Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Gully erosion is a major environmental problem not only having direct influences on site but also indirect influences felt further down the catchment. Combating gully erosion has proven to be elusive due to the difficulty in finding the causal factors and developing mechanisms involved. Soil is the medium in which gully erosion occurs yet few research have investigated it as a driving factor behind gully development and those that have has done it in a very elementary way. The first aim of this project was to physically and chemically characterise and classify the discontinuous gully system at Malansdam to establish the relationship between landscape hydrology and geomorphologic gully development with a focus on control factors. This was done by field observations, physical measurements and spatial and hydrological analyses with a Geographical Information System (GIS). The Malansdam gully system was the first ever recorded Strahler stream order (SSO) 5 classical gully system with the most active region being in the upper reaches where a steeper slope is experienced. Although piping was observed the V-shape channels and SAR data from traditional wet analysis indicated runoff to be the dominant formation process. A duo of factors, consisting of one anthropogenic and one natural factor respectively, was found that the major control factors behind the gully formation. A unique anthropogenic factor that has never been published beforehand was found to be the anthropogenic driving factor namely the ploughed contour cultivation technique employed by the farmers in the Sandspruit catchment. The ploughed contours act as channels firstly collecting and secondly moving water that would have drained naturally downwards in the valley to one exit point in the gully system. This allows increased erosive energy because of the larger volumes of water entering one single point in the upper reaches of the gully system where a steeper slope is experienced. The driving factor in the natural group was determined to be weak soil structure due to an abundant amount of exchangeable Mg2+ cations occupying the exchange sites on the clay fraction. This would cause soil to disperse in the presence of water even with a low amount of exchangeable Na+. Combat methods would accordingly exist in the form of rectifying the soil structure and finding an alternative to the ploughed contour system currently employed, but also planting vegetation especially grass or wheat in the gully channels. The second aim of this project was to determine the capability of Near Infrared (NIR) spectrometry, with wavenumbers 12 500 – 4 000 cm-1, to predict indicators used in soil science to establish the dispersive nature of a soil. These indices included the Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Saturation Percentage (MS%), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Potential Hydrogen (pH) as well as the four main exchangeable cations namely calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+) and magnesium (Mg2+). Surface and subsurface soil samples were collected from active gully heads. These samples were minimally pre-processed thus only dried, milled and sieved. Thereafter it was subject to NIR analysis making use of the Bruker multi-purpose FT-NIR Analyser (MPA; Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany) with a spectral range of 12 500cm-1 to 4000cm-1 which is. Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) models were built for each index and the exchangeable cations making use of QUANT 2 utility of OPUS 6.5 (MPA; Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany) software. Five different regrssion statistics namely the coefficient of determination (r2), Root Mean Square Error of Cross Validation (RMSECV), Ratio of Performance to Deviation (RPD), Bias and the Ratio of Performance of Quartiles (RPIQ) were used to assess the legitimacy of each PLSR model. Upon validation all the PLSR models performed in line with previously published work and in certain cases better. The only exception was MS% which would require further investigation. NIR thus possess the capability to predict a soil’s dispersive nature in a fast, reliable, inexpensive and non- destructive way, thus implying whether or not it contributes to gully erosion at a significant level or only minimally. