Orientador: Marlies Sazima / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T00:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AvilaJunior_RubemSamuelde_D.pdf: 1999828 bytes, checksum: 205180fb33233e0a4017decb15bec625 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: As interações entre plantas e esfingídeos estão entre os exemplos de maior especialização encontrados na literatura de biologia da polinização, constituindo assim, importantes casos de coevolução. A guilda de espécies com características de esfingofilia i avaliada juntamente com a comunidade de Sphingidae em uma área de Floresta Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil. Foram encontradas 30 espécies que apresentavam tais características juntamente com 50 espécies de Sphingidae. Esta guilda pode ser dividida em três distintos grupos funcionais mediante as características morfométricas avaliadas, o que também ocorreu para os Sphingidae, indicando a presença de um grupo bastante reduzido de espécies estritamente esfingófilas. O padrão de distribuição temporal apresentou forte convergência entre os dois grupos (plantas e esfingídeos) e, além disso, as espécies esfingófilas apresentam padrão agregado da floração o que sugere existência de possíveis vantagens de utilização de grandes "displays" florais na atração dos esfingídeos. Porém, uma análise das cargas polínicas encontradas nos esfingídeos capturados aponta um número muito maior (63 spp.) de espécies vegetais associadas. Tal fato parece estar associado a uma característica mais generalista que o presumido no tipo floral utilizado pelos esfingídeos, pois espécies vegetais de grupos taxonômicos nunca antes associados à Sphingidae foram registradas. Esta característica pode ser evidenciada quando se observa a topologia e os resultados das métricas das redes de interações. Além disso, os resultados das métricas variam ao longo do ano e contrastam quando comparados com a análise da rede como uma matriz geral e unificada de todos os meses amostrados. Não foi encontrada relação entre atributos morfológicos e o número de interações e os resultados indicam baixa sobreposição de uso de recursos florais pelas espécies de Sphingidae / Abstract: Não informado / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

O presente trabalho investiga três aspectos da estrutura de comunidades de formigas do bioma Cerrado: interações interespecíficas, riqueza e diversidade de espécies e guildas. Primeiramente, investiguei a influência dos comportamentos agressivos observados em interações interespecíficas nos levantamentos faunísticos que empregam iscas, verificando a existência de hierarquias de dominância dentro das comunidades de formigas e tentando responder se essa eventual dominância comportamental da fonte alimentar poderia alterar os resultados de freqüência relativa das espécies obtidos em levantamentos. Utilizei como modelo iscas de sardinha que mimetizam fontes de proteína. Registrei os atos comportamentais de formigas visitando 60 iscas oferecidas por 90 minutos sobre o solo de duas localidades de Cerrado. Setenta e duas espécies foram registradas realizando 682 atos comportamentais interativos, dos quais 352 foram agressivos, resultando na morte de 29 indivíduos. A maioria das espécies observadas monitora constantemente o habitat à procura de alimentos, sobrepondo as áreas de forrageamento das colônias que estão próximas, resultando assim na competição freqüentemente observada. A maioria das iscas (85%) foi visitada nos primeiros cinco minutos de exposição e em média 4,8 espécies (1-8) visitaram cada isca durante os 90 minutos. O comportamento mais comum registrado foi a visita oportunista das formigas nas iscas; nesta situação a operária encontra solitariamente a isca, coleta uma porção da sardinha e retorna ao ninho. Muitas vezes operárias foram observadas obstruindo o acesso das outras que visitavam as mesmas iscas, por utilizarem químicos repelentes, recrutamento de massa ou por serem agressivas. Minhas observações indicam que, embora a dominância da isca por determinadas espécies possa ocorrer, resultando na exclusão das espécies subordinadas, a ordem na hierarquia de dominância pode se inverter em outra ocasião, possivelmente como resultado da distância da fonte ao ninho, da composição de espécies interagindo na mesma isca e das diferentes estratégias de recrutamento empregadas em cada situação. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, realizei um levantamento da fauna de formigas em 7 localidades de Cerrado, utilizando métodos quantitativos e qualitativos. Para as coletas quantitativas, uma área de 1ha de Cerrado sensu stricto foi escolhida em cada localidade e 25 pontos foram sorteados de um total de 121 pontos demarcados em uma grade de coleta, formada por 11 transectos, separados 10m entre si, com 11 pontos separados, também 10m um do outro. Em cada localidade as iscas foram oferecidas por 90 minutos no solo e na vegetação nos períodos diurno e noturno. Um total de 4.400 iscas foram oferecidas em todas as 7 localidades, com o objetivo de comparar a similaridade faunística entre as áreas amostradas. Utilizei ainda, em cinco localidades, 500 iscas dispostas em Matas Ciliares (100 por localidade), no solo e na vegetação, apenas no período diurno, em transectos cobrindo 250m lineares. Para as amostragens qualitativas utilizei: coletas com pinça, frasco aspirador, escavação de cupinzeiros, o revirar de pedras, a abertura de troncos, galhos e gravetos caídos, amostras de serapilheira submetidas a funil de Berlese-Tüllgren e extrator de Winkler, a instalação de armadilhas do tipo pit-fall, bandejas com água e para a captura de alados Malaise e armadilha luminosa. Um total de 331 espécies foi registrado, somando todas as espécies de formigas amostradas nos levantamentos qualitativos e quantitativos nas 7 localidades de Cerrado. Neste levantamento foram registradas as subfamílias Formicinae, Myrmecinae, Dilichoderinae, Ecitoninae, Ponerinae, Pseudomyrmecinae e Cerapachyinae. Os gêneros Camponotus, Pheidole, Crematogaster e Solenopsis foram os mais ricos em número de espécies. Pseudomyrmex mostrou uma grande diversidade de espécies (29), incluindo espécies ainda não descritas. Muitas espécies foram registradas pela primeira vez nesta latitude como Blepharidatta conops, Gigantiops destructor, Paraponera clavata, Megalomyrmex acauna e Tingimyrmex mirabilis. Como última etapa do trabalho, analisei a comunidade amostrada no Cerrado, tentando revelar as guildas de formigas existentes, baseando-me na taxonomia, na preferência trófica, nos hábitos de nidificação, nas estratégias de forrageamento, no padrão de comportamento observado em interações interespecíficas, no tamanho das operárias, na agilidade relativa das espécies e no tamanho da população das colônias maduras. Selecionei para análise os táxons associados com os dados de observações de campo, considerando para este propósito um total de 110 espécies. Uma análise de agrupamento com distância Euclidiana e ligação completa orientou a formação de 12 guildas: predadoras grandes, patrulheiras, oportunistas, espécies crípticas, desfolheadoras, cultivadoras de fungos sobre carcaças, mirmicíneas generalistas, dolichoderíneas de recrutamento massivo, nômades, especialistas mínimas, cefalotíneas e dolichoderíneas coletoras de néctar. Por fim, eu comparo a estrutura da comunidade de uma localidade no “core” do Cerrado, com uma localidade “ilha” de Cerrado, utilizando o modelo de classificação das guildas, demonstrando que existe uma substituição de espécies dentro dos grupos e que as comunidades são funcionalmente semelhantes. / The present work investigates three aspects of ant community structure in the tropical dry forest of the Brazilian Central Plateau (Cerrado): interespecific interactions, richness and diversity of species and guilds. Firstly, I investigated the influence of aggressive behaviors in interspecific interactions on ant faunistic surveys that employ baits, assessing if the eventual behavioral dominance hierarchy on the food source influences the relative frequencies observed in surveys. I used as model sardine baits that mimic sources of protein, recording the behavioral acts of ants visiting 60 baits, offered for 90 minutes, on the soil of two Cerrado localities. Seventy-two ant species were registered performing 682 interactive behavioral acts, of which 352 were aggressive, resulting in the death of 29 individuals. Of the observed species, most constantly monitor the habitat searching for food, resulting in niche overlapping, and hence interespecific competition was quite frequent. Most baits (85%) were visited in the first five minutes after exposition, and in average 4,8 (1-8) species visited each bait during the 90 min. The most common behavior registered was the opportunistic visit of ants to baits, in which individuals find the bait alone, take some of it and leave the spot. Nevertheless some species were observed obstructing the access of others visiting the same bait, either by releasing irritating sprays, employing massive recruitment, or by agonistic behaviors. My observations indicate that although dominance may occur resulting in the exclusion of subordinate species, the order in dominance hierarchies may change, possibly as a result of the different distances from the nest to the food source, of the species composition interacting at a given bait, and of the different recruiting strategies employed