Para o presente trabalho, três testemunhos foram amostrados nos manguezais João Cardoso (JC), Ipaneminha (IPA) e Perequê (PE), localizados na face norte da llha do Cardoso. Estudo interdisciplinar envonveldo descrições faciológica, análise granulométrica, datação 14C, análises isotópicas e elementares de C e N e palinologia foram realizados com o objetivo de descrever a evolução sedimentar e da vegetação, com inferâncias climáticas. Entre 250 a 166 cm, o testemunho JC é composto de areia média creme-acinzentada base gradando para areia muito-fina cinza, com idades de 33.000 (198cm) e 29.400 anos cal. A.P. (166cm), carbono orgânico total (COT) de 0,044 a 0,633%, nitrogênio total (NT) de 0,002 a 0,017%, C/N de 7 a 30, \'delta\'13C de -18,49 a -24,46%o e \'delta\'15N de 2,48 a 8,13%o), indicativos de matéria orgânica terrestre de plantas C3 e C4 e algas/fitoplâncton. A palinologia mostra predomínio de elementos arbóreos dos táxons Alchornea, Drymis, Ilex, Myrsine, Myrtaceae, Podocarpus e Weinmannia (até 10%, cada) e esporos de Cyathea e Polypodiaceae (30%), característico de clima frio e úmido. De 166 a 70 cm a fácies apresenta areia média com estratificação cruzada plano-paralela marcada por areia/argila cinza escura, indicando ambiente praial de inframaré. Esta camada representa um hiato de ~27.000 anos cal. A.P. de sedimentação original, provavelmente erodidos durante transgresão Santos. Os testemunhos IPA e PE apresentam camada semelhante, iniciando na base (170 e 140cm, respectivamente), até aprox. 60 cm. A 163 cm no testemunho IPA foi obtida idade de ~2200 anos AP e ausência de palinomorfos. Sobre a camada da areia, nos três testemunhos, depositam-se sedimentos arenosos/argilosos bioturbados, com abundantes fragmentos/raízes vegetais e conchas. A partir de ~850 anos cal. A.P. (testemunho IPA - 50cm), a variação nos valores elementares e isotópicos de C e N indicam a substituição do predomínio de M.O. fitoplanctônica para M.O. de plantas C3, ainda com influência do fitoplâncton (COT: 0,15 a 12,8%; NT: 0,01 a 0,48%; \'delta\'13C: - 21,00 até - 29,00%o; \'delta\'15N: 8,00 a 3,40%o). A palinologia mostra um padrão semelhante nos três testemunhos. Os táxons Alchornea, Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Hedyosmum, Myrsine, Myrtaceae, Podocarpus, Sloanea, Weinmannia são os mais representativos entre os arbóreos (até 10%). Esporos de Cyathea e Polypodium e grãos de pólen de Poaceae e Cyperaceae correspondem a aprox. 30% da soma total, pouco variando. Estes valores indicam a presença das formações da Floresta Atlântica e da Restinga na região durante todo o período. O táxon Rhizophora sofre aumento neste período de 5 para até 22% nos dias atuais. Infere-se presença de manguezal na região e seu subsequente estabelecimento no local. Palinoforaminíferos e dinocistos são abundantes (até 15%) na base da camada, diminuindo em frequência para o topo (4%). Estes dados mostram uma progressiva diminuição na influência marinha, evoluindo de ambientes intermaré para ambiente de supramaré, devido à redução do nível marinho local durante o Holoceno tardio. Estes dados contribuem para o entendimento da evolução paleoambiental no litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo desde o Pleistoceno Tardio / For the present work, three cores where sampled on the \"João Cardoso (JC)\", \"Ipaneminha (IPA)\" and \"Perequê (PE)\" mangroves, located at the northern face of the Cardoso Island. A interdisciplinary study involving facies, radiocarbon dating, elementary and isotopic carbon and nitrogen, granulometric and palynological analysis were carried with the objective of describing the vegetation and sedimentary evolution, with climatic inferences. Between 250 and 166 cm, the JC core is primarily constituted by grayish medium sand progressing to very fine sand, with ages of ~33.000 (198cm) and ~29.450 (166) cal yr AP. