Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:30:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 liliane.pdf: 1600508 bytes, checksum: e9fcd25a4570269e3820045946b731d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-01 / Toxoplasmosis is a protozoosis of high incidence in the world, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, transmitted by the ingestion of food contaminated by oocysts found in feline feces, or cists in raw or underdone meat, congenitally in other instances. The disease is usually asymptomatic, but in embryos or in imunodrepessive patients it may be devastating. In this work, the experimental serologic profile has been evaluated after specific therapy in isogenies mice Balbc, infected with a cystogenic lineage ME-49 of T. gondii. Fifty animals have been intra-peritoneal inoculated with 10 cists of T. gondii (lineage ME-49) obtained from the maceration of mice brains of previously inoculated mice. The mice have been divided into three groups of 15 animals each and a negative control group (not infected and not treated) of 5 animals. All the animals have been daily accompanied, and the symptoms were verified during 20 days. After this period, two groups of 15 animals underwent specific therapy schemes in which; group A: pirimetamin (12,5mg/kg/day) + folic acid; group B: pirimetamin + folic acid + sulfadiazine (500mg/kg/day), orally administrated during 10 consecutive days. After this period, all animals have been scarified, with an interval of 5 days, and the blood has been collected by a heart puncture and the serum separated for the Indirect Immuno-fluorescence Reaction. The samples from the treated animals presented a significant diminution in the quantity of (IgG) antibodies evaluated by the two schemes by the indirect immuno-fluorescence reaction (t=3,5, and t=7,6 respectively), in relation to the control group. There have been no significant differences between the two therapeutic schemes (t=0,36). Our results have shown that the experimental precocious treatment reduces significantly the IgG levels, suggesting a diminution of antigenic stimulus, and consequently a better prognosis for toxoplasmosis. / A Toxoplasmose é uma protozoose de alta prevalência mundial, causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii. É transmitida pela ingestão de alimentos contaminados com oocistos excretados em fezes de felinos, ou cistos, em carnes cruas ou mal cozidas, congenitamente entre outros mecanismos. A doença é usualmente assintomática, mas em fetos e/ou pacientes com imunodepressão, pode ser devastadora. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o perfil sorológico experimental após terapêutica especifica em camundongos isogênicos Balb/C infectados com cepa cistogênica ME-49 de T. gondii. Cinqüenta animais foram inoculados intraperitonealmente, individualmente, com 10 cistos da cepa ME-49 obtidos de macerado de cérebros de camundongos previamente inoculados. Os camundongos foram divididos em três grupos com 15 animais em cada grupo e um grupo controle negativo de 5 animais (não infectados e não tratados). Todos os animais foram acompanhados diariamente, observando-se sintomatologia, por 20 dias. Após este período dois grupos A e B, foram submetidos a esquemas terapêuticos específicos; Grupo A: pirimetamina (12,5mg/kg/dia)+acido fólico; grupo B: pirimetamina+acido fólico+sulfadiazina (500mg/kg/dia), por um período de 10 dias consecutivos, por via oral, onde as drogas foram ministradas de acordo com o peso dos animais. Após este período eles foram sacrificados, com intervalo de 5 dias, o sangue coletado por punção cardíaca, e o soro separado para a reação de imunofluorescência indireta. As amostras provenientes dos animais tratados apresentaram diminuição significativa nos títulos de anticorpos (IgG) avaliados com os dois esquemas, pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (t=3.5, e t=7,6 respectivamente), em relação ao grupo controle. Entre os dois esquemas terapêuticos não houve diferenças significativas (t=0,36). Nossos resultados demonstraram que o tratamento experimental precoce reduz significativamente os níveis de IgG, sugerindo uma diminuição do estimulo antigênico, e conseqüentemente um melhor prognóstico para a toxoplasmose.

