Cette thèse a pour objet l'architecture de passage qui ponctuait le parcours d'un visiteur ou d'un citoyen au sein du paysage urbain micrasiatique : propylées, portes urbaines et arcs sur rue. Notre travail portait sur les cités d'Asie Mineure, sans cadre géographique restrictif, afin d'obtenir une vision globale du phénomène étudié. L'étude a été partagée en deux grands ensembles : les propylées d'un côté et les portes urbaines et arcs sur rue d'un autre. Les propylées constituaient les entrées monumentales de sanctuaires, agoras, gymnases et bouleutérions. Notre étude comprend les propylées depuis l'époque classique jusqu'à l'époque romaine. Les propylées classiques constituaient essentiellement les entrées monumentales des grands sanctuaires-terrasses hécatomnides de Carie. A l'époque hellénistique, les propylées se sont multipliés et se trouvaient désormais en contextes cultuels et profanes. Les propylées romains représentaient pour la plupart des entrées monumentales rajoutées à des complexes préexistants, peu appartenaient à un nouveau complexe. Nous trouvons des propylées qui reprenaient des formules de l'époque hellénistique, des propylées à façade monumentale édiculée, des propylées qui adoptaient la forme de l'arc romain et enfin des propylées qui reprenaient la forme des salles impériales. Les portes urbaines totalement dépourvues de tout caractère défensif se sont développées grâce au climat de sécurité de la Pax Romana. Elles marquaient la séparation entre l'intérieur et l'extérieur de la ville, constituaient un véritable repère topographique et, comme la première image que le visiteur avait de la ville, elles annonçaient la splendeur de la ville et projetaient la valeur de l'urbanistas. Ces portes urbaines étaient soit de nouvelles portes insérées dans les anciens remparts, soit libres de tout rempart, soit un réaménagement des anciennes portes. Les arcs sur rue étaient construits sur une rue à colonnades ou à un carrefour pour des raisons urbanistiques et organiques et esthétiques. Tout en embellissant un parcours, ils ponctuaient et articulaient celui-ci et servaient aussi de points de repère. Leurs façades, richement décorées, participaient à l'embellissement et à l'animation des paysages urbains. Ces arcs apparaissaient comme une composante d'un programme urbanistique. Certains arcs étaient honorifiques ou commémoratifs. A l'époque romaine, l'architecture de passage reflétait les changements de la vie politique et de la structure sociale. L'autoreprésentation, la propagande impériale et la vive concurrence entre les cités vont jouer un rôle important dans la conception de ces monuments. Leur richesse et leur magnificence devaient impressionner les visiteurs et donc augmenter l'image reflétée par la cité de sa puissance et de sa gloire.Ils participaient donc à l'ornementation de la cité. / This thesis deals with the architecture of passage that punctuate the course of a visitor or a citizen in the urban landscape of Asia Minor : propylaea, city-gates and arches on street. Our work focused on the cities of Asia Minor with no geographical limits in order to provide an overall view of the phenomenon. This study was divided into two major groups : the propylaea on the one hand and city-gates and arches on street on the other hand. The propylaea were the monumental entrances to shrines, agorai, gymnasiums and bouleuteria. Our study includes the propylaea from the classical period to the Roman era. Classical propylaea were mainly the monumental entrances to the major hecatomnid's shrines-terraces of Caria. In the Hellenistic period, the propylaea multiplied and tuned into religious and secular backgrounds. Most Roman propylaea made up monumental entrances added to existing complexes, few being part of a new one. We find some propylaea that went back over formulas of the Hellenistic period, others with monumental edicular façade, those in the form of the a Roman arch and finally the propylaea reproducing the form of "Marmorsaal". City-gates, that were completely devoid of any defensive features, developed in the peaceful period of the Pax Romana. They marked the boundary between the inside and the outside of the city, were a real topographical landmark and, as the first glimpse of the city for the visitors, heralded its splendor and highlighted the value of the urbanitas. These city-gates were either new city-gates inserted into the ancient city-walls, free of any city-walls, or old city-gates rearranged. The street arches were built on a colonnaded street or at a crossroads for urban, organic and aesthetic reasons. While beautifying a course, they structured and punctuated it as well as serving as landmarks. Their richly decorated facades participated in the beautification and animation of the urban landscape. These arches appear as a component of an urban program. Some of them were honorific or commemorative. In Roman times, the architecture of passage reflected changes in the political life and social structure. The self-representation, the imperial propaganda and the fierce competition between cities would play a major part in the designing of these monuments. Their richness and splendor must have impressed visitors and thus enhanced the city's power and glory picture. They participated in its ornamentation.