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) of 0,044% to 0,633%, Total Nitrogen (NT) of 0,001 to 0,017%, C/N ratios of 7 to 30, \'delta\'13C of -18,49 to -24,46%o and \'delta\'15N of 2,48 to 8,13%o indicates mixture of C3and C4 terrestrial plants and phytoplantonic sources. Palynology show predominance of the arboreal elements Alchornea, Drymis, Ilex, Myrsine, Myrtaceae, Podocarpus e Weinmannia (up to 10% of total, each) , Cyathea and Polypodium spores (up to 20%), caracteristic of humid and cold climate. From 166 to 70 cm the facies show plane-paralell cross-bedded stratification marked by dark gray medium sand, indicating an inter-tidal environment. This layer represents a hiatus of ca. ~27.000 yr of original sedimentation, probably eroded on the Santos marine transgression. Cores IPA and PE presents similar facies at their bases (170 and 140 cm, respectively) up to near 60 cm. At 163 cm, the IPA core shows age of ~2.000 cal yr AP, and no palynomorphs. On top of this sandy facies are layers of sandy/silty/clayey bioturbated sediments, with an abundance of root, shells and plant debris. Since . ~850 cal yr AP, the isotopic and elementary values show a gradual substitution of the phytoplanctonic source of the sedimentary organic matter to a terrestrial C3 plant source on the three cores. Palynology also shows a similar pattern between the three records?, with Alchornea, Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Hedyosmum, Myrsine, Myrtaceae, Podocarpus, Sloanea, Weinmannia taxons the most well represented between the trees, with Cyathea e Polypodium, Poaceae e Cyperaceae with up to 30% of the total. These are characteristic of the Pluvial and sandbank forests. Rhizophora show an increase in this period from 5 to 22%, indicating the establishment and evolution of the mangrove vegetation on the area since ~850 cal yr AP. Palinoforaminifera and dinocyst show a diminishing pattern (from 15 to 4%) through this period, indicating a progressive decrease of the marine influence at the area, evolving an intertidal to a supratidal zone, following a decrease of local sea level during the late Holocene. This data contributes to a better understanding of the late Pleistocene environment evolution in the southeastern Brazilian coast

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-19T15:24:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilvan Silva.pdf: 106987 bytes, checksum: fdbe46a077a8dad5ef8dfbffda786440 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T15:24:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilvan Silva.pdf: 106987 bytes, checksum: fdbe46a077a8dad5ef8dfbffda786440 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-10 / The objective of this work was to evaluate chemical composition and digestibility of the fine and rough wheat bran. Samples of the food were analyzed for granulometry, water absorption and retention capacity, pH, matter dry (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (LIG), total carbohydrates (TCH) and no fiber carbohydrates (NFC), nitrogen fractions (A,B1, B2, B3 and C). Six male, non-castrated goats, 22 Kg live weight individually held in metabolism cages were used to evaluate the digestibility. The animals were fed Tifton hay (Cynodon dactylon) and fine or rough wheat bran (50:50 and 80:20 for fine wheat bran, and 60:40 e 70:30 for hough wheat bran). The equation system was used to determine the digestibility coefficients. Both wheat bran have similar pH, water absorption and retention capacity, and differ in particles granulometry. In fine wheat bran 99.3% of the particles are smaller than 1.18 mm, while in the rough one 31.3% are smaller and 68.4% are larger than 1.18 mm. The chemical composition was similar, except for CP, higher in the fine wheat bran (18.2 x 15.85%), NDF and ADF, higher in rough wheat bran (53.29 and 48.22% x 42.72 and 38.07%). Nitrogen fractions B2 and C were, respectively, 45% and 6% for bothwheat bran. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE, TCHO, NDF, NDFcp, hemicellulose and cellulose were, respectively, 61.33, 68.62, 76.22, 70.00, 67.32, 66.78,65.75, 72.95, and 68.39% for rough wheat bran and 57.95, 60.36, 63.82, 59.29, 59.84, 56.92, 56.35, 65.23 and 58.56%. Fine and rough wheat bran can be used as an alternative food for goats feeding. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química e a digestibilidade dos farelos fino e grosso de trigo. Amostras dos alimentos foram analisadas para determinação da granulometria, capacidade de absorção e retenção de água, pH, matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina (LIG), carboidratos totais (CHOT) e não fibrosos (CNF), frações nitrogenadas (A, B1, B2 B3 e C). Para determinação da digestibilidade e dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), utilizaram-se seis caprinos machos, não castrados, com peso vivo médio de 22 Kg, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. As dietas foram feno de Tifton (Cynodon dactylon) e farelo fino ou grosso em duas relações volumoso:concentrado (50:50 e 80:20 para o ensaio com o farelo fino, 60:40 e 70:30 para o ensaio com farelo grosso). Foi utilizado o sistema de equações para os cálculos de digestibilidade. Os dois farelos possuem semelhante pH, capacidade de retenção e de absorção de água, mas diferem na granulometria das partículas. No farelo fino 99,3 % das partículas são menores que 1,18 mm, enquanto no farelo grosso apenas 31,3 % são menores e 68,4 % são maiores que 1,18 mm. A composição química foi semelhante,exceto pelos percentuais de PB, maior no farelo fino (18,2 x 15,85 %), FDN e FDA, mais elevados no farelo grosso (53,29 e 48,22 % x 42,72 e 38,07 %). Ambos os farelos apresentaram em média 45% da fração B2 e 6% na fração C. O consumo de matéria seca da ração com farelo fino (661,75g/dia) foi superior àquela com farelo grosso (567,42 g/dia),entretanto, o consumo de NDT foi semelhante (383,94 e 437,62 g/dia, respectivamente). Oscoeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB, EE, CHOT, FDN, FDNp, Hemicelulose e Celulose (61,33; 68,62; 76,22; 70,00; 67,32; 66,78; 65,75; 72,95 e 68,39%,respectivamente) do farelo grosso foram significativamente superiores (P<0,05) aos do farelo fino (57,95; 60,36; 63,82; 59,29; 59,84; 56,92; 56,35; 65,23 e 58,56%,respectivamente). Portanto, pode-se concluir que os farelos de trigo (fino e grosso) podem ser utilizados como alimento alternativo na alimentação de caprinos.

Granulometria é o processo usado para medir objetos de diferentes tamanhos em imagens de material granular. Frequentemente algoritmos baseados em morfologia matemática ou detecção de arestas são utilizados para esta finalidade. Propomos uma nova abordagem para a granulometria utilizando correlações cruzadas com círculos de tamanhos diferentes. Esta técnica é primeiramente adequada para a detecção de objetos de formato circular, mas pode ser estendido para outras formas utilizando outros núcleos (kernels) de correlação. Experimentos mostram que o novo algoritmo é robusto ao ruído e pode detectar objetos com pouco contraste e/ou com sobreposição parcial. Este trabalho também apresenta características quantitativas estruturais da camada de silício poroso, obtidas aplicando o algoritmo proposto em imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). O novo algoritmo, que chamamos Granul, calcula as áreas e frequências dos poros. Processamentos adicionais utilizando outros algoritmos classificam os poros em circulares ou quadrados. Relacionamos os resultados quantitativos obtidos com o processo de fabricação e discutimos o mecanismo de formação do poro quadrado no silício. O novo algoritmo mostrou-se confiável no processamento de imagens de MEV e é uma ferramenta promissora para controle no processo de formação dos poros. / Granulometry is the process of measuring the size distribution of objects in an image of granular material. Usually, algorithms based on mathematical morphology or edge detection are used for this task. We propose a entirely new approach for the granulometry using the cross correlations with circles of different sizes. This technique is primarily adequate for detecting circular shaped objects, but it can be extended to other shapes using other correlation kernels. Experiments show that the new algorithm is greatly robust to noise and can detect even faint objects and/or objects with partial superposition. This paper also reports the quantitative structural characteristics of the porous silicon layer based on the proposed algorithm applied to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. The new algorithm, that we call Granul, computes the size distribution of pores and classifies the pores in circular or square ones. We relate these quantitative results to the fabrication process and discuss the square porous silicon formation mechanism. The new algorithm shows to be reliable in SEM images processing and is a promising tool to control the pores formation process.