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La toxoplasmose, dûe au parasite Toxoplasma gondii, est une zoonose dite à cycle complexe car le pathogène fait intervenir plusieurs espèces pour assurer sa transmission. Les félidés sont les hôtes définitifs de T. gondii et, lorsqu’ils sont infectés, peuvent excréter des millions d’oocystes dans l’environnement. L’ensemble des animaux à sang chaud, y compris l’homme, constituent les hôtes intermédiaires. L'infection des différents hôtes s'effectuent par transmission verticale ou via l'ingestion de tissus animaux contaminés ou d'oocystes présents dans l'environnement.Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient i) de mesurer la fréquence et la distribution spatiale des oocystes de T. gondii dans l’environnement en milieu rural, ii) d'estimer la prévalence et la distribution spatiale de l’infection dans la communauté locale de rongeurs, iii) de déterminer les principaux facteurs responsables de la structuration spatiale de la contamination environnementale et enfin, iv) d’évaluer l'importance de l'environnement en tant que source de contamination tant pour les animaux que pour l’homme.Nous avons mis en évidence une forte contamination des sols (29%) distribuée sur l'ensemble de la zone et, avons révélé un gradient spatial similaire de diminution de la contamination avec la distance aux bâtiments au niveau des sols et dans la communauté de rongeurs. Le modèle de simulation multi-agents a permis d'expliciter le rôle prépondérant de la configuration de l'habitat humain, qui de par son effet sur la structuration spatiale des populations de chats domestiques, détermine la fréquence et la distribution des points chauds de contamination. Par conséquent, en milieu rural, l'importante contamination des sols au niveau des fermes suggère que le risque d’infection pour l’homme est élevé, indirectement à travers la consommation de viande issue d’animaux d’élevage infectés, mais aussi directement via l’ingestion d’oocystes présents sur les substrats manipulés lors de diverses activités. / Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite T. gondii, is a zoonosis with a complex life cycle as the pathogen requires several different species to achieve it cycle. Felids, in particular domestic cats, are the definitive hosts of the parasite and when infected they can shed millions of oocysts in the environment. All warm blooded animals, including humans, are potential intermediate hosts. Host species can be infected through vertical transmission or by ingesting contaminated tissues or oocysts present on environmental substrates.My goals were: I) to precisely measure the frequency and spatial distribution of the environmental contamination to T. gondii in a rural area, ii) to estimate the prevalence and the spatial distribution of the parasite in the local community of rodents, iii) to identify the main factors driving the spatial structure of the environmental contamination and finally, iv) to assess the importance of the environment as a transmission source for animals and humans.First, we found a high frequency of contaminated soil samples (29%) that were largely distributed across the whole area, and, we found a similar spatial gradient of decreasing contamination with increasing distances from buildings for soils and rodents. Altogether, the results obtained allowed to identify and rank the determinants of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the environmental contamination to T. gondii. The agent-based model showed the primary role of the spatial configuration of human habitat, which, through its impact on the spatial structure of domestic cat populations, determines the frequency and distribution of the hot spots of soil contamination. Thus, in rural areas, the high level of contamination within and around agricultural buildings suggests that infection risks for humans are important, either indirectly through the consumption of contaminated meat or directly due to the ingestion of oocysts contaminating earth, water or vegetables.

Sendo uma patologia prevenível e tratável, o importante na toxoplasmose congênita é o diagnóstico precoce, fundamental para intervenção terapêutica imediata. Em Cascavel-PR a soroepidemiologia da toxoplasmose foi avaliada em 334 soros de gestantes, com prevalência de 54% e risco de 2,5%aa de infecção aguda. Para monitorar e instrumentar o pré-natal através da triagem de gestantes soronegativas por acompanhamento mensal foi desenvolvido um teste imunocromatográfico para detecção de anticorpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii. (TIC-toxo). Conjugados de ouro coloidal com diferentes extratos antigênicos do agente e os reagentes controle e teste da reação foram preparados e avaliados por imunofiltração e controles intraexperimentais, incluindo microscopia eletrônica, sendo. selecionados na padronização o conjugado de ouro de 6nm recoberto com 2,5 ug/A 540nm de ouro de extrato antigênico alcalino de T. gondii, na linha teste da membrana, a Proteína A de S.aureus e na linha controle, o anticorpo anti-T. gondii,. No ensaio foram testadas 70 amostras de soro em duplicata, sendo 35 reagentes e 35 não reagentes, comparando com ELISA comercial, ELISA in house e IFI. