Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Currently a large number of people are searching for a healthier lifestyle, with a balanced diet, choosing for foods with low levels of fats and sugars and fibers increments. Desirable due to their nutritional, functional and technological properties, the fibers can be used to increase the demand for agricultural products and byproducts as well as ingredients for the food industry. Corn is one of the cereals most produced and consumed in the world, generating millions of tons of residues annually, including the corn cob. Rich in fibers, the corn cob is also a source of nutrients and minerals. Rich in fibers, the corn cob is also a source of nutrients and minerals. One of the new trends of the meat industry is the formulation of differentiated meat products that contain beneficial substances or superior properties to those of the original products, being increasingly the offering of products artificially enriched with nutritional and functional properties. The objective of this study was to develop meat products as from of the elaboration of flour of the corn cob. Were formulated four treatments of cook sausage meat (mortadella), added of flour of the corn cob (2,22%, 3,70% and 5,20%) and four treatments of the hamburger (3%, 6% and 8%). The flour was characterized according to the physico-chemical, microbiological and functional analyzes showing a good performance for application in meat products. The mortadella and the hamburgers were characterized according to physical-chemical, microbiological, instrumental texture and sensory analysis. The mortadella showed satisfactory behavior in all analyzes, however the formulation containing 5,20% of the flour did not show satisfactory results for the sensory analysis. The hamburgers showed the highest percentage of income in cooking and better sensory acceptability having lower acceptance for formulation with 8% of the flour. The study of the application of this source of fiber of agricultural by-product in meat products, gains importance due to the numerous advantages that research generates, bringing benefits to the health of people, and for the industries as an alternative and cheaper source of dietary fiber. / Atualmente um grande número de pessoas busca um estilo de vida mais saudável, com uma alimentação balanceada, optando por alimentos com teores reduzidos de gorduras e açúcares e com incrementos de fibras. Desejáveis por suas propriedades nutricionais, funcionais e tecnológicas, as fibras podem ser usadas para aumentar a demanda de produtos e subprodutos agrícolas, assim como ingredientes para a indústria de alimentos. O milho é um dos cereais mais produzidos e consumidos no mundo inteiro, gerando anualmente milhões de toneladas de resíduos, dentre eles, o sabugo. Rico em fibras, o sabugo de milho também é fonte de nutrientes e sais minerais. Uma das novas tendências da indústria cárnea é a formulação de produtos cárneos diferenciados que contenham substâncias benéficas ou propriedades superiores às dos produtos originais, sendo cada vez maior a oferta de produtos enriquecidos artificialmente com propriedades nutricionais e funcionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver produtos cárneos a partir da elaboração da farinha do sabugo de milho. Foram formulados quatro tratamentos de mortadelas, adicionadas de farinha do sabugo de milho (2,22%, 3,70% e 5,20%) e quatro tratamentos de hambúrguer (3%, 6% e 8%). A farinha foi caracterizada conforme as análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e funcionais, apresentando bom desempenho para aplicação nos produtos cárneos. As mortadelas e os hambúrgueres foram caracterizados conforme análises físicoquímicas, microbiológicas, instrumental de textura e sensorial. As mortadelas apresentaram comportamento satisfatório em todas as análises, porém a formulação contendo 5,20% de farinha não apresentou resultados satisfatórios para avaliação sensorial. Os hambúrgueres apresentaram maior percentual de rendimento no cozimento e melhor aceitabilidade sensorial havendo menor aceitação para a formulação com 8% de farinha. O estudo da aplicação dessa fonte de fibra do subproduto agrícola em produtos cárneos, ganha importância devido às inúmeras vantagens que a pesquisa gera, trazendo benefícios à saúde das pessoas, quanto para as indústrias como fonte alternativa e mais barata de fibra alimentar.