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Donga erosie is 'n groot omgewingsprobleem. Dit het nie net ‘n direkte invloed op die area waar dit geleë is nie, maar het ook ‘n indirekte invloed wat elders in die opvangsgebied ervaar word. Bekamping van donga erosie is moeisaam aangesien die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot die vorming en dryf daarvan moeilik is om te bepaal. Grond is die medium waarin erosie plaasvind, maar daar is nogtans steeds min navorsing wat grond ondersoek het as ‘n moontlike faktor aanleiding gee tot donga erosie. Die wat dit al wel ingesluit het, het dit slegs op n baie elemntêre manier ondersoek. Die eerste doel van hierdie projek was om die diskontinue donga stelsel fisies en chemise te karakteriseer en klassifiseer om soedoende die verhouding tussen die landskap hidrologie en geomorfologiese donga ontwikkeling te bepaal met n fokus op die faktore wat dit dryf. Dit was gedoen deur middel van observasies gedoen terwyl veldwerk uitgerig was, fisiese metings asook ruimtelike en hidrologiese analises deur gebruik te maak van n Geografiese Inligting Stelsel (GIS). Die klassieke Malansdam donga stelsel is ‘n Strahler stroomorde (SSO) van 5 toegeken en is die eerste een ooit wat dit behaal het. Die mees aktiefste area was in die bolope waar die steilste helling ervaar was. Alhoewel ondergrondse pyp formasie waargeneem was het die V-vormige donga kanale en SAR data van die tradisionele nat analise aangedui dat afloop die dominante vorming proses was. Daar was gevind dat 'n duo van faktore, wat bestaan uit een menslike en een natuurlike faktor onderskeidelik, die faktore was wat donga ontwikkeling in die area dryf. 'n Unieke menslike faktor wat nog nie vantevore gepubliseer is, was bevind as die menslike faktor wat aanleiding gee tot donga erosie. Hierdie faktor is die bewerkiingsmetode wat in die Sandspruit opvangsgebied gebruik word naamlik geploegde kontoerbewerking. Die geploegde kontoere tree op as kanale om eerstens water te versamel en tweedens om die vloeirigting daarvan te wysig. Water wat onder natuurlike toestande afwaarts sou dreineer tot in die vallei word vasgevang deur die kontoere en gekanaliseer na een invloei punt in die donga. Hierdie proses verhoog die erosiekrag van die water aangesien groter volumes by 'n enkele punt in die steiler bolope van die donga stelsel invloei. Die dryf faktor in die natuurlike groep was swak grond struktuur. Die oorsaak hiervan was die besetting van ‘n grootmaat uitruilbare Mg2+ katione op die uitruil plekke van die kleifraksie. Dit sou veroorsaak dat grond in die teenwoordigheid van water maklik sou dispergeer, selfs in die teenwoordigheid van 'n lae hoeveelheid uitruilbare Na+ katione. Metodes om donga erosie te bekamp sal dienooreenkomstig bestaan uit die herstel van die grondstruktuur en die toepassing van 'n alternatiewe gondbewerkings stelsel. Die aanplanting van plantegroei, veral gras en koring binne die donga kanale sal verder help met die veg tot bekamping Die tweede doel van hierdie projek was om te bepaal indien naby infrarooi (NIR) spektrometrie (met golfnommer van 12 500 – 4 000cm-1) oor die vermoë beskik om aanwysers wat traditioneel in grondkunde gebruik word om die dispergering van grond te meet te voorspel. Hierdie aanwysers sluit vyf indekse in naamlik die Veranderlike Natrium Persentasie (ESP), Natrium Absorpsie Verhouding (SAR), Magnesium Versadiging Persentasie (MS%), Elektriese Geleidingsvermoë (EC) en die Potensiële Waterstof (pH) sowel as die vier hoof uitruilbare katione naamlik kalsium (Ca2+) , kalium (K+), natrium (Na+) en magnesium (Mg2+). Oppervlak en ondergrondse grondmonsters is ingesamel by die punt van oorsprong by aktiewe dongas. Hierdie monsters is minimaal voorberei, dus slegs gedroog, gemaal en gesif. Daarna was dit onderworpe aan die NIR analise. Die Bruker meerdoelige FT-NIR Analiseerder (MPA; Bruker Optik GmbH, Duitsland) met 'n spektrale omvang van 12 500cm 1 4000cm-1 is hiervoor gebruik. Parsiële kleinste kwadraat regressie (PLSR) modelle is gebou vir elke indeks asook die uitruilbare katione deur gebruik te maak van die nutsprogram Quant 2 van die OPUS 6.5 (MPA; Bruker Optik GmbH, Duitsland) sagteware. Vyf verskillende regressie statistieke naamlik die bepalingskoëffisiënt (r2), vierkantswortel fout tydens kruis validasie (RMSECV), verhouding van prestasie teenoor voorspellingsafwyking (RPD), sydigheid en die verhouding van prestasie van kwartiele (RPIQ) was gebruik om die geldighied van elke PLSR model te asseseer. Alle PLSR modelle het goed presteer, behalwe vir MS% wat verdere navorsing vereis. NIR beskik dus oor die vermoë om die aard van dispergering van grond te bepaal op 'n vinnige, betroubare, goedkoop en nie afbrekende manier. Dit kan dus effektief aangewend word as ‘n substitusie vir die traditionele metodes om te bepaal as grond a beduidende faktor is of nie.