La presente tesis doctoral titulada ¿Supramolecular and heterosupramolecular chemistry in controlled release and molecular recognition processes¿ está centrada en los dos aspectos principales de la química supramolecular que han experimentado un gran auge en los últimos años: el reconocimiento molecular y los procesos de liberación controlada. En particular la primera parte de la tesis se focaliza en el diseño y síntesis de moléculas orgánicas que pueden ser empleados cómo sensores para especies aniónicas y neutras. El paradigma seleccionado para los procesos de reconocimiento molecular fue la aproximación del dosimetro químico. Esta aproximación presenta ventajas con respecto a los otros dos métodos de determinación de aniones (desplazamiento y unidad coordinanteunidad indicadora), cómo, por ejemplo, la posibilidad de determinar los analitos en disolución acuosa. Así se sintetizaron dos sensores selectivos, uno para el anión fluoruro (F-) y el otro para glutatión (GSH). El sensor selectivo para la determinación de F- está basado en un colorante azoico funcionalizado, en su ¿OH fenólico, cómo silileter. Esta molécula presenta una banda de absroción muy intensa centrada a 350 nm que, después de la adición de F- , sufre un efecto hipocrómico significativo y un desplazamiento batocromico ligero (de ca. 10 nm), mientras aparece una nueva banda a 470 nm, determinando un cambio de incoloro a amarillorojo. Para obtener un sensor selectivo para GSH se sintetizó una sonda químico basado en una sal de 2,6-difenilpirilio. Sucesivamente se preparó una disolución de este compuesto en agua/CTAB, que se caracterizaba por un intenso color azul. En este caso, la adición de GSH produce una disminución significativa de la banda del visible, acompañada por la consecuente decoloración. Además la adicón de GSH induce la aparición de Resumen vi una intensa banda de emisión centrada a 485 nm (después de la irradiación a 350 nm). La segunda parte de esta tesis doctoral se basa en el diseño y síntesis de nuevos sistemas híbridos orgánicos-inorgánicos para procesos de liberación controlada en ambiente celular. Estos materiales híbridos se componen en general, de dos unidades: una matriz inorgánica mesoporosa de base silícea, capaz de almacenar moléculas orgánicas (colorantes, farmacos...) y un compuesto orgánico anclado covalentemente a la superficie externa del soporte inorgánico mesoporoso, que actúa cómo puerta molecular. La aplicación de un estímulo externo puede modificar la conformación de la puerta molecular permitiendo o bien impidiendo la difusión de la carga almacenada en los mesoporos hacía el exterior (disolución o citoplasma). El primer sistema sintetizado y estudiado se compone de una matriz inorgánica mesoporosa (MCM-41), cargada con el colorante Ru(bipy)3 2+ y funcionalizada en la superficie con un oligoetilen glicol mediante un grupo ester. La adición de la enzima esterasa determinaba la hidrólisis del grupo ester y la consecuente reducción del tamaño de la puerta molecular, acompañada por la liberación del colorante previamente cargado. Otro sistema de liberación preparado consiste en el uso de la misma matriz MCM-41 nanoscópica y el mismo colorante Ru(bipy)3 2+, pero se funcionalizó la superficie con una puerta molecular fotolabil. La irradiación en el maximo de absorción de la puerta molecular inducía la fotodegradación de la misma y la consecuente liberación del colorante. Un tercer ejemplo de sistema de liberación consiste en una puerta molecular caracterizada por la presencia de dos grupos funcionales hidrolizables con enzimas diferentes: grupos urea y amida. vii El material final, caracterizado por la presencia del mismo esqueleto inorgánico, y cargado con Ru(bipy)3 2+, era capaz de liberar selectivamente cantidades distintas de colorante, dependiendo del enzima empleado. Así se podían conseguir dos tipos de perfiles de liberación: uno muy rápido y poco intenso y otro más lento pero mucho mas intenso. Finalmente se sintetizó un material híbrido siempre basado en la misma matriz de MCM- 41, cargado con rodamina-B y funcionalizado en la superficie con galactooligosacáridos. Con este material se podía conseguir una liberación controlada del colorante selectivamente en células senescentes, debido a que estas sobreexpresan el enzima ß-galactosidasa que es capaz de hidrolizar los galactooligosacáridos. / Agostini, A. (2013). Supramolecular and heterosupramolecar chemistry in controlled release and molecular recognition processes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/29397 / TESIS