L’interaction d’un faisceau laser de courte durée d’impulsion sur des matériaux tels que l’aluminium, le fer ou le titane est caractérisée par la présence d’une plume très énergétique et fortement ionisée (plasma). L'objectif de cette étude est de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu dans le plasma, créé lors de l'interaction laser-cible, qui conduisent à la formation de nanoparticules.Nous souhaitons étudier de façon générale la dynamique d’expansion dans l’air de la plume formée par un laser Nd :YAG déclenché de courte durée d’impulsion pour préciser les conditions de formation de ces particules et leurs caractéristiques morphologiques et structurales. Ainsi, ce travail se décompose en deux parties. Dans une première partie, nous présentons la caractérisation expérimentale de l’expansion de la plume dans l’air. Le rayonnement induit par le plasma permet d’extraire ses caractéristiques. Deux méthodes complémentaires ont été utilisées : la spectrométrie qui permet de faire une analyse physique du plasma et l’imagerie spectrale qui permet une analyse morphologique. La seconde partie est consacrée à la caractérisation des particules formées dans les mêmes conditions opératoires. Dans le but d’analyser les particules le plus proche de leur milieu de formation, une analyse « en vol » de la distribution en taille des particules est mise en œuvre par granulométrie EEPS. Cette expérience est préparatoire à une analyse par diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (S.A.X.S.) sous atmosphère contrôlée, qui permet d’étudier l’influence de l’oxygène sur la taille et la morphologie des particules formées. / The interaction of a laser beam of short pulse duration with metallic materials such as aluminum, iron or titanium is characterized by the presence of a high energy and strongly ionized plume (plasma). The aim of this study is to understand the mechanisms involved in plasma, created when laser-target interaction, which lead to the formation of nanoparticles. We would generally consider the dynamic expansion in the air of the plasma plume formed with a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser to specify the conditions of formation of these particles and their morphological and structural characteristics. Thus, this work is divided onto two parts. In the first part, we present the experimental characterization of the expansion of the plume in the air. The radiation induced by plasma allows to extracting the plasma characteristics. Two complementary methods were used: atomic spectrometry which allows to doing a physical analysis of plasma and spectral fast imagery to obtain a morphological analysis. The second part is devoted to the characterization of particles formed in the same operating conditions. In order to analyzing the particles as close to their formation environment, an analysis “in flight” of particle size distribution is implemented by EEPS granulometry. This experiment is preparatory at an analysis by in-situ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (S.A.X.S.) under a controlled atmosphere, which allows to studying the influence of oxygen on the size and the morphology of the particles.

This diploma thesis is focused on optimization of particle size distribution using concrete additions. To design a concrete of excellent properties, it is often necessary to achieve a higher packing density of the mixture by designing a suitable particle size distribution curve. Concrete with special properties and various types of powder additions are also described.

Les copolymères poly (acétate de vinyle-co-alcool vinylique), désignés par PVA, sont des tensioactifs macromoléculaires obtenus par hydrolyse partielle de poly (acétate de vinyle)(PVAc). Si les propriétés tensioactives des PVA ont pu être corrélées aux caractéristiques moléculaires il n'en est par de même en ce qui concerne les associats du type nanogels présents dans les solutions aqueuses. L'objectif de cette thèse était de caractériser les nanogels par des techniques telles que la diffusion dynamique de la lumière, la chromatographie d'exclusion stérique et la viscosimétrie. 9 PVA, de degrés d'hydrolyse de 73 à 88 mole% et de degrés de polymérisation de 650 à 2500 ont été étudiés. Il est apparu que les nanogels présent dans les PVA de DH =73 mole% et formés par interactions hydrophobe-hydrophobe entre séquences acétate ont des tailles entre 20-40 nm, avec des fractions volumiques de l'ordre de 20-30%. La désagrégation des nanogels par formation de complexes avec des tensioactifs anioniques du type SDS et SDBS a ensuite été démontrée. En faisant appel à la technique de fractionnement par « point de trouble » il est apparu que les chaînes les plus riches en acétate et en particulier celles ayant des longueurs des séquences acétate importantes complexent plus de SDS.Des « copolymères modèles » du type copolymères diblocs PVAc-b-PVOH comportant une séquence hydrophobe PVAc et une hydrophile PVOH ont pu être préparés par polymérisation RAFT, suivie par une réaction click. Une étude préliminaire de la micellisation de tels copolymères a permis de montrer la très grande analogie entre micelles de copolymères à blocs PVAc-b-PVOH et les nanogels de PVA examinés précédemment. / Poly (vinyl acetate-co-vinyl alcohol) copolymers, designated by PVA, are macromolecular surfactants obtained by partial hydrolysis of poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc). If the surfactant properties of PVA have been correlated with molecular characteristics it is not the same for the colloidal aggregates in aqueous solutions so-called nanogels. The objective of this thesis was to characterize the nanogels using techniques such as dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography and viscometry.9 PVA with degrees of hydrolysis between 73 and 88 mole% and polymerization degrees of 650 to 2500 were studied. It appeared that the nanogels, formed by hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions between acetate sequences, are the size in the range of 20 to 40 nm with volume fractions between 20 and 30%. The disaggregation of nanogels by complex formation with anionic surfactants such as SDS and SDBS was further demonstrated. By using the "cloud point" fractionation technique it appeared that SDS is complexed by the sequences with high acetate content and in particular those with significant lengths of acetate sequences.As a model system diblock copolymers PVAc-b-PVOH containing a PVAc hydrophobie sequence and a PVOH hydrophilic sequence were prepared by RAFT polymerization, followed by a click reaction. A preliminary micellization study of these copolymers showed a very strong analogy between PVAc-b-PVOH block copolymer micelles and PVA nanogels discussed above.