Thesis (PhD (Geography and Environmental Studies))—Stellenbosch University, 2008. / GIS has revolutionized geographic analysis and spatial decision support and has greatly enhanced our understanding of the real world though it’s mapping and spatial modelling capabilities. Although GIS software is becoming more powerful, less expensive and more userfriendly, GIS still remains the domain of a selected few who can operate and afford these systems. Since the introduction of web mapping tools such as Google Earth, accessibility to geographic information has escalated. Such tools enable anyone with access to a computer and the Internet to explore geographic data online and produce maps on demand. Web mapping products have, however, a very narrow range of functionality. In contrast to GIS that focuses on spatial data capture, storage, manipulation, analysis and presentation, the function of web mapping tools is to visualize and communicate geographical data. The positive impact of web mapping tools suggests, however, that GIS has not yet developed to a level where anyone can use the technology to support spatial decisions and enhance productivity. A possible solution is to close the functional gap between web mapping tools and GIS to make spatial analysis more accessible, thereby promoting geographical awareness and supporting better spatial decisions.

Κεντρικό σημείο αναφοράς της διατριβής είναι η σύγχρονη πόλη, στο υπέδαφος της οποίας σώζονται αρχαιολογικά στρώματα. Η ανακάλυψή τους κάτω από τον ενεργό οικιστικό ιστό καθώς και η αρχαιολογική έρευνα που ακολουθεί θεωρούνται από πολλούς αιτία ανάσχεσης της κατασκευαστικής και αναπτυξιακής διαδικασίας. Ωστόσο, εδώ υποστηρίζεται ότι η ύπαρξη αρχαιολογικού υποστρώματος στην πόλη αποτελεί ένα από τα συγκριτικά πλεονεκτήματα της αναπτυξιακής της προοπτικής. Προς τούτο η ερευνητική μεθοδολογία χρησιμοποιεί ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά δεδομένα, ενώ ως μελέτη περίπτωσης επιλέγεται το Σχέδιο Πόλεως των Πατρών. Αρχικά η έρευνα βασίζεται στην αρχειακή και βιβλιογραφική επισκόπηση και στη διεξαγωγή δομημένων συνεντεύξεων με ειδικούς επιστήμονες. Στη συνέχεια, γίνεται χρήση της τεχνολογίας των Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών και της Στατιστικής για τη δημιουργία βάσης δεδομένων, την ψηφιακή επεξεργασία της, την παραγωγή και δημιουργία προγνωστικών μοντέλων και την ανάδειξη της στατιστικής σχέσης της πολεοδομικής με την αρχαιολογική πληροφορία. Από τα αποτελέσματα, αποδεικνύεται ότι είναι δυνατή η κατασκευή μοντέλου πρόβλεψης της πιθανολογούμενης ύπαρξης αρχαίων σε μια πόλη, αλλά και του πιθανολογούμενου βάθους εντοπισμού τους, βασισμένη στην καταγραφή και επεξεργασία της πολεοδομικής και αρχαιολογικής πληροφορίας, που προέρχεται από τις εκσκαφές 5 συνεχόμενων ετών, ακόμα κι αν δεν γνωρίζει κανείς ή δεν λαμβάνει υπόψη τίποτε άλλο από την ιστορία της πόλης αυτής. Χρησιμοποιώντας αρχαιολογικές παραμέτρους σε συνδυασμό με πολεοδομικά δεδομένα είναι δυνατόν να κατασκευαστούν εξειδικευμένα μοντέλα, που μπορούν να αποτυπώσουν τις επιπτώσεις του αρχαιολογικού υποβάθρου μιας πόλης στις τρέχουσες λειτουργίες της και το αντίθετο. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν τόσο σε επιχειρησιακό επίπεδο, στην άσκηση της αρχαιολογικής έρευνας και της παρακολούθησης της οικοδομικής δραστηριότητας στην πόλη, όσο και ως συμβολή σε μια ευρύτερη διερεύνηση για τη θέση της πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς στη διαμόρφωση και προβολή της σύγχρονης πόλης. / The dissertation focuses on the contemporary city located on top of archaeological strata. Archaeological remains underneath, as well as their investigation, are considered by many as an obstacle towards the construction and development process. However, it is assumed here that the archaeological remains (below modern cities) consist a comparative advantage towards development. To justify this, qualitative and quantitative research methodology has been employed while the Town Plan of Patras, Greece is used as a case-study. Initially, an archive and literature survey takes place and structured interviews with field experts are conducted. Next, Geographical Information Systems and Statistics are applied for data processing and predictive modeling. Eventually, predictive models of the potential existence of archaeological sites and their expected depth are constructed, based on data from the excavations and the ground disturbance actions of 5 consecutive years. It becomes apparent that the results differ within the built and the unbuilt zones of a town. Using archaeological and urban parameters the impact of the archaeological background, over modern urban functions can be modeled and assessed. Moreover, the outcomes may be used by those involved in making and evaluating policies for the management of cultural heritage within planning.