by them in each situation. Secondly, I check the ant fauna through qualitative and quantitative surveys in seven Cerrado localities. For this purpose the samples include all species collected by different techniques. To perform the quantitative surveys, one area (1ha) of Cerrado sensu stricto was chosen before collecting events in each locality, and 25 points were randomly chosen among 121 points in a grid made by 11 transects, separated 10m either, with 11 points, also separated 10m from each other. At each locality sardine baits were offered for 90 minutes, over the soil and on the vegetation, at day and night periods. A total of 4400 baits in all seven localities were offered in order to compare the ant species composition in each surveyed area. I summed to this total 500 baits set in Forests bordering rivers, on transects covering 250m, in five localities. For the qualitative surveys, a set of general procedures was applied including general collecting using forceps and aspirator, excavations on termites nests, the turn of rocks and opening of rotting wood, tearing up logs and stumps, submitting litter samples to Berlese-Tüllgren funnels and Winkler extractors, the setting of pit-fall traps and yellow water trays, and Malaises and light-traps to capture winged forms. Summing all ants collected in qualitative and quantitative surveys I registered 331 species. In this survey I registered the subfamilies: Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Dolichoderinae, Ecitoninae, Ponerinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, and Cerapachyinae. The genera Camponotus, Pheidole, Crematogaster, and Solenopsis were the most rich in number of species. Pseudomyrmex showed a great diversity (29 species), including undescribed ones. Several species had their first record in this latitude as Blepharidatta conops, Gigantiops destructor, Paraponera clavata, Megalomyrmex acauna, and Tingimyrmex mirabilis. Finally, I analyzed the Cerrado ant community trying to classify the species in guilds based on taxonomy, throphic preference, nidification habits, foraging and recruitment strategies, behavioral patterns observed on interespecific interactions, size of workers, “readiness of movement” and estimated mature colony population. I selected for this analysis those taxa associated with field observation data, considering for this purposes a total of 110 species. A cluster analysis, with Euclidean distance, and with complete linkage oriented the formation of 12 guilds: big predators, patrollers, opportunistic, cryptic, leaf cuttings, fungus growers over carcass, generalist myrmicines, aggressive arboreal, nomads, minimal specialist, cephalotines, and nectars feed dolichoderines. After that I compared two Cerrado localities, utilizing the guild model, revealing as well which species substitute others in different localities, and that the communities are functionally similar.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-20T17:41:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 renancastrosantana.pdf: 1526105 bytes, checksum: 6952badff2c85299fef2af6f59b8502e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-26T20:24:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 renancastrosantana.pdf: 1526105 bytes, checksum: 6952badff2c85299fef2af6f59b8502e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T20:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 renancastrosantana.pdf: 1526105 bytes, checksum: 6952badff2c85299fef2af6f59b8502e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-26 / As aranhas constituem um grupo megadiverso, sendo o sétimo em riqueza, ultrapassado somente por cinco ordens de insetos e a ordem Acari. Sensíveis a variações abióticas e bióticas do ambiente são consideradas potenciais bioindicadoras. Predadoras generalistas exercem um papel importante na regulação de populações de artrópodes. Mesmo apresentando tamanha importância, a ordem Araneae está longe de ser totalmente conhecida, sendo estimadas mais de cem mil espécies no mundo. As regiões tropicais e subtropicais estão subamostradas, carecendo de pesquisadores na área. Influenciadas pela estratificação temporal e espacial, o grupo apresenta uma grande variedade de estratégias de captura de presas. A separação da comunidade de aranhas em guildas pode auxiliar no entendimento da dinâmica do ecossistema, sendo uma importante ferramenta para o estudo ecológico. Reconhecendo a importância da comunidade de aranhas de solo, esta dissertação objetivou caracterizar a araneofauna de solo, analisar as guildas presentes e as dominâncias das espécies encontradas, verificando a influência de fatores climáticos sobre esta fauna em uma floresta estacional semidecidual no interior