O desenvolvimento econômico e o aumento da produtividade agrícola intensificaram o uso de produtos químicos nas lavouras. Quando se pretende quantificar o impacto ambiental de tal uso é necessário empregar modelos que descrevam o fluxo de água e solutos na região não saturada do solo. Para esse fim, um dos parâmetros mais eficazes é conhecer a retenção de água no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver funções de pedotransferência (FPTs) que estimassem a partir de análise em redes neurais artificiais (RNAs) a retenção de água nos solos da microbacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Canchim, município de São Carlos, SP. Os atributos físicos, textura (argila, silte e areia), densidade e resistência à penetração dos solos: LVAd, LVe, LVdf e NVef, manejados com e sem cobertura vegetal e sob mata foram determinados com equipamentos não convencionais na Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária em São Carlos, SP. Esses parâmetros foram utilizados como variáveis de entrada nas duas redes neurais artificiais. Foram obtidas, ainda, as curvas de retenção de água no solo por meio da câmara de pressão de Richards e da tomografia computadorizada, além da porosidade total e da condutividade hidráulica não saturada. O analisador granulométrico de solos e o penetrômetro associado a TDR possibilitaram a obtenção de um grande número de dados. Os atributos físicos dos solos apresentaram grande variabilidade em função da constituição granulométrica e manejos adotados. As RNAs foram eficientes no desenvolvimento de FPTs capazes de estimar a retenção de água com base em propriedades básicas de solo obtidas em grande número. / Economic development and increasing agricultural productivity have intensified the use of chemical products in farming. The quantification environmental impact of these products requires the use of models that describe the flow of water and solutes in the unsaturated region of the soil. For this purpose, one of the most effective parameters belong to the water retention curve of the soil. The purpose of this work was to develop pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate the retention of water by soils of the hydrographic microbasin of the Canchim river, in the municipality of São Carlos, state of São Paulo, Brazil, based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). The physical attributes, granulometry (clay, silt and sand), density and resistance to penetration of LVAd, LVe, LVdf and NVef soils, managed with and without vegetal cover and under forest, were determined using nonconventional equipment at Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária in São Carlos, SP. These parameters were used as input variables for two artificial neural networks. The soils\' water retention curves were also obtained using a Richards pressure chamber and computed tomography, as well as their total porosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. A soil granulometric analyzer and a penetrometer allied to TDR provided a large number of data. The soils\' physical attributes displayed a wide variability as a function of their granulometric constitution and adopted managements. The ANNs were effective in developing PTFs able to estimate the water retention based on the large number of basic soil properties.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-05T19:47:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RENNAN PEREIRA DE GUSMÃO – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 4781124 bytes, checksum: fd473ef9686e8dc699f6b0aa1da038e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T19:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RENNAN PEREIRA DE GUSMÃO – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 4781124 bytes, checksum: fd473ef9686e8dc699f6b0aa1da038e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-25 / O segmento de biscoitos é de extrema importância para o Brasil, que se destaca como o 2º maior produtor mundial. A busca por matérias-primas alternativas ao trigo se torna cada vez mais necessária para desenvolvimento de produtos sem glúten, incremento no valor nutricional e redução de custos no setor de panificação. As vagens da algaroba apresentam alto valor nutritivo e podem ser utilizadas como matéria-prima para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos alimentícios. Com esses aspectos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver biscoito enriquecido com farinha de algaroba com elevada qualidade nutricional e importância para o desenvolvimento econômico do semiárido nordestino; para tal, foi utilizada a algaroba madura, com teor de água de 20% (b.u) e realizados experimentos de secagem com temperaturas de 50, 60, 70 e 80°C; os modelos matemáticos de Fick, Page, Cavalcanti Mata, Exponencial de Dois Termos e Henderson & Pabis foram utilizados para ajuste aos dados experimentais; posteriormente, foram desenvolvidos biscoitos com farinha de algaroba e submetidos à análise sensorial. A farinha de algaroba utilizada na formulação do biscoito com maior aceitação, foi submetida à caracterização granulométrica, morfológica, reológica, físico -química, determinação dos minerais e utilizada para produção de biscoitos, mediante planejamento experimental. As cinco melhores formulações de biscoito foram submetidas ao teste de aceitação sensorial; a atividade de água, firmeza, fraturabilidade e cor das três formulações de biscoitos com maior aceitação foram analisadas durante 120 dias de armazenamento; a partir dos resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que os modelos matemáticos de Fick, Page, Cavalcanti Mata, Exponencial de Dois Termos e Henderson & Pabis, representaram satisfatoriamente os dados experimentais da secagem de algaroba. A farinha de algaroba apresentou características reológicas adequadas à produção de biscoitos. A farinha de algaroba apresentou alta concentração de fibras (15,10.g.100g-1), proteínas (9,12.g.100g-1), cálcio (650,75.mg.100g-1) e fósforo (879,12.mg.100g-1). Os biscoitos elaborados com: 25% de farinha de algaroba, 30% de teor de açúcar e 45% de teor de gordura de palma (experimento 4), 5% de farinha de algaroba, 50% de teor de açúcar e 45% de teor de gordura de palma (experimento 7) e 15% de farinha de algaroba, 40% de teor de açúcar e 35% de teor de gordura de palma (experimento 9) foram os que tiveram maior aceitação e intenção de compra. Decorrido o período de 120 dias de armazenamento, os biscoitos elaborados com farinha de algaroba tiveram sua atividade de água, fraturabilidade e luminosidade aumentadas, e sua firmeza, intensidade de amarelo e vermelho, diminuídas. Conclui-se que os biscoitos elaborados com farinha de algaroba apresentaram nutrientes, como: cálcio, ferro e fósforo, boa aceitação sensorial e características de qualidade com comportamento similar ao de produtos já existentes no mercado, durante o armazenamento. / The segment of cookies is extremely important to Brazil, which stands as the 2nd largest producer. The search for alternative raw materials to wheat becomes increasingly necessary for the development of gluten-free products, increase the nutritional value and cost savings in the bakery sector. The mesquite pods have a high nutritional value and can be used as feedstock for the development of new food products. With these aspects, the objective of this study was to develop cookie enriched with mesquite flour which has high nutritional quality and importance to the economic development of the semi-arid northeast. In this work, the mature mesquite was used with a water content of 20% (wb). Drying experiments were performed at temperatures of 50, 60, 70 and 80 ° C. Mathematical models of Fick, Page, Cavalcanti Mata, Exponential Two Terms and Henderson & Pabis were used to fit the experimental data. Later, cookies were developed with mesquite flour and subjected to sensory analysis. The mesquite flour used in the cookie formulation with greater acceptance, was subjected to size grain, morphological, rheological, physico-chemical, determination of the chemical elements and was used for the production of cookies by using experimental design. The five best cookie formulations were subjected to sensory acceptance test. Water activity, firmness, fracture stress and color of all three formulations of cookies with greater acceptance were analyzed for 120 days of storage. From the results obtained, it can be said that the mathematical models Fick, Page, Cavalcanti Mata, Exponential Two Terms and Henderson & Pabis satisfactorily explained the experimental data of drying mesquite. The mesquite flour presented rheological characteristics suitable for production of cookies. The mesquite flour showed high concentration of fibers (15.10 g.100g-1), protein (9.12 g.100g-1), calcium (650.75.mg.100g-1) and phosphorous (879.12.mg.100g-1). The cookies made with 25% mesquite flour, 30% sugar and 45% palm fat content (experiment 4), 5% of mesquite flour, 50% sugar content and 45% content palm fat (experiment 7) and 15% of mesquite flour, 40% sugar and 35% palm fat content (experiment 9) were those who had greater acceptance and purchase intent. After the 120 days of storage, cookies of mesquite flour had their water activity and luminance increased, while its firmness, fracture stress, yellow and red intensity reduced. It is concluded that the cookies, of mesquite flour presented a high nutritional composition, high sensory acceptance, and similar quality characteristics to existing products on the market during storage.