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e eficiência do TIC-Toxo foram, respectivamente: 88,6% (IC 72,3-96,3), 80,0% (IC 62,5-90,9), 81,6% (IC 65,1-91,7), 87,5% (IC 70,1-95,9) e 0,8429, havendo concordância e reprodutibilidade (Kappa=0,712171) entre o TIC-toxo e os métodos clássicos. O teste desenvolvido é rápido, de baixo custo, de fácil execução em única etapa para uso ambulatorial, precedendo a confirmação laboratorial, na triagem de gestantes ou grupos específicos, permitindo especialmente, o manejo adequado das gestantes de Cascavel em risco de toxoplasmose congênita. / As preventable and treatable condition, the main goal in congenital toxoplasmosis is early diagnosis, essential for adequate therapy. We study seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in 344 sera samples from pregnant women of Cascavel, PR, Brazil. By consistent serology, we demonstrate 54% prevalence and a 2.5% risk of acute infection/year, using several approaches. For supply the antenatal office care, it would be important a quick immunochromatographic assay for detection of anti T.gondii</I. IgG antibodies (TIC-Toxo), to be applied in the follow up of pregnant women at risk of infection. To develop the TIC-Toxo assay, we evaluate and standardize the gold particle conjugate adsorbed with several types of tachyzoite extracts, aside to specific reagents for the control and test area of the strip test, by immunofiltration assays, with several quality control steps including electron microscopy. Those analysis provide data for defining the reagents for mass production of TIC-Toxo, constructed with 6 nm colloidal gold conjugate recovered with 2.5ug/A540 of alcaline extract from T.gondii tachyzoites, with S.aureus Protein A at test dot and anti-T.gondii antiserum at control dot. Seventy sera samples were blind tested, 35 positive and 35 negative, comparing to ELISA and IFA assays. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were respectively: 88,6% (IC 72,3-96,3), 80,0% (IC 62,5-90,9), 81,6% (IC 65,1-91,7), 87,5% (IC 70,1-95,9) e 0,8429, with good agreement of TIC-Toxo and other assays (Kappa=0,712171), with good intra and inter test reproducibility. This TIC-Toxo is a quick, low cost, one step assay and easily performed, to be used for prenatal ambulatory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, preceding the laboratorial confirming diagnosis and allowing adequate care of pregnant women or others selected groups at risk of acute toxoplasmosis and fetal congenital disease, specially at Cascavel-Pr.

Taquizoítos de T. gondii esterilizados por radiação ionizante é uma vacina interessante para induzir uma imunidade semelhante à infecção, mas sem a formação de cistos. Neste estudo avaliamos as populações celulares do sangue e do baço induzidas pela imunização, a resposta imune humoral, celular e a proteção após desafio com parasitas viáveis. Camundongos foram imunizados com taquizoítos de T. gondii irradiados por v.o. ou i.p.. Os animais foram desafiados com 10 cistos da cepa ME-49 ou VEG por via oral e apresentaram altos níveis de proteção com baixa carga parasitária. Camundongos imunizados por i.p. e v.o. apresentaram anticorpos específicos no soro e o aumento das populações de células B, plasmócitos, células TCD4+ e TCD8+ tanto no sangue como no baço. As células esplênicas de camundongos imunizados por i.p. mostraram a produção de IL-10, IFN-&#947; e IL-4. Células TCD4+ e células B do baço de camundongos imunizados por i.p. proliferaram após a estimulação com antígeno. A imunização com esse modelo vacinal induziu uma resposta imune mediada com células B, TCD4+ e TCD8+, com aumento da resposta imune humoral e celular que são necessárias para proteção do hospedeiro após uma infecção. Essa resposta imune induzida é uma resposta semelhante a uma infecção natural, sendo assim o desenvolvimento de vacinas utilizando a radiação ionizante como uma ferramenta, pode ser um modelo atrativo e eficiente para testar novos imunógenos no futuro. / Tachyzoites of T. gondii sterilized by ionizing radiation is an interesting vaccine for inducing immunity to infection similarly but without the formation of cysts. In this study we evaluated the cell populations from blood and spleen induced by immunization, the humoral immune response, cellular and protection after challenge with viable parasites. Mice were immunized with irradiated tachyzoites of T. gondii by v.o. or i.p.. The animals were challenged with 10 cysts of the ME-49 or VEG strain orally and showed high levels of protection with low worm burden. Immunized mice by i.p. and v.o. present specific antibodies in the serum and increased populations of B cells, plasma cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in blood and spleen. The spleen cells of immunized mice by i.p. showed the production of IL-10, IFN-&#947; and IL-4. CD4+ T cells and B cells in the spleen of immunized mice i.p. proliferated upon stimulation with antigen. The immunization with this vaccine model induced an immune response mediated by B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ with increased humoral and cellular immune response are necessary for host protection after infection. This induced immune response is a response similar to natural infection, therefore the development of vaccines using ionizing radiation as a tool, can be an attractive and efficient model for testing new immunogens in the future.

Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário pertencente ao filo Apicomplexa, de distribuição mundial, e que infecta diversas espécies hospedeiros, como mamíferos e aves, possuindo como hospedeiros definitivos o gato e outros felídeos, enquanto o homem e outros animais são os seus hospedeiros intermediários. O tratamento é feito, na maioria das vezes, com uma combinação de sulfadiazina e pirimetamina, agindo na via metabólica do ácido fólico, o qual é necessário para a biossíntese de purinas, pirimidinas e certos aminoácidos. Propusemos estabelecer um protocolo de avaliação sobre esse protozoário, assim como padronizarmos uma metodologia por espectroscopia para uma rápida avaliação ou triagem de substâncias potencialmente ativas contra o parasito. Verificamos a atividade das substâncias ácido ursólico e ácido oleanóico, as quais já demonstraram atividade biológica sobre outras espécies de protozoários, como Plasmodium, Trypanosoma cruzi e Leishmania sp. em sistemas in vitro e in vivo. A metodologia colorimétrica pelo MTT, pelo Alamar Blue®, do kit CyQUANT® NF e a contagem manual em meio líquido das formas taquizoítas do parasito em ensaios biológicos in vitro mostram-se inviáveis, pois há grande dificuldade em manter a integridade do parasita em meio de cultura líquido, o qual se mostra sensível à adição de qualquer outro componente que não aqueles necessários para manter sua viabilidade em ambiente extracelular. O ácido ursólico mostrou-se potencialmente ativo in vitro sobre formas intracelulares de T. gondii. Entretanto, o contato de células infectadas com as substâncias avaliadas por um período de 48 horas não resultou em diminuição mais acentuada na porcentagem de células infectadas do que a ocorrida no tratamento de 24 horas. A comparação dos resultados do tratamento pós infecção celular por 24 horas e do pré-tratamento das formas taquizoítas houve diferenças significativas, indicando principalmente maior ação do pré-tratamento sobre T. gondii. Quando administrado na dose de 7 mg/kg/ dia a camundongos infectados, o ácido ursólico não apresentou atividade sobre o parasita. / Toxoplasma gondii is an Apicomplexa protozoan, of worldwide distribution, that infects several species, from mammalians to birds; its definitive hosts are the cats and other felines, while man and other animals are considered as intermediate hosts. Treatment is, generally, a combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, triggering the metabolic pathway of folic acid, which is necessary for certain purines, pirimidines and aminoacids biosynthesis. We have proposed an evaluation protocol on this protozoan, and also to establish a methodology by spectroscopy for rapid evaluation of pottentialy bioactive substances against the parasite. The ursolic acid and oleanoic acid bioactivity were tested. These substances have already demonstrated to be effective on another protozoan species, like Plasmodium, Trypanosoma cruzi e Leishmania sp., either in vitro or in vivo. The colorimetric methodology by MTT, Alamar Blue®, CyQUANT® NF kit and manual counting of tachyzoite forms in liquid culture medium showed to be unviable, because there is a great difficult to maintain the parasite viability in liquid culture medium, wich one is sensible to addition of any other component different of that necessary for its survival in extracelular ambient. Ursolic acid was pottentialy active on T. gondii intracellular forms. However, the infected cells in contact with the tested substances for a period of 48 hours did not show a statistical greater reduction as compared to infected cells which underwent treatment for 24 hours. Significant results were observed when comparing pre-treatment of tachyzoite forms and treatment for 24 hours post-cellular infection. Our data pointed in the direction that pre-treatment exerted a higher effectiveness. Any parasiticidal activity was observed when ursolic acid on a concentration of 7 mg/kg/day was administered to infected mice.

Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário coccídio intracelular obrigatório conhecido por sua habilidade em parasitar uma ampla gama de espécies hospedeiras. A região apical do parasito é rica em organelas que, em função dos produtos liberados, estão envolvidas no processo de adesão e invasão da célula hospedeira. As proteínas liberadas por micronemas (MICs), solúveis e transmembrana, possuem domínios adesivos essenciais para a virulência do parasita. Algumas dessas proteínas são encontradas associadas entre si na superfície do taquizoíta, formando complexos como TgMIC1/MIC4/MIC6 e TgMIC3/MIC8. Em estudos anteriores demonstramos a que o subcomplexo TgMIC1/MIC4 (Fração LAC+) liga-se à lactose e estimula macrófagos a secretar IL-12. Verificamos, utilizando células HEK293 transfectadas, que um dos principais mecanismos responsáveis pela produção de IL-12 decorria do reconhecimento de N-glicanos do ectodomínio de TLR2 pelo domínio de reconhecimento de carboidrato de TgMIC1. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de investigar a capacidade de TgMIC1 e TgMIC4 de ativar macrófagos murinos e qual o papel desempenhado por TLR2 e/ou TLR4 no desencadeamento dessa ativação. Mostramos que macrófagos derivados de medula óssea de camundongos C57Bl/6, estimulados com TgMIC1 e TgMIC4, utilizadas isoladamente ou em combinação, secretam altos níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, como TNF-?, IL-6, IL-12 e IL-1?, produzem altos níveis de óxido nítrico, e têm aumentadas suas capacidades migratória e fagocítica. Os ensaios que utilizaram macrófagos de camundongos C57Bl/6 nocauteados revelaram que a ausência de expressão de TLR2 ou de TLR4 prejudicou os efeitos ativadores exercidos por TgMIC1 e TgMIC4. Macrófagos TLR2-/- tiveram as manifestações de ativação celular significantemente reduzidas em relação aos macrófagos selvagens. Por outro lado, esses efeitos foram mais afetados pela ausência de TLR4, uma vez que as respostas obtidas frente ao estímulo com TgMIC1 ou TgMIC4 eram similares às verificadas em células não estimuladas (controle negativo). Concluímos que TgMIC1 e TgMIC4 interagem com os receptores do tipo toll 2 e 4 expressos por macrófagos, levando à ativação celular manifesta por alta produção de citocinas e outros mediadores inflamatórios, e aumento das capacidades migratória e fagocítica. A interação com TLR4 é preponderante em relação à estabelecida com TLR2 no desencadeamento de ativação celular / Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular coccidian protozoan known for its ability to parasitize a wide range of host species. The parasite\'s apical region is rich in organelles that, because of the products it releases, are involved in the processes of adhesion and invasion of the host cell. The soluble and transmembrane proteins released by the micronemes (MICs), have adhesive domains that are essential for the parasite virulence. Some of these proteins can be found associated with each other on the taquizoite surface, as it is the case of TgMIC1/MIC4/MIC6 or TgMIC3/TgMIC8 complexes. Our group has demonstrated in previous studies that the TgMIC1/TgMIC4 subcomplex (LAC+ fraction) binds to lactose and stimulates macrophages to release IL-12. Using HEK293 transfected cells, we showed that one of the main mechanisms leading to IL-12 release by macrophages, was the recognition of N-glycans of the TLR2 ectodomain by the carbohydrate recognition domain of TgMIC1. Thus, the objective of this study was to address whether TgMIC1 and TgMIC4 activate murine macrophages and what is the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophage activation. Our results show that the stimulation of C57BL/6 mice bone marrow derived macrophages with TgMIC1 and TgMIC4, alone or in combination, induce the release of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-?, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-1?, and also nitric oxide; and increases phagocytic activity and cell migration activity. The assays using knockout C57Bl/6 macrophages showed that the absence of TLR2 or TLR4 expression impaired the activating effects of TgMIC1 e TgMIC4. TLR2-/- macrophages presented significantly reduced cell activation manifestations compared to WT macrophages. On the other hand, these effects were more affected in the absence of TLR4, once the responses obtained with TgMIC1 or TgMIC4 stimulation were similar to those observed in non stimulated cells (negative control). We conclude that TgMIC1 and TgMIC4 interact with the receptors Toll like 2 and 4 expressed in macrophages, leading to cell activation, resulting in high cytokine and inflammatory mediators production, and increased migratory and phagocytic capacity. The interaction with TLR4 is predominant over that established with TLR2 in the triggering of cell activation