One of the major challenges hindering advancement of quantum computing is the sensitive nature of the physical systems used to build a quantum computer. One suggestion for improving reliability is a particular type of logic gates, based on Berry's geometric phase, showing improved robustness to external disturbance of the quantum system over the course of a calculation. Such logic gates have previously been shown for the smallest possible two-level qubits. Using the method of adiabatic shortcut we endevour to discover similarly realistic and robust logic gates for units of quantum information in higher dimensions. The example shown in this paper discusses three-level qutrits, but is expected to apply to theoretically unlimited higher dimensions since new geometric complications are expected to arise primarily when moving from a two-level to a multi-level problem.  We here present a set of primitive single-qutrit gates able to perform universal quantum computations if supplemented by a two-qutrit gate. We also present a set of condensed single-qutrit gates for commonly needed operations. By detailing the underlying mathematical framework, relying on the multi-dimensional generalisation of Berry's phase describing the time evolution of degenerate quantum states, we also suggest an easily scalable geometric interpretation of quantum gates in higher dimensions along with visual representation of logic gates using parameters of the physical system to sequentially unlock and manipulate subspaces of the quantum information unit.

No description available.

In today's technological companies digital electronics and components are abundant. Many companies use these components to manufacture a wide variety of electronic products such as computers, tv’s, cars, etc. But after their use, these components are thrown away easily and are an additional contributor to our growing climate change. There is a need for a more effective way to deal with these components. Companies could save a lot of time and energy to have a system that could test these components.The goal of this study is to present a suitable method for testing digital components by developing a test program for testing the various integrated circuits and thus identifies which circuits are faulty and which ones are not. The economical and efficiency side of building such a program is discussed and If it is worth the time to produce such a system, or if it's much better to throw the components away. The intent is also to give companies a way of being more efficient and environmentally friendly.This program was made by using integrated circuits from the course IE1204 and IE1205, where students use these components for their labs. After the course has ended there is no certainty if the integrated circuits work properly or not. The goal of the program is then to test them and find out the faulty ones.An Arduino Uno and the Arduino programming language have been used to write the code for this project. The Arduino Uno was connected to a breadboard which then ran the program for testing. To that breadboard, various integrated circuits, such as logic gates, were connected. The Arduino program then tested their truth tables to see if they worked properly or not.Because of time restriction more complex components have not been included in this thesis. / I dagens tekniska industri finns det rikligt med digitala komponenter och elektronik. Många av dessa komponenter används för att bygga större elektronik såsom datorer, tv apparater, bilar, etc. Men efter deras användning slängs dessa komponenter tveklöst och är dessutom en orsakande faktor i vår växande klimatförändring. Det finns ett behov av en mer effektiv lösning för hanteringen av dessa komponenter. Företag kan spara mycket tid och energi med att inneha ett sådant system.Målet med detta projekt är att presentera en metod för att testa digitala komponenter. Att utveckla ett system som kan testa diverse integrerade kretsar och veta vilken som fungerar adekvat. Utvecklandet av ett sådant systemet ur ett ekonomisk och effektivitetsperspektiv diskuteras. Om det är värt att utveckla ett sådant system, eller om det är mycket bättre att bara slänga dessa komponenter. Målet med detta projekt är också att bana väg för företag att bli mer effektiva och miljövänliga.Tillvägagångssättet kring hur detta system har utvecklats är genom att använda integrerade kretsar från kurserna IE1204 och IE1205, där studenter använder dessa komponenter för deras labbar. Efter att kursens avslut finns det ingen garanti ifall dessa integrerade kretsar fungerar eller inte. Målet med programmet är då att testa dessa och hitta de trasiga komponenterna.En Arduino Uno och programmet Arduino har använts för att skriva koden till detta projekt. Arduinon har varit kopplad till en breadboard som har kört programmet för testing. Till denna breadboard har diverse integrerade kretsar, logiska grindar, varit kopplade.Arduino programmet har sedan testat de olika sanningstabellerna för att testa vilken logisk grind som är kopplad och fungerar.På grund av tidsbegränsning har mer komplexa integrerade kretsar blivit presenterade som en beskrivning av hur man kan fortsätta arbetet för att programmet skall inkludera mer komplexa komponenter.