Στην παρούσα εργασία πραγματοποιείται οικολογική αξιολόγηση των εκβολικών οικοσυστημάτων των ποταμών Εύηνου και Πείρου που εκβάλλουν στον Πατραϊκό κόλπο. Αποτελούν συνδυασμό χερσαίων και υγροτοπικών περιοχών με σημαντική οικολογική αξία και λειτουργίες. Ο Εύηνος σχηματίζει τυπικό δέλτα σε αντίθεση με τον Πείρο, στην περιοχή εκβολής του οποίου οι συνθήκες δεν ευνοούν μια τέτοια διαδικασία. Στόχοι της μελέτης ήταν: η καταγραφή και χαρτογράφηση των τύπων οικοτόπων στις επιμέρους περιοχές με τη χρήση των GIS, η μελέτη των ανθρωπογενών δραστηριοτήτων και των επιπτώσεών τους στη δομή των οικοτόπων, η εκτίμηση της κατάστασης τους με τη βοήθεια δεικτών οικολογικής αξιολόγησης και τελικά, η ανάπτυξη κατάλληλου διαχειριστικού σχεδίου. Για την πραγματοποίηση της εργασίας αυτής προηγήθηκαν επισκέψεις και στα δύο εκβολικά οικοσυστήματα, φωτογραφήσεις, καθώς και συλλογή και προσδιορισμός φυτικού υλικού από τους κυριότερους τύπους βλάστησης. Για την αναγνώριση των τύπων οικοτόπων χρησιμοποιήθηκε ο Τεχνικός Οδηγός Χαρτογράφησης του δικτύου NATURA 2000. Για την εκτίμηση της οικολογικής κατάστασης των εξεταζόμενων περιοχών εφαρμόστηκαν τα κριτήρια της ποικιλότητας, φυσικότητας, σπανιότητας, απειλής και δυνατότητας αποκατάστασης στο επίπεδο των οικοτόπων και των συνδυασμών τους σύμφωνα με την Οδηγία 92/43/ΕΟΚ. Επιπλέον, εφαρμόστηκε η ανάλυση DPSIR σε επίπεδο λεκάνης απορροής των υπό μελέτη ποταμών, με έμφαση στα εκβολικά τους συστήματα, με τη χρήση 45 δεικτών. Οι τύποι οικοτόπων, η αξιολόγηση με βάση τα κριτήρια και οι πιέσεις-επιπτώσεις σε κάθε περιοχή μελέτης οπτικοποιήθηκαν σε ψηφιακούς χάρτες με τη χρήση των GIS. Καταγράφηκαν 322 taxa στο δέλτα του Εύηνου και 225 taxa στις εκβολές του Πείρου, εκ των οποίων τα 112 είναι κοινά μεταξύ των περιοχών μελέτης. Πραγματοποιήθηκε περιγραφή και χαρτογράφηση 22 φυσικών και 3 ανθρωπογενών τύπων οικοτόπων. Οι κυριότερες αλλοιώσεις που καταγράφηκαν ως αποτέλεσμα της μακροχρόνιας ανθρώπινης παρουσίας είναι: η έντονη διάβρωση και οπισθοχώρηση της ακτογραμμής, η επέκταση των καλλιεργούμενων εκτάσεων εις βάρος των φυσικών και η έντονη ρύπανση των υδάτων. Από την αξιολόγηση προέκυψε ότι οι οικότοποι στις δύο περιοχές βρίσκονται σε μια μέτρια έως καλή κατάσταση διατήρησης, με την περιοχή του Εύηνου να λαμβάνει την υψηλότερη βαθμολογία ως προς τα κριτήρια. Το πλαίσιο DPSIR ανέλυσε την επικρατούσα κατάσταση και ανέδειξε τη σοβαρή υποβάθμιση που υφίστανται τα εκβολικά συστήματα. Συμπερασματικά, τα GIS αποτέλεσαν ένα σημαντικό διαχειριστικό εργαλείο, καθώς επιτρέπουν τη συνεχή καταγραφή των διαχρονικών αλλαγών και την εκτίμηση του βαθμού αλλοίωσης των δύο εκβολικών οικοσυστημάτων με σκοπό τη διατήρηση και την προστασία τους. / In the present study an ecological evaluation of the estuary ecosystems of the rivers Evinos and Piros flowing into the Gulf of Patras was carried out. They constitute a combination of terrestrial and wetland areas with significant ecological value and functions. Evinos forms a typical delta unlike Piros, in the estuarine region of which the conditions do not favor such a process. The objectives of the study were: the recording and mapping of habitat types in each area with the use of GIS, the study of human activities and their impact on the structure of habitats, the assessment of their state with the use of indicators of ecological value and finally, the development of an appropriate management plan. For the accomplishment of this study visits to both estuarine ecosystems, photography and collection and identification of the plant material from the main vegetation types was performed. For the identification of habitat types the Technical Guide for Mapping of the network NATURA 2000 was used. To assess the ecological status of the areas concerned the criteria of diversity, naturalness, rarity, threat and replaceability were applied, at the level of habitats and their combinations, according to the Directive 92/43/EEC. Moreover, the DPSIR analysis was applied at the basin level of the studied rivers, with emphasis on their estuarine systems. The habitat types, the evaluation based on the criteria and the pressures-impacts on each of the studied areas were visualized into digital maps using GIS. 322 taxa were recorded for the Evinos delta and 225 for the mouth of Piros, of which 112 are common among the study areas. Description and mapping of 22 natural and 3 anthropogenic habitat types was carried out. The main alterations that were recorded as a result of long-term human presence are: the intense erosion and retreat of the coastline, the expansion of cultivated land at the expense of natural one and the strong water pollution. Assessment revealed that the habitats in both regions are at a moderate to good conservation status, with the area of Evinos receiving the highest rating concerning the above criteria. The DPSIR framework analysed the present state and highlighted the serious degradation that occurs in estuaries. In conclusion, the GIS are an important management tool, as they allow the continuous recording of the diachronic changes and the evaluation of the degree of deterioration of both estuary ecosystems in order to conserve and protect them.