do Bioma Cerrado. A área de estudo foi o Parque Ecológico Jatobá Centenário, um fragmento de 90 hectares, localizado no município de Morrinhos no estado de Goiás. O clima da região é Aw de acordo com a classificação de Koppen, caracterizado por duas estações, uma quente e úmida e outra fria e seca. As aranhas de solo foram amostradas quatro vezes durante um ano através da utilização de armadilhas de queda do tipo pitfall, cada uma delas permaneceu em campo por sete dias completos. Foram coletadas 4139 aranhas distribuídas em 35 famílias e 118 morfoespécies. Na estação chuvosa observou-se maior abundância, riqueza e diversidade em relação ao período seco. A umidade, temperatura e precipitação também apresentaram diferenças entre as duas estações amostradas. O cálculo da dominância revelou a presença de uma espécie eudominante e três dominantes, estas representando aproximadamente 40% do total de aranhas coletadas. A presença de poucas espécies dominantes e muitas raras é típica de comunidades tropicais. As famílias foram agrupadas em oito guildas, as mais representativas pertenceram às “caçadoras ativas de solo e vegetação” e as “tecelãs de solo e vegetação”. A abundância de indivíduos dentro das guildas foi diferente entre as duas estações, o período chuvoso apresentando maior quantidade de indivíduos. Os dados são expressivos observando que poucos estudos restritos a araneofauna de solo ultrapassam xi a quantidade de espécies e espécimes coletados. A ausência de relação das variáveis bióticas com as abióticas pode estar relacionada à comunidade ser sensível a fatores microclimáticos e/ou diferenças estruturais do ambiente, como quantidade de serapilheira, sombreamento e diversidade de presas. As guildas amostradas refletem a metodologia utilizada, observando que esta é seletiva para aranhas de solo, enquanto as guildas restritas ao ambiente arbóreo-arbustivo que foram amostradas podem ter sido coletadas de forma acidental e/ou em período de dispersão as quais podem utilizar o solo como substrato de acesso a outras plantas. / Spiders are a megadiverse group, the seventh most richness, surpassed only by five insect orders and Acari. They are considered good bioindicators due to their great sensibility to biotic and abiotic variations. As generalist predators they have an important whole in regulation of arthropod populations. Despite these facts the Araneae order is few known being expected more than ten thousand species in the world. The tropical and subtropical regions are bad sampled, main due to the lack of taxonomists. Due to temporal and spatial stratification, this group presents a great variety in prey capture strategies. The separation of the spider community in guilds can help to understand the ecosystem dynamic, being an important tool to ecological studies. Thus, due to the importance of soil spider community, this dissertation intended to establish a characterization of ground araneofauna, to analyse the present guilds and species dominance, studying the influence of climatic factors acting on this fauna in a semidecidual forest in the tropical savanna Cerrado. The study site was Parque Ecológico Jatobá Centenário, a fragment of 90 hectares, placed in the municipality of Morrinhos, Goiás state. The climate in the area is AW according to Koppen, presenting two typical seasons, one hot and moist and another dry and cold. Spiders were sampled four times through the year using pitfall traps, each one remained in the field for seven days. Were collected 4139 spiders, of 35 families and 118 species. In the rainy season was observed the higher abundance, richness and diversity. Temperature, humidity and rainfall presented differences between seasons. Dominance analysis showed the presence of one self-dominant and three dominant species, that represented 40% of the total sample. The presence of few dominant species and several rare is typical of tropical communities. The families were grouped in eight guilds, the more representative belonging to “ground and vegetation active hunters” and “ground and vegetation weavers”. The intra guild abundance of individuals was different between seasons, the rainy season presented higher abundance. The present data have significant importance considering that few others presented more species or individuals. The absence of relation between biotic and abiotic variables may be influenced by microclimate and structural differences in the environment, as for example the amount of litter, shadows and prey diversity. The sampled guilds were influenced by the xiii methods, directed to ground dwelling spiders, the species of shrub communities were accidentally sampled, probably captured when moving between plants or dispersing.