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont pour but de mieux définir et quantifier lesprocessus d’érosion actuels en domaine glaciaire et proglaciaire. Le Glacier des Bossons,situé dans le massif du Mont-Blanc (Haute-Savoie, France), est un bon exemple de systèmenaturel non anthropisé permettant d’étudier cette thématique. Il repose sur deux lithologiesprincipales (le granite du Mont-Blanc et le socle métamorphique) et cette singularitépermettra de déterminer l’origine des sédiments glaciaires. Afin de comprendre lesmécanismes d’érosion mécanique et de transport particulaires en domaine glaciaire, lessédiments ont été prélevés à la surface du glacier, sous le glacier et dans les torrents sousglaciaires.L’étude des distributions granulométriques et des provenances des sédiments a étéeffectuée par une analyse lithologique à macro-échelle (à l’oeil nu) et géochimique à microéchelle(datation U-Pb sur zircons). Elles ont permis de préciser les caractéristiques del’érosion et du transport glaciaire. (1) la charge supra-glaciaire issue de l’érosion des versantsrocheux est essentiellement composée de sédiments grossiers et ne se mélange pas ou peu à lacharge sous-glaciaire, excepté au niveau de la langue terminale ; (2) les vitesses d’érosionsous-glaciaire ne sont pas homogènes, l’érosion sous la glace tempérée (0,4-0,8mm.an-1) estau moins seize fois supérieure à celle sous la glace froide (0,025-0,05mm.an-1) ; (3) lessédiments sous-glaciaires contiennent une fraction silteuse et sableuse résultant des processusd’abrasion et de crushing qui est évacuée par les torrents sous-glaciaires. L’acquisition hauterésolutiontemporelle de données hydro-sédimentaires durant la saison de fonte entre le 5 Maiet le 17 Septembre 2010 a permis de définir le comportement saisonnier des fluxhydrologiques et sédimentaires. La majeure partie des flux détritiques est concentrée sur lasaison de fonte, et une quantification de la quantité de sédiments exportés par le torrent desBossons complétée par une mesure régulière de l’évolution de la topographie du systèmefluvio-glaciaire permet d’effectuer un bilan global de l’érosion des domaines glaciaires etproglaciaires. Au cours de l’année 2010, près de 3000 tonnes de sédiments ont été érodés dont430 tonnes se sont déposeés sur le plan des eaux. Grâce à une analyse de l’évolution desconcentrations de matières en suspension en entrée et en sortie de la plaine alluviale fluvioglaciairedu torrent des Bossons, les composantes glaciaires et non-glaciaires de l’érosion ontpu être découplées. L’érosion des moraines dénudées encadrant le plan des eaux au cours desévénements orageux est responsable au minimum de 59% du flux de sédiments transporté parle torrent des Bossons, l’érosion glaciaire (41% du flux) est donc relativement moins efficace.L’évolution à long terme des systèmes glaciaires en période de réchauffement climatiquemontrerait donc une érosion soutenue des environnements proglaciaires (versants et moraines)récemment libéré des glaces et de ce fait une intensification des flux détritiques. Le glacierdes Bossons protège le sommet du Mont-Blanc, l’érosion différentielle entre les zones sous laglace et non-glaciaires pourrait mener à un accroissement de la différence d’altitude entre lesvallées et les sommets. / The study presented in this PhD memory aim at better define and quantify the present timeerosion processes in glacial and proglacial domain. The Glacier des Bossons, situated in theMont-Blanc massif (Haute-Savoie, France), is a good example of a natural and nonanthropizedsystem which allows us to study this topic. This glacier lies on two mainlithologies (the Mont-Blanc granite and the metamorphic bedrock) and this peculiarity is usedto determine the origin of the glacial sediments. The sediments were sampled at the glaciersurface and at the glacier sole and also in the subglacial streams in order to understand themechanisms of mechanical erosion and particle transportation in glacial domain. The study ofthe granulometric distribution and the origin of the sediments were performed by a lithologicanalysis at macro-scale (naked-eye) and a geochemical analysis at micro-scale (U-Pb datingof zircons). These analyses allowed specifying the characteristics of glacial erosion andtransport. (1) the supraglacial sediments derived from the erosion of the rocky valley sides aremainly coarse and the glacial transport does not mix these clasts with those derived from thesub-glacial erosion, except in the lower tongue; (2) the sub-glacial erosion rates areinhomogeneous, erosion under the temperate glacier (0,4-0,8mm.an-1) is at least sixteen timesmore efficient than the erosion under the cold glacier (0,025-0,05mm.an-1); (3) the sub-glacialsediments contain a silty and sandy fraction, resulting from processes of abrasion andcrushing, which is evacuated by sub-glacial streams. The high-resolution temporal acquisitionof hydro-sedimentary data during the 