Cette thèse constitue une nouvelle approche pour la prédiction des maladies des plantes dans une plantation par combinaison de fusion de données et modélisation spatio-temporelle. La maladie des plantes est un problème majeur dans le monde de l'agriculture. Par exemple en Malaisie, la maladie de la pourriture de basal de la tige (BSR) causée par le champignon Ganoderma Boninense est la maladie la plus grave pour les plantations de palmiers à huile. Le champignon infecte les palmiers à huile,causant des pertes de rendement et détruisant au final les arbres. Divers facteurs ont été précédemment signalés, qui influencent l'incidence de la BSR, tels que les cultures précédentes, les techniques de replantation, les types de sols et l'âge des arbres. Une gestion efficace et durable des stratégies pour contrôler le BSR se heurte principalement à un manque de compréhension des mécanismes d'établissement de la maladie, de son développement et de sa propagation. La présente recherche est une tentative d'appliquer la technique de fusion de données et la modélisation temporelle en système d'Information géographique (SIG) pour étudier le comportement des maladies des plantes dans un domaine particulier (zone artisanale). Cette recherche portera sur comment les SIG peuvent aider à évaluer la distribution des maladies des plantes dans une plantation de petite échelle. Avec les progrès simultanés dans les systèmes de positionnement global (GPS) et l'utilisation des systèmes d'Information géographique, ces techniques ont fourni de puissants outils d'analyse pour l'agriculture de précision. Les données pour l'analyse proviennent de palmiers à huile des expériences de densité de plantation aux stations de recherche MPOB à Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaisie.Dans le cas de la maladie de la BSR, les résultats de l'émission de modélisation prédictive ont observé une corrélation entre les maladies BSR prédites avec celles visuellement données par le BSR. Il a été constaté que la modélisation prédictive proposée a bien prédit la présence de la maladie de la BSR. Même si au début d'infection des maladies BSR, le modèle n'a pas fixé exactement la distribution de la maladie, la performance du modèle sera améliorée avec la sélection de la source de données. Dans l'ensemble, le modèle a bien prédit la présence de maladies avec une précision allant jusqu'à 98,9 %. / This thesis represents a new approach for predicting plant disease in a plantation through combination of data fusion and spatio-temporal modelling. Plant disease is a major problem in the world of agriculture. Example in Malaysia, basalstem rot disease (BSR) caused by Ganoderma Boinense is the most serious disease for oil palm plantation in Malaysia. The fungus infects oil palm trees, initially causing yield loss and finally killing the trees. Various factors were previously reported to influence incidence of BSR, such as previous crops, techniques for replanting, types of soils and the age of trees. At present effective and sustainable management strategies to control BSR are hampered mainly by a lack of understanding of mechanisms of disease establishment, development and spread. The present research is an attempt to apply data fusion technique and temporal modelling in Geographical Information System (GIS) to investigate the behaviour of plant disease in a specific area (small skill area). This research will focus on how GIS can help to assess the distribution plant disease in a small scale plantation. With concurrent advances in global positioning systems (GPS) and the use of geographical Information Systems(GIS) techniques have provided powerful analysis tools for precision agriculture. Data for analysis were obtained from oil palm planting density experiments at MPOB research stations at Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia. In the case of BSR disease, the results of the predictive modelling show a significance correlation between predicted BSR diseases with visually observed BSR data. It found that the proposed predictive modelling has well predicted the presence of BSR disease. Although at the beginning stage of BSR diseases infection, the model has not fitted exactly the distribution of the disease, we believe that with the proper selection of the source of data, the performance of the model will be improved.Overall, the model has well predicted the presence of diseases with accuracy up to 98.9%.