College enrollment is experiencing an upward trend; however, the quality of institutions selected by minority students remains a question. Promising minority students are failing to select high quality colleges and universities, despite academic components that would leave them otherwise qualified for admission. In fact, nearly 80% of high academic achieving low-income, minority students under match when selecting a college or university (Obama & Obama, 2014). The purpose of this study was to examine the factors leading to selection of institution for Gates Millennium Scholars while examining the relationship between college selection and socioeconomic status, cost, high school grade point average (GPA), family support, need for achievement, self efficacy, persistence, advisement, and technology for Gates Millennium Scholars. Pearson Correlation was utilized to examine survey data collected from 87 Gates Millennium Scholars. The implications of collection selection for low- income, minority students are significant in understanding the needs of this highly diverse student population. This study sought to identify the variables that significantly impact college selection for low-income minority students.

To address key challenges for both quantum communication and quantum computing applications in a simultaneous manner, we propose to employ the photon angular momentum approach by invoking the well-known fact that photons carry both the spin angular momentum (SAM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM). SAM is associated with polarization, while OAM is associated with azimuthal phase dependence of the complex electric field. Given that OAM eigenstates are mutually orthogonal, in principle, an arbitrary number of bits per single photon can be transmitted. The ability to generate/analyze states with different photon angular momentum, by using either holographic or interferometric methods, allows the realization of quantum states in multidimensional Hilbert space. Because OAM states provide an infinite basis state, while SAM states are 2-D only, the OAM can also be used to increase the security for quantum key distribution (QKD) applications and improve computational power for quantum computing applications. The goal of this paper is to describe photon angular momentum based deterministic universal quantum qudit gates, namely, {generalized-X, generalized-Z, generalized-CNOT} qudit gates, and different quantum modules of importance for various applications, including (fault-tolerant) quantum computing, teleportation, QKD, and quantum error correction. For instance, the basic quantum modules for quantum teleportation applications include the generalized-Bell-state generation module and the QFT-module. The basic quantum module for quantum error correction and fault-tolerant computing is the nonbinary syndrome calculator module. The basic module for entanglement assisted QKD is either the generalized-Bell-state generation module or the Weyl-operator-module. The possibility of implementing all these modules in integrated optics is discussed as well. Finally, we provide security analysis of entanglement assisted multidimensional QKD protocols, employing the proposed qudit modules, by taking into account the imperfect generation of OAM modes.