2010 melt season, between the May 5th and theSeptember 17th, allowed defining the seasonal behavior of the hydrologic and sedimentaryfluxes. The sediment exportation occurs mainly during the melt season therefore, quantify thesediment fluxes in the Bossons stream and measure regularly the topographic evolution of thefluvio-glacial system allows to perform a sedimentary balance of the erosion of glacial andnon-glacial domains. During the year 2010, about 3000 tons of sediments were eroded with430 tons settled on the fluvio-glacial system. By analyzing the evolution of suspendedparticulate matter concentrations in the Bossons stream upstream and downstream the fluvioglacialsystem, the part of glacial erosion and non-glacial denudation in the sedimentarybalance could be proportioned. The erosion during the stormy events of the uncoveredmoraines, confining the fluvio-glacial system of the Bossons stream, furnishes at least 59% ofthe sediments exported by the Bossons stream and glacial erosion (41 % of the flux) istherefore less efficient comparatively. The long-term evolution of the glacial systems inperiod of global warming would show a sustained erosion of proglacial environments(mountain sides and moraines) recently exposed and therefore an increasing of the detritalfluxes. The Glacier des Bossons protects the summit of the Mont-Blanc, the differentialerosion between zones under the ice and non-glacial could lead to an increase of thedifference of altitude between valleys and summits.

O desenvolvimento econômico e o aumento da produtividade agrícola intensificaram o uso de produtos químicos nas lavouras. Quando se pretende quantificar o impacto ambiental de tal uso é necessário empregar modelos que descrevam o fluxo de água e solutos na região não saturada do solo. Para esse fim, um dos parâmetros mais eficazes é conhecer a retenção de água no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver funções de pedotransferência (FPTs) que estimassem a partir de análise em redes neurais artificiais (RNAs) a retenção de água nos solos da microbacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Canchim, município de São Carlos, SP. Os atributos físicos, textura (argila, silte e areia), densidade e resistência à penetração dos solos: LVAd, LVe, LVdf e NVef, manejados com e sem cobertura vegetal e sob mata foram determinados com equipamentos não convencionais na Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária em São Carlos, SP. Esses parâmetros foram utilizados como variáveis de entrada nas duas redes neurais artificiais. Foram obtidas, ainda, as curvas de retenção de água no solo por meio da câmara de pressão de Richards e da tomografia computadorizada, além da porosidade total e da condutividade hidráulica não saturada. O analisador granulométrico de solos e o penetrômetro associado a TDR possibilitaram a obtenção de um grande número de dados. Os atributos físicos dos solos apresentaram grande variabilidade em função da constituição granulométrica e manejos adotados. As RNAs foram eficientes no desenvolvimento de FPTs capazes de estimar a retenção de água com base em propriedades básicas de solo obtidas em grande número. / Economic development and increasing agricultural productivity have intensified the use of chemical products in farming. The quantification environmental impact of these products requires the use of models that describe the flow of water and solutes in the unsaturated region of the soil. For this purpose, one of the most effective parameters belong to the water retention curve of the soil. The purpose of this work was to develop pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate the retention of water by soils of the hydrographic microbasin of the Canchim river, in the municipality of São Carlos, state of São Paulo, Brazil, based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). The physical attributes, granulometry (clay, silt and sand), density and resistance to penetration of LVAd, LVe, LVdf and NVef soils, managed with and without vegetal cover and under forest, were determined using nonconventional equipment at Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária in São Carlos, SP. These parameters were used as input variables for two artificial neural networks. The soils\' water retention curves were also obtained using a Richards pressure chamber and computed tomography, as well as their total porosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. A soil granulometric analyzer and a penetrometer allied to TDR provided a large number of data. The soils\' physical attributes displayed a wide variability as a function of their granulometric constitution and adopted managements. The ANNs were effective in developing PTFs able to estimate the water retention based on the large number of basic soil properties.