order to reduce the pore size and to improve the thermal insulating properties by Knudsen effect, a new drying technique was proposed: the spray freeze-drying. Aerogels prepared in the same experimental conditions with this technique have thermal super-insulating properties (0.018 W/m.K) thanks to the nanostructuration of the porous network. Finally, a new device was designed to characterize more precisely the thermal properties of aerogels. This is an impulsive transient device, which can estimate simultaneously the contribution of solid and gas conduction, the radiative effect and thermal diffusivity using a simple theoretical model. This device will allow studying complex heat transfer through porous semi-transparent materials such as aerogels

During the industrialization of the 19th century the negative health effects of vitamin D was discovered as children in the cities developed osteomalacia or more commonly known as rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is produced in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol during sun-exposure and enhances intestinal phosphor and calcium absorption thus enhancing the bone remodeling process. Now, in the 21st century, Vitamin D is still relevant as positive health effects have been recognized and with it an increased number of samples and a demand for accurate analyzing. Vitamin D is commonly believed to be sensitive to ultraviolet radiation in serum and blood samples and therefore have traditionally been kept protected from light exposure from the time of sampling until the finished analyze. However recent studies have proven 25- hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) to be stable in both whole blood and serum. As previous studies have been primarily conducted in research laboratories with the aim to study vitamin D under specific research-laboratory conditions the aim of this study was to study the stability of 25[OH]D in serum and whole blood within both primary care- and hospital laboratories under normal and exaggerated conditions with the purpose to evaluate possible pre-analytical issues with everyday handling processes. The assay used was high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLCMS/MS, and the sought analytes 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25[OH]D2 and 25[OH]D3. The results showed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D is stable in serum for 24 hours at room temperature whilst exposed to light both ultraviolet and fluorescent. The analyte is also stable for up to four freeze-thaw cycles rendering the process of light-protection and samples frozen immediately after centrifugation superfluous. The results also ensure reliable results even if samples are accidently left on benchtops or saved refrozen to be reanalyzed at a later date. / Under den industriella revolutionen på 1800 talet upptäcktes de negativa hälsoeffekterna av vitamin D-brist då barnen i städerna utvecklade rakit (osteomalaci) eller engelska sjukan som sjukdomen också kallas på grund av brist på sol och D-vitamin. Vitamin D produceras i huden från 7-dehydrokolesterol vid solexponering och ökar upptaget av fosfor och kalcium i tarmen som i sin tur förbättrar återuppbyggnaden av skelettet. Vitamin D är fortfarande aktuell även nu i vår tid men då för dess nyupptäckta hälsofrämjande egenskaper som till exempel förebyggandet av coloncancer. Detta medför även en ökning av antalet analyser och kräver därmed en adekvat analysmetod. Traditionellt har det antagits att vitamin D är ljuskänsligt i alla former därför har blod och serum ljusskyddats, från provtagningstillfället fram tills dess att analysen är utförd. Dock har nya studier visat att 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) är mycket stabilt bundet till vitamindbindande protein i både serum och helblod. Syftet med studien var att utvärdera om 25[OH]D i serum och helblod behöver ljusskddas genom att studera stabiliteten hos 25[OH]D i både serum och helblod under normala primärvårdslaboratorie- och sjukhuslaboratorieförhållanden samt under extrema förhållanden för att utvärdera eventuella preanalytiska problem eller fel relaterade till den vardagliga hanteringen av vitamin D prover. Proverna analyserades med högupplösande vätskekromatografi-tandem masspektrometri, HPLC-MS/MS, och de sökta analyterna var 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25[OH]D2 och 25[OH]D3. Resultat från studien visade att 25-hydroxyvitamin D är stabilt i serum i 24 timmar i rumstemperatur med ljusexponering från både ultraviolett och fluorescerande ljus. 25-hydroxyvitamin D är även stabil i serum upp till fyra frys- och tiningscykler. Detta gör att provhanteringen kan förenklas genom att dessa prover inte behöver ljusskyddas samt att serumet ej behöver frysas in direkt efter centrifugering. Resultatet säkerställer även tillförlitliga resultat om prover lämnas framme på bänken av misstag eller om prover behöver sparas och frysas om för att analyseras vid senare tillfälle.

El trabajo de investigación se basa principalmente en el desarrollo de la marca Wayu, la cual consiste en la producción y comercialización vía online y en tiendas especializadas de granola de cereales andinos con fruta liofilizada. Esto en respuesta a la problemática de no encontrar un snack saludable que brinde las energías necesarias para realizar sus actividades diarias a nuestro público objetivo, el cual está compuesto por hombres y mujeres entre 18 y 35 años de Lima Metropolitana de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B que llevan un estilo de vida saludable. Para ello, el trabajo busca solucionar la problemática de nuestros consumidores mientras que consideramos una cuota de responsabilidad social al trabajar de cerca con las comunidades andinas de la zona Puerto Inca de Huancayo. Los experimentos realizados nos permitieron validar la intención de los consumidores finales mediante sus comentarios en las publicaciones de redes sociales y mensajes directos, asimismo, se validó el interés por parte de las tiendas especializadas de contar con nuestro producto como parte de su catálogo de bienes ofrecido al público objetivo que apuntamos. La estructura del trabajo se divide inicialmente en la descripción de la problemática a solucionar y el respectivo diseño del modelo del negocio. Todas las fases del trabajo llegan a un punto en común: justificar la viabilidad del negocio. Por último, se quiere demostrar si la inversión del proyecto puede ser recuperada en el tiempo trazado. / The research work is mainly based on the development of the Wayu brand, which consists of the production and mainly online and in specialized stores of Andean cereal granola with lyophilized fruit. This in response to the problem of not finding a healthy snack that provides the calories necessary to carry out their daily activities to our target audience, which is composed of men and women between 18 and 35 years of Metropolitan Lima from socioeconomic levels A and B who leads a healthy lifestyle. For this, the work seeks to solve the problems of our consumers while we consider a share of social responsibility when working near the Andean communities in the Puerto Inca area of Huancayo. The experiments carried out allow us to validate the intention of the final consumers through their comments in the social media publications and direct messages, specifically, the interest on the part of the specialized stores to have our product as part of their catalog of offered goods is validated. the target audience we are targeting. The work structure is divided into the description of the problem to be solved and the respective design of the business model. All the phases of the work to a common point: justify the viability of the business. Finally, it is wanted to demonstrate if the investment of the project can be recovered in the plotted time. / Trabajo de investigación