Cette thèse traite de l'importance des Ordres professionnels qui constituent des institutions corporatives légales présentes dans certaines professions libérales. L'ensemble des membres d'une profession libérale encadrée par un Ordre a ainsi l'obligation d'adhérer à son Ordre. Les Ordres professionnels ont pour fin la déontologie de la profession qui constitue un droit disciplinaire. Le Conseil d'Etat reconnait que les Ordres professionnels accomplissent une mission de service public et sont dotés à cette fin de prérogatives de puissance publique. La déontologie vérifie que l'exercice professionnel est conforme à sa fin. Son respect est donc nécessaire, non seulement pour les professionnels mais également pour leurs clients ou patients et pour les tiers. L'existence des Ordres professionnels est dérogatoire au droit commun qui prohibe les corporations et les groupements obligatoires sauf lorsqu'il s'agit de personnes morales de droit public. En tant qu'ils sont des corporations, les Ordres professionnels voient leur légitimité contestée. Les Ordres professionnels ne sont pas directement contrôlés par l'Etat ni par les tiers qui sont pourtant concernés par leur activité. Rendre les Ordres professionnels responsables du fait de leurs membres (par présomption simple de faute) permettrait un contrôle juridictionnel renforcé de leur action. Il s'agit de vérifier que cette action poursuit bien la fin qui lui est dévolue : la déontologie professionnelle, dans l'intérêt des tiers et du bien commun. / This thesis stresses the importance of professional orders, which are legal guild institutions present in certain professions. All members of a profession regulated by a professional Order have the obligation to join the Order. Professional Orders aim at setting the ethics of the profession, which constitute a true disciplinary law. The "Conseil d'Etat" acknowledges that they perform a public service task and are granted powers of a public authority for the purpose thereof. Ethics ensure that the professional practice meets its end. As a consequence, compliance not only is necessary for professionals but also for their clients or patients as well as for third parties. The existence of the professional Orders are derogatory from general law that prohibits mandatory guilds and groups except when it comes to legal persons of public law. As they are guilds, their legitimacy is disputed. Professional Orders are not directly controlled by the State or by third parties who are nevertheless affected by their activities. To make them liable their members' actions (by rebuttable presumption of fault) would allow strengthened judicial review of their action. The purpose is to verify that this action actually pursues the end that is assigned to it: professional ethics, in the interests of third parties and of the common good.

No description available.

No description available.

With a new focus on flow regulation by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in reservoir tailwaters, it is now possible to recover many mussel species that once occurred in these reaches. Before flows can be modified to create habitat for freshwater mussels, suitable microhabitat conditions must be defined. In this study, I used multiple approaches to define suitable microhabitats for species in the free-flowing upper Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, where reproducing mussel populations persist. During summer low flows in 2003 and 2004, I measured flow and substrate conditions in over 1000 microhabitat patches (0.25 m² quadrat samples) across five river reaches. Flow characteristics and embeddedness were significantly different between microhabitats occupied and unoccupied by the most abundant species (MRPP, p < 0.05). Comparison of simple and multiple logistic regression models with Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC) demonstrated that increasing Fleisswasserstammtisch (FST) hemisphere number (a measure of shear stress), decreasing degree of embeddedness, and increasing mean column velocity best explained species occurrences in a microhabitat patch. Subtle differentiation in habitat use among species was observed; however, most species appeared to be microhabitat generalists. Species were grouped into three habitat guilds using corresponding canonical analysis and cluster analysis: fast-flow specialists (FFS), fast-flow generalists (FFG), and slow-flow tolerant (SFT). I used the same data set to develop and test transferability of Habitat Suitability Criteria (HSC) for three habitat guilds and seven species of adult freshwater mussels. Nonparametric tolerance limits were used to define the range of suitable and optimal habitat during summer low flows. Optimal habitat was defined as those ranges of FST hemisphere number, mean column velocity, and embeddedness occupied by the central 50% of independent observations for a species or guild, whereas suitable habitat was defined by those ranges occupied by the central 90% of observations. The transferability of criteria to other reaches of the Clinch River was assessed using one-sided Chi-square tests. Criteria developed for the fast-flow specialist (FFS) and fast-flow generalist (FFG) guilds, as well as most criteria for species in those guilds, transferred to destination reaches. In contrast, criteria developed for the slow-flow tolerant (SFT) guild and individual constituent species consistently failed to transfer. Criteria for FFS and FFG guilds and their constituent species should be incorporated into flow simulation models such as PHABSIM to gauge the effect of minimum flows on mussel habitat quality and quantity. These criteria could also be used to determine suitable sites for mussel translocations. However, my criteria require further testing in other rivers before