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Randall K. Phebus / With the implementation of the Food and Drug Administration’s Food Safety Modernization Act, the food industry must scientifically verify that current production processes provide sufficient protection against pathogens. This study was conducted to validate a simulated commercial baking process for hamburger buns to control Salmonella spp. contamination and to determine the appropriateness of using non-pathogenic surrogates (Enterococcus faecium ATCC 8459 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for in-plant process validation studies. Wheat flour was separately inoculated (~6 log CFU/g) with three Salmonella serovars (Typhimurium, Newport or Senftenberg) or E. faecium. Dough was formed, proofed, and baked to mimic commercial manufacturing conditions. Non-inoculated dough was used to evaluate S. cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast) survival during baking. Buns were baked for 9, 11 and 13 min in a conventional oven set at 218°C, with internal bun temperature profiles recorded. Salmonella serovars and S. cerevisiae were reduced by >6 log[subscript]10 CFU/g after 9 min of baking. E. faecium was detected by direct plating after 11 min of baking but not after 13 min. After 13 min of baking, all three target organisms were eliminated (>6 log CFU/g reduction) in the buns. D- and z-values of Salmonella spp. (3-serovar cocktail), E. faecium, and S. cerevisiae in bun dough were also determined. D-values of Salmonella spp. and E. faecium during heating of dough were 28.64 and 133.33, 7.61 and 55.67, and 3.14 and 14.72 min at 55, 58 and 61°C, respectivly; whereas, D-values of S. cerevisiae were 18.73, 5.67 and 1.03 min at 52, 55 and 58°C, respectivly. The z-values of Salmonella spp., E. faecium and S. cerevisiae were 6.58, 6.25 and 4.74ºC, respectively. E. faecium demonstrated greater thermal resistance than Salmonella spp. and S. cerevisiae, making it an appropriate (and conservative) surrogate to establish thermal process lethality in the validation of commercial baking operations. The low thermal tolerance of S. cerevisiae relative to Salmonella limits its usefulness as a potential surrogate for process validations.

Mudanças econômicas e hábitos alimentares incorretos estão contribuindo para maior ingestão calórica nas populações dos centros urbanos. Intensificam-se as pesquisas para a obtenção de ingredientes com menor valor calórico. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados os efeitos da Polidextrose (Litesse®II), Salatrim (Benefat®) e Sucralose (Splenda®) em substituição à gordura hidrogenada e sacarose em formulação de pão para hambúrguer. Avaliou-se a dureza, volume, umidade, cor e valor calórico pela Metodologia da Superfície de Resposta (MSR). Os resultados mostraram que os ingredientes utilizados sugerem grande potencial para o desenvolvimento de produtos panificados com valor energético reduzido, e a sobreposição das superfícies permitiu obtenção de formulações otimizadas. / Economic changes and incorrect nutrition habits are causing more calories ingestion in the populations of the urban centers. Substitution of fat and sugar on diet has being object of intense research in the attempt to producing foods without these ingredients or with reduction of amount normally used. In this work the effect of the Polidextrose (Litesse® II), Salatrim (Benefat®) and Sucralose (Splenda®) had been tested in substitution to the hydrogenated fat and sucrose in hamburger buns formulas. It was evaluated firmness, volume, moisture, color and caloric value using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that the used ingredients suggest great potential for the development of bakery products with reduced energy value. Surfaces intersections allowed to obtain optimized bread formulas.