Ao longo dos anos, a humanidade contribuiu para o surgimento de diversos patógenos, tornando-se vítimas de doenças transmitidas dos animais para o homem, as chamadas antropozoonoses. Dentre os animais, os tatus, mamíferos selvagens primitivos, apresentam características anatômicas e fisiológicas peculiares, que os tornam mais susceptíveis à diversas doenças e potenciais reservatórios de patógenos zoonóticos, relevantes para a saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de cinco patógenos zoonóticos (Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp, Mycobacterium leprae e Paracoccidioides brasiliensis) em quatro espécies de tatus; P. maximus, E. sexcinctus, D. novemcinctus e C. unicinctus do Pantanal e Cerrado do Mato-Grosso-do-Sul. Um total de 50 tatus foram analisados. Sendo, 43 amostras de soros de indivíduos de vida livre (16 Priodontes maximus; 17 Euphractus sexcinctus; 02 Dasypus novemcinctus e 08 Cabassous unicinctus) provenientes do Pantanal e 07 conjuntos de fragmentos de tecidos (pulmão, fígado e baço), de 06 E. sexcinctus e 01 (D. novemcinctus) atropelados em três rodovias do Cerrado do Mato-Grosso-do-Sul. Dos 43 indivíduos amostrados no Pantanal, 13/43 ou 30,23% apresentaram anticorpos anti-T. gondii; 01/43 ou 2,32% anti-T. cruzi e 4/43 ou 9,30% anti-Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi. Amostras de fragmentos de orelha dos 43 indivíduos do Pantanal, e fragmentos de tecido (pulmão, fígado e baço) dos tatus do Cerrado, também foram analisadas para M. leprae e Leishmania spp através de biologia molecular, nas quais foram negativas. Dos tatus provenientes do Cerrado, analisados para P. brasiliensis, 07 ou 100% dos indivíduos foram positivos. Baseado nestes resultados, pode-se afirmar que os tatus apresentam uma relação e histórico de exposição a estes patógenos, seja através do contato com outras espécies, seres humanos ou condições ambientais onde ocorrem. Contudo, confirma-se a importância destas espécies para o entendimento dos ciclos de transmissão de patógenos e de forma estratégica, como indicadoras da saúde de um ecossistema em programas de investigação e monitoramento de doenças, especialmente as zoonoses. / Over the years mankind has contributed to the emergence of several diseases, while becoming victims of those passed among humans and other animals, known as zoonosis. Armadillos are primitive wild mammals who present peculiar anatomical and physiological characteristics which make them susceptible and potential reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens relevant to public health. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of five zoonotic pathogens (Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp., Mycobacterium leprae and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis) in four armadillo species (Priodontes maximus, Euphractus sexcinctus, Dasypus novemcinctus and Cabassous unicinctus) found in Pantanal and Mato-Grosso-do-Sul tropical savanna ecoregion, the Cerrado. A total of 50 armadillos were sampled: 43 free living individuals from Pantanal (16 P. maximus; 17 E. sexcinctus; 02 D. novemcinctus and 08 C. unicinctus) and 07 individuals found dead in three different roads of the Cerrado. Of the 43 individuals sampled in Pantanal, 13 (30.23%) presented T. gondii antibodies; 01 (2.32%) showed antibodies anti-T. cruzi; and 04 (9.30%) showed anti-Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi antibodies. All 50 samples were also analyzed by molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). None of the samples tested positive for M. leprae and Leishmania spp. And all seven or (100%) individuals from the Cerrado were tested positive for P. brasiliensis. The results suggest that the armadillos have been exposed to these pathogens, either by contact with other species, including humans or by their own environmental conditions in certain ecosystems. The armadillo species studied may have a greater susceptibility to these pathogens in the natural environment where they occur. Armadillos are key species in understanding diseases transmission cycle, especially regarding zoonotic pathogens and they can strategically act as an indicator of ecosystem health for research programs and zoonotic diseases monitoring.