they can be transferred beyond the Clinch River. Behavior and physiological responses to laboratory manipulations of flow velocity and substrate particle size were used to elucidate microhabitat preferences of Actinonaias pectorosa, Potamilus alatus, and Ptychobranchus subtentum. These species appeared less stressed in the fastest flow treatment, demonstrating significantly higher oxygen consumption and oxygen-to-nitrogen (O:N) ratios than in slower flow treatments. Only P. alatus demonstrated a preference for substrate particle size, and consistently selected finer particle sizes. Actinonaias pectorosa and P. subtentum demonstrated preference for fast-flow microhabitats by readily burrowing in those conditions, while abandoning slow-flow conditions. The lack of preference for substrate particle size demonstrated by A. pectorosa and P. subtentum supports conclusions of previous studies that substrate particle size is of little or secondary importance for explaining mussel microhabitat use. These results, along with previous studies in the Clinch River, demonstrate that the stable habitats of riffles and runs; characterized by fast flows during summer low flows, low percent bedrock, and low embeddedness, are the most suitable habitats for mussel assemblages. To create and maintain suitable habitat conditions in tailwaters, releases should maintain flow over riffles at a minimum depth of no less than 30 cm in riffles that provide higher shear stress conditions (FST number > 7) and velocities (> 0.70 m/s). Periodic releases that are sufficient to transport silt and sand, but not high enough to transport larger substrate should be adequate to maintain substrates with a low degree of embeddedness. Doing so would create suitable habitat for all mussels, from the most to least specialized. Additionally, HSC developed for FFS and FFG guilds can be used to determine suitable destination sites for translocations of species belonging to these guilds. / Master of Science

Exotic invasive plants have become a significant issue in the Southeastern United States for private landowners. These plants possess characteristics that allow for rapid growth and easy adaptation to many growing conditions, often outcompeting native vegetation and altering wildlife habitat, especially in disturbed areas. Disturbance, including access roads, trails, harvest sites, powerline corridors, and fence rows, is common on private land. Private landowners are often left to combat these problems without many monetary or expertise resources that are available to federal lands. Three field sites, each in a different physiographic province in Virginia, were surveyed for exotic invasive populations and sampled with nested overstory, understory, and regeneration plots and wildlife point intercept transects using paired plots during the summers of 2006 and 2007. Species richness of the overstory and understory did differ, but native percent understory cover and sapling density remained unchanged. Tree density and forest basal area were reduced with presence of exotic invasive plants. Regeneration diversity and density decreased in areas of exotic plant invasion. Eastern cottontail habitat suitability increased with the presence of exotic invasive plants. Suitability of habitat for the gray squirrel, downy woodpecker food, black-capped chickadee reproduction, and eastern wild turkey cover declined with the occurrence of exotic invasive plants. Twenty three of thirty seven total invasive plots were within twenty feet of a disturbance area. Continual assessment of impacts will help provide a better understanding of the nature of exotic invasive plants to landowners and may help them to manage and prevent plant invasions. / Master of Science

This study examines the impact of forest age on bird morphology and feeding guilds within the Kibale National Park, Uganda. Bird morphology is closely linked to their environment, effecting their ability to find food, avoid predators, and attract mates. Species characteristics in bird communities could change along the forest successional gradient, as different species or guilds exhibit preferences for specific stages of forest succession. Habitat preferences, such as the availability of nesting sites, foraging opportunities, and food availability, can be directly affected by changes in forest age. Life history traits like reproductive strategies and tolerance to disturbance and ecological interactions, such as competition, predation, and mutualism, can also be influenced by forest age. Changes in forest structure and resource availability can alter these dynamics, leading to shifts in species composition and community structure.  In this work data was derived from a study conducted in 2016, following the restoration of the Kibale National Park were the feeding guilds and morphological traits of birds were gathered from observed specimens in different aged forests to see if these traits change along the age gradient.  Understanding the relationship between forest age and species characteristics is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies. Conservation efforts often involve maintaining or restoring habitat conditions that support key species populations, which may include managing forest age structure to meet specific ecological requirements. By examining the data and working the statistics, significance could be found in all cases regarding bird traits and total number of individuals, with an increase in variables when compared to forest of primary age. Significance was only found in insectivore/nectivorous (IN) feeding guild with significance difference between forests of younger-primary age and older-primary age, and the sallying insectivorous (SAL) feeding guilds with no significant difference between the forest ages.