This research investigated the feasibility and benefits of integrating geospatial technology with traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of an indigenous Louisiana coastal population in order to assess the impacts of current and historical ecosystem change to community viability. The primary goal was to provide resource managers with a comprehensive method of assessing localized ecological change in the Gulf Coast region that can benefit community sustainability. Using Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and other geospatial technologies integrated with a coastal community's TEK to achieve this goal, the objectives were (1) to determine a method for producing vulnerability/sustainability mapping products for an ecosystem-dependent livelihood base of a coastal population that results from physical information derived from RS imagery and supported, refined, and prioritized with TEK, and (2) to demonstrate how such an approach can engage affected community residents who are interested in understanding better marsh health and ways that marsh health can be recognized, and the causes of declining marsh determined and addressed. TEK relevant to the project objectives collected included: changes in the flora and fauna over time; changes in environmental conditions observed over time such as land loss; a history of man-made structures and impacts to the area; as well as priority areas of particular community significance or concern. Scientific field data collection measured marsh vegetation health characteristics. These data were analyzed for correlation with satellite image data acquired concurrently with field data collection. Resulting regression equations were applied to the image data to produce estimated marsh health maps. Historical image datasets of the study area were acquired to understand evolution of land change to current conditions and project future vulnerability. Image processing procedures were developed and applied to produce maps that detail land change in the study area at time intervals from 1968 to 2009. This information was combined with the TEK and scientific datasets in a GIS to produce mapping products that provide new information to the coastal restoration decision making process. This information includes: 1) what marsh areas are most vulnerable; and 2) what areas are most significant to the sustainability of the community.

O presente trabalho resulta da aplicação de técnicas geoestatística de análise da variabilidade espacial e de estimativas de dados de sondagem de simples reconhecimento com standard penetration test (SPT) objetivando a caracterização geotécnica de uma área com 44 'KM POT.2', situada na porção nordeste do município de Fortaleza (CE). A caracterização geotécnica desta área compreendeu os seguintes processos: montagem de um banco de dados geotécnicos; aplicação de algoritmos de interpolação para elaboração do modelo digital de terreno (MDT); a aplicação de técnicas geoestatísticas de cokrigagem e krigagem ordinária na elaboração do mapa de superfície freática; a construção de um modelo geológico 3D de superfície; o mapeamento de uma superfície do impenetrável ao amostrador do SPT, auxiliado por geoestatística; a modelagem geoestatística 3D dos dados do índice de resistência à penetração (N) do amostrador do SPT, o que possibilitou a estimativa em bancadas por krigagem ordinária de blocos, do referido índice em diversos níveis altimétricos do terreno. Os dados estimados das bancadas foram tratados no programa ArcView 3.1 em ambiente de sistemas de informações geográficas (SIG) na elaboração de mapas de uso sugerido de fundações, os quais derivam de uma reclassificação, com base em diversos limites de impenetrável ao SPT, dos dados estimados de N, que permitiu a identificação de áreas favoráveis ao uso de um número finito de elementos estruturais de fundação. / This work results from the application of geostatistical techniques on standard penetration test (SPT) data to the geotechnical characterisation of an area with 44 'KM POT.2' situated on the northeastern region of Fortaleza county, northeastern Brazil. The geotechnical characterization involved the following steps: the geotechnical databank development; the performance of the interpolation algorithms and application to the digital elevation model (DEM); estimation and mapping the water table level with ordinary kriging and cokriging techniques; generation of a 3D surface geological model; geostatistical mapping the SPT maximum hard penetration surface; application of 3D geostatistical modeling techniques to SPT database providing bench estimates on blocks. The SPT estimated data were inserted and reclassified on the geographical information system based on the software ESRI ArcView 3.1 in order to produce the suggested foundation maps with references to SPT penetration limits.