Nesta tese são discutidos alguns aspectos importantes no desenvolvimento de sistemas fotovoltaicos moleculares. São abordados temas de interesse como a síntese de novos sensibilizadores para células solares sensibilizadas por corante, o desenvolvimento de novos materiais fotoativos, Química Supramolecular, bem como a aplicação de sistemas fotovoltaicos em eletrônica molecular, especificamente no desenvolvimento de portas lógicas moleculares e dispositivos de memória. A porfirina TBPyP, contendo quatro ligantes 2,2\'-bipiridina ligados covalentemente aos carbonos meso do anel porfirínico, foi sintetizada. Este derivado porfirínico serviu como bloco de construção de sistemas supramoleculares. A utilização desses sistemas como sensibilizadores em células solares (células de Grätzel) é discutido. Fios moleculares derivados da TBPyP foram obtidos via coordenação com íons de metais de transição e são investigados quanto à possibilidade de utilização em eletrônica molecular. Novos sistemas fotovoltaicos multicamada, utilizando filmes de porfirina depositados por evaporação a vácuo como elementos fotoativos e filmes de V2O5 como eletrodo passivo, foram estudados quanto a sua eficiência e quanto ao seu mecanismo de funcionamento. Os filmes finos de porfirina obtidos neste estudo foram testados como elelementos fotoativos em células fotovoltaicas com diferentes configurações, além daquelas utilizando filmes de V2O5. A obtenção de filmes híbridos compostos de nanopartículas de ouro e ligantes orgânicos foi desenvolvida e sua aplicação em sistemas fotovoltaicos bem como em dispositivos de memória investigada. Novas portas lógicas moleculares foram obtidas utilizando-se o arranjo de células de Grätzel convencionais sensibilizadas por clusteres trigonais de rutênio sintetizados para este fim. Seu princípio de funcionamento é discutido, bem como a seu potencial de integração em circuitos lógicos. / In this thesis some aspects concerning the development of molecular photovoltaic systems are discussed. Themes of current interest such as the synthesis of new sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells, the development of new photoactive materials, and Supramolecular Chemistry are treated, as well as the application of photovoltaic systems in molecular electronics, specifically in the development of molecular logic gates and memory devices. The porphyrin TBPyP, comprised of four 2,2\'-bipyridine ligands covalently linked to the porphyrin meso carbons, was synthesized. This porphyrin derivative was used as a building block on supramolecular systems. The utilization of these supramolecular species in solar cells (Grätzel cells) is discussed. The coordination of the porphyrin TBPyP with transition metal ions gave rise to molecular wires, which are investigated about its potential use in molecular electronics. New multilayer photovoltaic systems, using thermo-evaporated porphyrin films as photoactive elements and V2O5 films as passive electrodes, had their efficiency and mechanism studied. The confection of hybrid films comprised of gold nanoparticles and organic ligands was developed and its application in photovoltaic systems, as well as in memory devices, was investigated. New molecular logic gates were realized using the a Grätzel cell in its conventional configuration, sensitized by ruthenium trigonal clusters synthesized to this end.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo da influência do tensionamento mecânico (strain) no efeito de abaixamento de barreira induzido pelo dreno (DIBL) em dispositivos SOI FinFETs de porta tripla com e sem crescimento seletivo epitaxial. Também é analisada a influência do uso de crescimento seletivo epitaxial nesses dispositivos em relação ao efeito de canal curto mencionado. O uso de transistores verticais de múltiplas portas tem permitido a continuidade do escalamento dos dispositivos, apresentando melhora nos níveis de corrente bem como a supressão dos efeitos de canal curto. No entanto, ao reduzir a largura do canal, aumenta-se a resistência total do transistor, diminuindo seu desempenho. A fim de melhorar essa característica, as técnicas de tensionamento mecânico e crescimento de fonte e dreno tem sido empregadas. No primeiro caso, ao se deformar mecanicamente a estrutura do canal, altera-se o arranjo das camadas eletrônicas que ocasiona o aumento da mobilidade dos portadores. Conseqüentemente, a corrente aumenta tal como a transcondutância do dispositivo. A técnica de crescimento de fonte e dreno chamada de crescimento seletivo epitaxial (SEG) tem como finalidade reduzir ainda mais a resistência elétrica total da estrutura, uma vez que a área dessas regiões aumenta, possibilitando o aumento das áreas de contato, que são responsáveis pela maior parcela da resistência total. Esse trabalho baseia-se em resultados experimentais e simulações numéricas tridimensionais que analisam o comportamento dos transistores com as tecnologias acima apresentadas em função do efeito de DIBL. / This work presents a study about the influence of strain in the drain induced barrier lowering effect (DIBL) in triple gate SOI FinFETs. Also it is analyzed the selective epitaxial growth used in that structures, comparing their behavior in relation to DIBL effect. Using the vertical multi-gate devices become possible the downscale whereas they present higher current level and suppressed short channel effects. However, reducing the channel width, the transistors total resistance increases and consequently its performance decreases. In order to improve this feature, the strained technology and the Source/Drains growth technique has been employed. In the first case, the mechanical deformation causes a change in the electron shell, which improves the carrier mobility. Consequently, the current level and the transconductance also improve. The selective epitaxial growth technique aims to reduce the devices total resistance since these regions areas increase, allowing large contacts which are responsible for the main parcel of the total resistance. This work is based on experimental results and tridimensional simulations that analyze the transistor behavior using the technologies above presented as a function of DIBL effect.