Toxoplasma gondii ist ein weit verbreiteter einzelliger Parasit, der fast alle warmblütigen Organismen infizieren kann. Asexuelle Fortpflanzung des Parasiten in seiner Wirtszelle wird durch aufeinanderfolgende lytische Zyklen erreicht, was die Bereitstellung einer signifikanten Menge an Energie und Biomasse erforderlich macht. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass Glukose und Glutamin die beiden wichtigsten physiologischen Nährstoffe für die Synthese von Makromolekülen (ATP, Nukleinsäure, Proteine und Lipide) in T. gondii sind. Die Verfügbarkeit einer der beiden Kohlenstoffquellen reicht aus, um das Überleben des Parasiten sicherzustellen. Der Parasit kann durch Erhöhen des Flusses von Glutamin-abstammendem Kohlenstoff durch den TCA-Zyklus und durch gleichzeitige Aktivierung der Gluconeogenese, eine stetige Biogenese von ATP und Biomasse zur Wirtszellinvasion und Replikation gewährleisten, bzw. der genetischen Deletion des Glukosetransporters entgegenwirken. Der Wachstumsdefekt in der Glykolyse-Mutante wird durch eine kompromittierte Synthese von Lipiden verursacht, die durch Glutamin nicht ausgeglichen werden kann. Die Zugabe von exogenem Acetat kann diesen Wachstumsdefekt allerdings kompensieren. In dieser Arbeit konnten darüber hinaus zwei unterschiedliche Phosphoenolpyruvat-Carboxykinase (PEPCK) Enzyme im Parasiten identifiziert werden, von denen eines im Mitochondrium lokalisiert ist (TgPEPCKmt), während das andere Protein nicht in Tachyzoiten (TgPEPCKnet) exprimiert wird. Parasiten mit intakter Glykolyse können die Deletion von TgPEPCKnet, als auch die genetische Deletion von TgPEPCKmt tolerieren, was ihre Redundanz für das Überleben der Tachyzoiten zeigt. TgPEPCKnet kann auch in der Glykolyse-defizienten Mutante deletiert werden, während TgPEPCKmt für das Überleben des Parasiten in dieser Mutante essentiell ist. Dies zeigte sich durch ein konditionelles Knockdown von TgPEPCKmt, das zu einer Inhibierung des Wachstums des Parasiten führte. / Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread protozoan parasite, infecting nearly all warm-blooded organisms. Asexual reproduction of the parasite within its host cells is achieved by consecutive lytic cycles, which necessitates biogenesis of significant energy and biomass. This work shows that glucose and glutamine are the two major physiologically important nutrients used for the synthesis of macromolecules (ATP, nucleic acid, proteins and lipids) in T. gondii, and either of them is sufficient to ensure the parasite survival. The parasite can counteract genetic ablation of its glucose transporter by increasing the flux of glutamine-derived carbon through the TCA cycle and by concurrently activating gluconeogenesis, which guarantee a continued biogenesis of ATP and biomass for host-cell invasion and parasite replication, respectively. Growth defect in the glycolysis-impaired mutant is caused by a compromised synthesis of lipids, which cannot be counterbalanced by glutamine, but can be restored by acetate. Consistently, supplementation of parasite cultures with exogenous acetate can amend the lytic cycle of the glucose transport mutant. Furthermore, this work revealed two discrete phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) enzymes in the parasite, one of which resides in the mitochondrion (TgPEPCKmt), whereas the other protein is not expressed in tachyzoites (TgPEPCKnet). Parasites with an intact glycolysis can tolerate genetic deletions of TgPEPCKmt as well as of TgPEPCKnet, indicating their nonessential roles for the tachyzoite survival. TgPEPCKnet can also be ablated in glycolysis-deficient mutant, whereas TgPEPCKmt is refractory to deletion. In accord, the lytic cycle of a conditional mutant of TgPEPCKmt in the glycolysis-impaired strain was aborted upon induced repression of the mitochondrial isoform, demonstrating its essential role for the glucose-independent survival of tachyzoites.