Dans la Normandie médiévale, à partir de la fin du XIIIe siècle, le terme de métier peut désigner une catégorie d’institutions professionnelles reconnue par les contemporains. À partir de cette époque, les modalités d’application de la réglementation économique propre à ces métiers émergent dans la documentation. Elles se caractérisent notamment par le rôle de gardes désignés avec la participation du groupe professionnel régulé. Cette évolution accompagne la deuxième révolution de l’écrit, qui accentue la mise par écrit des normes. Les statuts de métiers, qui fixent le fonctionnement d’organisations professionnelles, s’intègrent dans le développement d’une réglementation plus détaillée, dont la diffusion géographique est corrélée à la hiérarchie urbaine. Le recoupement des sources normatives avec les archives judiciaires et comptables a permis de compléter le panorama des institutions de métiers normandes, qui inclut des bourgs comme Elbeuf ou Neufchâtel-en-Bray, voire des activités rurales comme la poterie ou la métallurgie. L’analyse quantitative d’un corpus couvrant 60 ressorts juridictionnels atteste sa représentativité et suggère une diversification des institutions de métiers, au-delà des biais documentaires qui ont parfois trompé l’historiographie, notamment à propos de la conflictualité. L’amélioration des sources disponibles autorise des études de cas sur Rouen, mais aussi sur la seigneurie de Louviers, sur les baronnies d’Elbeuf et de Roncheville et sur la minière de Beaumont à Saint-Rémy-sur-Orne. Les comparaisons révèlent les limites de l’autonomie des organisations de métiers dans la sanction des règles professionnelles, malgré quelques exceptions comme les juridictions corporatives du maître des férons de Normandie ou du prévôt des tanneurs de Rouen. Cependant, l’expertise sur la qualité et sur la qualification, tout comme les procédures d’entrée en apprentissage et de maîtrise, paraissent souvent échapper aux autorités jusqu’à la fin du XIVe siècle, et le recours aux juridictions supérieures reste fluctuant au XVe siècle. L’identité des organisations de métiers se polarise autour de leurs gardes, assermentés devant les autorités, plutôt que de se cristalliser dans des communautés dont les contours restent mouvants. De ce fait, l’action collective des groupes professionnels ne se formalise que très progressivement et sort souvent du cadre des institutions de métiers, même si la consultation des communautés est une étape importante dans la genèse de la réglementation professionnelle. La formalisation des institutions de métiers relève d’un développement du droit écrit, dont les usages par des associations professionnelles ou par les autorités varient en fonction des circonstances. / In medieval Normandy, from the end of the XIIIth century, the word métier (craft) could refer to a category of profession-based institutions that were clearly identified by the contemporary society. Dating from that period, the documentation also sheds a new light on the modes of enforcement of the economic rules which are particular to these craft institutions. Among their main characteristics was the role of craft officers (gardes du métier) who were appointed in agreement with the craft group. This evolution goes with the second "writing revolution" which developed the use of written norms. In this study, craft rules are therefore defined as a type of source which sets the structures of craft organisations. The development of this type of source was only part of the expansion of more detailed professional rules, whose geographic diffusion reflects the urban hierarchy. Judicial sources and accounts completed those normative sources and broadened the spectrum of craft institutions by including small towns like Elbeuf or Neufchâtel-en-Bray, as well as rural activities like pottery or metallurgy. The quantitative analysis of sources covering over 60 jurisdictions shows their representativity and a growth that does not entirely come from documentary biases. The diversity of places and activities ruled by craft institutions grew at the end of the Middle Ages. Better sources make case studies possible not only in Rouen but also in the jurisdictions of Louviers, of Elbeuf, of Roncheville and of the mine of Beaumont at Saint-Rémy-sur-Orne. The comparisons reveal how limited the autonomy of craft organisations concerning the enforcement of rules could be, despite a few exceptions like the master of the ironworkers of Normandy or the provost of the tanners of Rouen who had jurisdiction over their peers. However, until the end of the 14th century, the authorities seemed to lack control over the expertise on the quality of goods and on qualification, as well as over the formalities required for becoming an apprentice or a master. Even in the 15th century, the superior courts did not always intervene in such cases. The identity of craft organisations revolved more around their officers, who were sworn before higher authorities, than it depended on the shifting boundaries of the working communities. As a consequence, the collective action of workers very slowly took a formal aspect and often took place outside the craft institutions. Nevertheless, craft communities were consulted as a group about their rules. The development of formal craft institutions at the end of the Middle Ages can be linked to the growing use of written laws that were claimed by professional associations or by the authorities according to the context.