The present thesis intents on analysing the truncated matricial Hamburger power moment problem in the general (degenerate and non-degenerate) case. Initiated due to manifold lines of research, by this time, outnumbering results and thoughts have been established that are concerned with specific subproblems within this field. The resulting presence of such a diversity as well as an extensively considered topic si- multaneously involves advantageous as well as obstructive aspects: on the one hand, we adopt the favourable possibility to capitalise on essential available results that proved beneficial within subsequent research. Nevertheless, on the other hand, we are obliged to illustrate major preparatory work in order to illucidate the comprehension of the attaching examination. Moreover, treating the matricial cases of the respective problems requires meticulous technical demands, in particular, in view of the chosen explicit approach to solving the considered tasks. Consequently, the first part of this thesis is dedicated to furnishing the necessary basis arranging the prime results of this research paper. Compul- sary notation as well as objects are introduced and thoroughly explained. Furthermore, the required techniques in order to achieve the desired results are characterised and ex- haustively discussed. Concerning the respective findings, we are afforded the opportunity to seise presentations and results that are, by this time, elaborately studied. Being equipped with mandatory cognisance, the thematically bipartite second and pivo- tal part objectives to describe all the possible values of all the solution functions of the truncated matricial Hamburger power moment problem M P [R; (s j ) 2n j=0 , ≤]. Aming this, we realise a first paramount achievement epitomising one of the two parts of the main results: Capturing an established representation of the solution set R 0,q [Π + ; (s j ) 2n j=0 , ≤] of the assigned matricial Hamburger moment problem via operating a specific algorithm of Schur-type, we expand these findings. We formulate a parameterisation of the set R 0,q [Π + ; (s j ) 2n j=0 , ≤] which is compatible with establishing respective equivalence classes within a certain subset of Nevanlinna pairs and utilise specific systems of orthogonal polynomials in order to entrench novel representations. In conclusion, we receive a para- meterisation that is valid within the entire upper open complex half-plane Π + . The second of the two prime parts changes focus to analysing all possible values of the functions belonging to R 0,q [Π + ; (s j ) 2n j=0 , ≤] in an arbitrary point w ∈ Π + . We gain two decisive conclusions: We identify these respective values to exhaust particular matrix balls 2n K[(s j ) 2n j=0 , w] := {F (w) | F ∈ R 0,q [Π + ; (s j ) j=0 , ≤]} the parameters of which are feasable to being described by specific rational matrix-valued functions and, in this course, enhance formerly established analyses. Moreover, we compile an alternative representation of the semi-radii constructing the respective matrix balls which manifests supportive in further consideration. We seise the achieved parameterisation of the set K[(s j ) 2n j=0 , w] and examine the behaviour of the respective sequences of left and right semi-radii. We recognise that these sequences of semi-radii associated with the respective matrix balls in the general case admit a particular monotonic behaviour. Consequently, with increasing number of given data, the resulting matrix balls are identified as being nested. Moreover, a proper description of the limit case of an infinite number of prescribed moments is facilitated.:1. Brief Historic Embedding and Introduction 2. Part I: Initialising Compulsary Cognisance Arranging Principal Achievements 2.1. Notation and Preliminaries 2.2. Particular Classes of Holomorphic Matrix-Valued Functions 2.3. Nevanlinna Pairs 2.4. Block Hankel Matrices 2.5. A Schur-Type Algorithm for Sequences of Complex p × q Matrices 2.6. Specific Matrix Polynomials 3. Part II: Momentous Results and Exposition – Improved Parameterisations of the Set R 0,q [Π + ; (s j ) 2n j=0 , ≤] 3.1. An Essential Step to a Parameterisation of the Solution Set R 0,q [Π + ; (s j ) 2n j=0 , ≤] 3.2. Parameterisation of the Solution Set R 0,q [Π + ; (s j ) 2n j=0 3.3. Particular Matrix Polynomials 3.4. Description of the Solution Set of the Truncated Matricial Hamburger Moment Problem by a Certain System of Orthogonal Matrix Polynomials 4. Part III: Prime Results and Exposition – Novel Description Balls 4.1. Particular Rational Matrix-Valued Functions 4.2. Description of the Values of the Solutions 4.3. Monotony of the Semi-Radii and Limit Balls of the Weyl Matrix 5. Summary of Principal Achievements and Prospects A. Matrix Theory B. Integration Theory of Non-Negative Hermitian Measures