Esta pesquisa tem em sua linha principal a avaliação da infraestrutura da via permanente dos sistemas de transporte público urbano sobre trilhos. A avaliação é alcançada a partir da proposta de utilização de um sistema de gerência de pavimentos (SGP), aliado a um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG) e a um banco de dados relacional que suporte operações geográficas. O trabalho também sugere um conjunto de indicadores, para o gerenciamento da manutenção da via permanente. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica extensa sobre os assuntos relacionados para identificar soluções semelhantes que tenham sido implantadas. A pesquisa bibliográfica não identificou nenhum trabalho que tenha abordado este tema voltado ao transporte público urbano sobre trilhos, contudo foram identificadas linhas de pesquisa voltadas ao transporte de carga que compartilham do mesmo objetivo, utilizar um SIG para a gerência do ativo. Também foram identificados sistemas de suporte a decisão para ferrovias, sem o módulo de informações geográficas. A utilização de modelos de degradação, análise do ciclo de vida e análise de confiabilidade, disponibilidade, manutenabilidade e segurança são usadas, e estudadas, com relativa frequência na literatura especializada, usando a ferrovia como exemplo de aplicação. Os resultados alcançados por esses estudos foram incorporados nesta pesquisa. A partir de um método qualitativo o SIG e o banco de dados relacional foram escolhidos. Os indicadores de manutenção foram estudados e escolhidos a partir da literatura e experiência do autor. Utilizando (i) dados de operação e manutenção de um sistema de transporte metroferroviário, (ii) os resultados dos trabalhos identificados na pesquisa bibliográfica e (iii) o referencial teórico consultado, foram calculados os tempos médios entre falhas, a evolução de degradação de componentes da via permanente e o intervalo adequado de manutenção, utilizando recursos do banco de dados. Estes cálculos serviram de entrada para elaboração de mapas temáticos. Os mapas temáticos contêm informações sobre o nível de degradação da via e quais as manutenções a serem realizadas. O sistema também fornece os custos envolvidos em cada uma das operações de manutenção. Estas informações são primordiais para que o gestor do ativo possa escolher a opção que apresente o melhor custo-benefício, com base em informações apuradas, melhorando a qualidade de sua decisão. / This research has the goal assess the permanent way infrastructure of urban public transport systems on rails. This assessment is result of a proposal to use a pavement management system (PMS), coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) and a relational database that supports geographical operations. The research also suggests a set of indicators for the management of the maintenance of the permanent way. The survey ran from an extensive literature to identify similar solutions deployed. The literature review did not identify any work that has addressed this issue back to urban public transport on rails. Were identified lines of research aimed at cargo transport that shares the same goal, using a GIS for asset management. In addition, decision support systems have been identified for railways, without geographical information module. It is easy to find use of degradation patterns, life cycle analysis and reliability analysis, availability, maintainability and safety in the literature, using the railway as example. The results achieved by these studies were included in this study. From a qualitative method, GIS and relational database were chosen. Maintenance indicators were chosen using the literature and the author\'s experience as basis. Data operation and maintenance of a metro system, the results of the work identified in the literature and a technical and theoretical framework from literature served as line to calculate the mean time between failures, the rate of degradation of permanent way components and the appropriate maintenance period. These calculations served as input in database for the preparation of thematic maps in the GIS. Thematic maps contain information about the track degradation level and the maintenance needed to be performed. The system also provides the costs of each maintenance step. The information generated by the system can help the manager to choose the option with best tradeoff, improving the decision quality.