Nesta tese são discutidos alguns aspectos importantes no desenvolvimento de sistemas fotovoltaicos moleculares. São abordados temas de interesse como a síntese de novos sensibilizadores para células solares sensibilizadas por corante, o desenvolvimento de novos materiais fotoativos, Química Supramolecular, bem como a aplicação de sistemas fotovoltaicos em eletrônica molecular, especificamente no desenvolvimento de portas lógicas moleculares e dispositivos de memória. A porfirina TBPyP, contendo quatro ligantes 2,2\'-bipiridina ligados covalentemente aos carbonos meso do anel porfirínico, foi sintetizada. Este derivado porfirínico serviu como bloco de construção de sistemas supramoleculares. A utilização desses sistemas como sensibilizadores em células solares (células de Grätzel) é discutido. Fios moleculares derivados da TBPyP foram obtidos via coordenação com íons de metais de transição e são investigados quanto à possibilidade de utilização em eletrônica molecular. Novos sistemas fotovoltaicos multicamada, utilizando filmes de porfirina depositados por evaporação a vácuo como elementos fotoativos e filmes de V2O5 como eletrodo passivo, foram estudados quanto a sua eficiência e quanto ao seu mecanismo de funcionamento. Os filmes finos de porfirina obtidos neste estudo foram testados como elelementos fotoativos em células fotovoltaicas com diferentes configurações, além daquelas utilizando filmes de V2O5. A obtenção de filmes híbridos compostos de nanopartículas de ouro e ligantes orgânicos foi desenvolvida e sua aplicação em sistemas fotovoltaicos bem como em dispositivos de memória investigada. Novas portas lógicas moleculares foram obtidas utilizando-se o arranjo de células de Grätzel convencionais sensibilizadas por clusteres trigonais de rutênio sintetizados para este fim. Seu princípio de funcionamento é discutido, bem como a seu potencial de integração em circuitos lógicos. / In this thesis some aspects concerning the development of molecular photovoltaic systems are discussed. Themes of current interest such as the synthesis of new sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells, the development of new photoactive materials, and Supramolecular Chemistry are treated, as well as the application of photovoltaic systems in molecular electronics, specifically in the development of molecular logic gates and memory devices. The porphyrin TBPyP, comprised of four 2,2\'-bipyridine ligands covalently linked to the porphyrin meso carbons, was synthesized. This porphyrin derivative was used as a building block on supramolecular systems. The utilization of these supramolecular species in solar cells (Grätzel cells) is discussed. The coordination of the porphyrin TBPyP with transition metal ions gave rise to molecular wires, which are investigated about its potential use in molecular electronics. New multilayer photovoltaic systems, using thermo-evaporated porphyrin films as photoactive elements and V2O5 films as passive electrodes, had their efficiency and mechanism studied. The confection of hybrid films comprised of gold nanoparticles and organic ligands was developed and its application in photovoltaic systems, as well as in memory devices, was investigated. New molecular logic gates were realized using the a Grätzel cell in its conventional configuration, sensitized by ruthenium trigonal clusters synthesized to this end.