Der obligat intrazelluläre Parasit Toxoplasma gondii ist der Erreger der Toxoplasmose, und dient zugleich als wichtiger Modellorganismus für weitere Human- und Tierpathogene, wie z.B. Plasmodium oder Eimeria. Die Vermehrung von T. gondii erfordert eine effiziente Biosynthese von Phospholipiden für die Herstellung neuer Membranen, was durch die de novo Synthese durch den Parasiten, und/oder den Import von Lipiden aus der umgebenden Wirtszelle gewährleistet werden kann. Während der Parasit zahlreiche Möglichkeiten für Synthese oder Import von PtdEtn und PtdSer verwendet, scheint die Biosynthese des abundantesten Membranlipids PtdCho auschließlich über den CDP-Cholin Weg zu erfolgen. Dieser erstreckt sich in T. gondii über 3 zelluläre Kompartimente, mit einer cytosolischen Cholin-Kinase (TgCK), einer im Zellkern lokalisierenden Cholin-Cytidylyltransferase (TgCCT) und einer Cholin-Phosphotransferase (TgCPT) im ER. Anders als die substrat-spezifische Ethanolamin-Kinase (TgEK), kann TgCK neben Cholin außerdem Ethanolamin phosphorylieren. TgCK zeigt eine geringe Affinität zu Cholin (Km ~0.77 mM), während eine verkürzte TgCK (TgCKS), welcher eine als Signalpeptid vorhergesagte N-terminale Sequenz (20 Aminosäuren) fehlt, eine etwa 3-fach höhere Aktivität aufweist (Km ~0.26 mM). Während jedoch die Wildtyp-TgCK cytosolische Cluster in Toxoplasma bildet, zeigt die verkürzte TgCK eine gleichmäßigere cytosolische Lokalisierung. Wir schlussfolgern daraus, dass der hydrophobe N-Terminus nicht notwendig ist für eine funktionale TgCK, sondern eine strukturelle Funktion bei der Protein-Lokalisierung hat. Eine konitionelle Mutante, in welcher der TgCK Promoter gegen den Tetracyclin-regulierbaren Promoter pTetO7Sag4 ausgetauscht wurde (Deltatgcki), zeigt erstaunlicherweise normales Wachstum und PtdCho Biosynthese. Die TgCK Aktivität und die daraus resultierende PtdCho Synthese sind nur zu ~30% regulierbar. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten auf die Verwendung eines alternativen Startcodons bzw. Promoters hin, welcher zur Expression einer verkürzten (~53-kDa) aber vermutlich aktiven Cholin Kinase führt, wodurch der Verlust der TgCK (~70-kDa) kompensiert wird. Der konditionelle Knockout von TgCCT, dem regulatorischen Enzym des CDP-Cholin Wegs, hatte einen 50%igen Wachstumsdefekt zur Folge. Diese Studie zeigt eine erstaunliche Flexibilität des Parasiten bezüglich seiner Membranzusammensetzung, und bestätigt zugleich die Annahme, dass PtdCho nicht von der Wirtszelle importiert werden kann. Diese Anpassungsfähigkeit stellt einen möglichen Faktor dar, der es T. gondii erlaubt sich in einem breiten Spektrum von Wirten zu vermehren. / Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that causes life-threatening disease in neonates and in immunocompromised people. Successful replication of Toxoplasma requires substantial membrane biogenesis, which must be satisfied irrespective of the host-cell milieu. Like in other eukaryotes, the two most abundant phospholipids in the T. gondii membrane are phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn). Bioinformatics and precursor labeling analyses confirm their synthesis via the CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine pathway, respectively. This work shows that the 3-step CDP-choline pathway, involving the activities of TgCK, TgCCT and TgCPT, localizes to the cytosol, nucleus and ER membrane, respectively. The initial reaction is catalyzed by a dual-specificity choline kinase (TgCK, ~70-kDa), capable of phosphorylating choline as well as ethanolamine. The purified full-length TgCK displayed a low affinity for choline (Km ~0.77 mM). TgCK harbors a unique N-terminal hydrophobic peptide that is required for the formation of enzyme oligomers in the parasite cytosol but not for activity. The displacement of the TgCK promoter in a conditional mutant of T. gondii (deltatgcki) attenuated the enzyme expression by ~80%. Unexpectedly, the ?tgcki mutant was not impaired in intracellular growth, and exhibited a normal PtdCho biogenesis. To recompense for the loss of full-length TgCK, the mutant appears to make use of an alternative promoter and/or start codon, resulting in the expression of a shorter but active TgCK isoform identified by the anti-TgCK antiserum, which correlated with its persistent choline kinase activity. Accordingly, the ?tgcki showed an expected incorporation of choline into PtdCho, and susceptibility to dimethylethanolamine (a choline analog). Interestingly, the conditional mutant displayed a regular growth in off state despite a 25% decline in PtdCho content, which suggests a compositional flexibility in T. gondii membranes and insignificant salvage of host-derived PtdCho. The two-step conditional mutagenesis of TgCCT, which caused a reduced growth rate to about 50%, further substantiated this finding. The enzymatic activity of TgCCT and its role in PtdCho synthesis remain to be proven, however. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the CDP-route is likely essential in T. gondii. The competitive inhibition of choline kinase to block the parasite replication appears a potential therapeutic application.The work also reveals a remarkably adaptable membrane biogenesis in T. gondii, which may underly the evolution of Toxoplasma as a promiscuous pathogen.