Este projeto é um ensaio para se estabelecer um processo de análise da relação entre parcelamento do solo e volumetria construída intraquadra do município de São Paulo, utilizando a base de dados da pesquisa Os Sistemas de Espaços Livres na Constituição da Forma Urbana Contemporânea no Brasil: Produção e Apropriação QUAPÁ-Sel II, desenvolvido pelo Laboratório QUAPÁ da FAU USP, com as informações de temperatura aparente de superfície existente em três estações do ano, outono, inverno e primavera. No intuito de estabelecer uma metodologia que possa ser replicável em outras localidades, o trabalho ora apresentado, utilizando-se desta base de dados e com imagens de sensores remotos, busca identificar as possíveis similaridades entre as classes trabalhadas e a sua temperatura aparente de superfície e como isso pode influenciar a temperatura do ar e o conforto térmico das pessoas no nível do cânion urbano. / This project is an essay to establish a process of analysis of the relation between division of land and intraquadra built volumetry of Sao Paulo city, using the database of the research The Open Spaces Systems in the Brazilian Urban Form Constitution: Production and Appropriation QUAPÁ-Sel II developed by the QUAPÁ Laboratory at FAU USP, with the information of the apparent surface temperature existent in three seasons, fall, winter and spring. In order to establish a methodology that can be replicated in other places, the work presented here, using this database and remote sensing images, seeks to identify possible similarities between the worked classes and their apparent surface temperature and how this may influence the air temperature and the thermal comfort of people in the urban canyon level.

Orientador: Sérgio Campos / Banca: Célia Regina Lopes Zimback / Banca: Osmar Delmanto Júnior / Resumo: O objetivo, deste trabalho foi a espacialização da capacidade de uso das terras da microbacia do Córrego dos Rochas, Município de Avaré-SP, obtida através da utilização do Sistema de Informação Geográfica - Idrisi, visando contribuir para uma melhor organização territorial e planejamento de uma adequado da ocupação do solo. Os resultados obtidos a partir da metodologia utilizada permitiram mostrar que a maior parte das áreas de terras da microbacia dos Rochas são formadas por solos pertencentes às unidades: LATOSSOLOS VERMELHO-AMARELOS (LVA52) Distróficos (36,64%) e LATOSSOLO VERMELHOS (LV4) Eutroférricos e Distroférricos (30,30%), apresentando textura arenosa. Quanto à declividade, houve um predomínio de áreas com classes de declive de 0-12%, relevo plano a ondulado (61,37%) da área da microbacia, mostrando que essas terras são propícias para o cultivo de culturas anuais, com amplo uso da mecanização. A maior parte das terras foi classificada como sendo da classe IV (73,79 %) de capacidade de uso, porém, foram encontradas as seguintes subclasses de capacidade de uso das terras: IIe,s; IIIe; IVs; IVe; IVe,s, VIe e VIIe. As subclasses de capacidade IVe; IVe,s, IVs e VIe foram as mais representativas, mostrando tratar-se de terras que podem ser utilizadas para fins agrícolas, próprias para lavouras em geral, ressaltando-se que, quando cultivadas sem cuidados 2 especiais, ficam sujeitas a severos riscos de depauperamento, principalmente quando os solos são utilizadas culturas anuais. O Sistema de Informação Geográfica - Idrisi mostrou-se eficiente na determinação da capacidade de uso das terras da microbacia do Bairro dos Rochas, Município de Avaré-SP, demonstrando que a utilização de ferramentas de geoprocessamento facilita e agiliza os trabalhos dos cruzamento de dados, permitindo o armazenamento digital... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: In this context, the present work had a purpose the determination of the shart of land use capacity of the watershed of the Rochas in Municipal District of Avaré-SP, obtained through the use of Geographical Information System - Idrisi, looking for contribute to a better territorial organization and for the planning of a right occupation of the soil. The results obtained with the used methodology to show that the most of the areas of the watershed of the Rocha are organized by soil belonging to the units LVA52d (36, 54%) and LV4e (30, 30%) presenting textures that are sandy. About the declivity, had a predominance of areas with slope classes of 0-12%, plane relief to wavy (61, 37%) of the watershed showing that this lands are good to cultivate the annual cultures, with wide use of the mechanization. The biggest part of the lands of watershed were classified as being of the class IV of use capacity, but were found the following subclasses of capacity of land uses: IIe,s; IIIe; IVs; IVe; IVe,s, VIe e VIIe. The capacity subclasses IVe; IVe,s, e IVs (73,79%) e VIe (15,56%) were the most representatives, showing been about lands that can be used to agricultural ends, private to farming majority, jutting out that when cultivated without special cares, they stay in dangerous risks of impoverishment, mainly when the soils are cultivated with annual cultures. Information Geographical System - Idrisi show itself efficient in the determination of capacity in land uses of the wastershed of the Rochas in the Avaré-SP Municipal District, showing that the use of geoprocessing tools digital storage that will come to be used to another analyses, above all to future planning of the territories and environment areas studied already. / Mestre