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:42:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Priscila_Vasconcellos_Chiattone.pdf: 802510 bytes, checksum: d8774c1b93c591816edcb9b29ffd258a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-05 / The application of ozone during the sanitization process causes a reduction of microorganisms and spores population at levels that depends on their form of application and its concentration. The great advantage of its use to other sanitizers is that the ozone acts directly on the cell wall, causing its collapse and death in less time of contact, preventing the recovery of microorganisms after the attack, and do not leaving residual chemicals in the food. However practically there is no data about the lipid effect due to the application of ozone on foods. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ozonization on the fatty acid profile of meet hamburger containing the antioxidant ascorbic acid, sodium erythorbate and mixture of citric acid and sodium erythorbate. After processing and during the period of storage under freezing, were done the analysis of the fatty acid profile, and the acidity, pH, tiobarbituric acid, peroxide value, cholesterol and cholesterol oxides. The addition of 0.6 ppm of ozone resulted in the formulation of hamburgers in their fatty acid oxidation, increasing the proportion of saturated fatty acids. However, the results of TBARS, although higher for the sample with ozone, were below the limit recommended for oxidized samples. Ozone was not related with the presence of 7b-hydroxycholesterol and 7a- hydroxycholesterol oxides, but it was associated with the presence of 7-ketocholesterol. However, this value, when compared with the existing literature to food is considered low. / O uso do ozônio nos alimentos reduz a carga de microrganismos e esporos, em níveis que dependem da sua forma de aplicação e de sua concentração. A grande vantagem de seu uso perante outros agentes sanitizantes é que o ozônio age diretamente na parede celular, causando sua ruptura e morte em menor tempo de contato, inviabilizando a recuperação dos microrganismos após o ataque, além de não deixar residual químico nos alimentos. Porém praticamente inexistem dados sobre a ação do ozônio sobre os lipídeos presentes nos alimentos. Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da ozonização sobre os ácidos graxos e o colesterol em hambúrguer bovino elaborado com os antioxidantes ácido ascórbico, eritorbato de sódio e mistura de ácido cítrico e eritorbato de sódio. Após o processamento e durante o período de estocagem sob congelamento, foram realizadas as análises do perfil de ácidos graxos, e da acidez, pH, ácido tiobarbitúrico, índice de peróxidos, colesterol e óxidos de colesterol. A adição de 0,6 ppm de ozônio na formulação de hambúrgueres causou oxidação nos seus ácidos graxos, aumentando a proporção de ácidos graxos saturados. Porém, os resultados de TBARS, mesmo sendo mais altos para a amostra com ozônio, ficaram abaixo do limite recomendado para amostras oxidadas. O ozônio não esteve associado a presença dos óxidos 7b-Hidroxicolesterol e de 7a-hidroxicolesterol nos hambúrgueres , mas esteve associado a presença do 7-cetocolesterol. No entanto, esse valor, quando comparado com os citados na literatura encontrados em alimentos, é considerado baixo.

Univ., Diss.--Bochum, 2000. / Literaturangaben.

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Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur Sveriges tre största hamburgerkedjor tagit sig an Covid-19- krisens utmaningar i sina reklamfilmer. Förhoppningen är att resultatet ska kunna bidra med kunskap om hur kriser av det här slaget kan hanteras när det handlar om marknadsföring samt hur marknadsföringen i sig kan uppfattas, både av mottagare och av de som står bakom den. Studien har analyserat åtta reklamfilmer, hälften från 2019 och hälften från 2020 för att kartlägga dels vad som kännetecknar de olika hamburgerkedjornas reklam under dessa år men också hur kedjorna vill framställa sig i sina mottagares ögon och om det har förändrats i och med Covid-19. Detta har gjorts med filmanalyser för de visuella och semiotiska resurserna i reklamfilmerna men också textanalyser med hjälp av den systemisk-funktionella lingvistikens metafunktioner för en bredare förståelse av de övergripande budskapen. Resultaten visar på likheter i kedjornas sätt att bygga upp sina reklamfilmer 2020 runt det övergripande budskapet att man tar Covid-19-viruset på allvar och prioriterar kundsäkerhet och samhällsansvar. Alla tre verksamheter är också noga med att framstå som givande och inte krävande. Det finns dock också skillnader i hur man förmedlar detta, exempelvis när det gäller distans till mottagaren, kampanjer och rollen som respektive kedja ämnar ta på sig i relation till mottagaren. Vidare går det även att identifiera återkommande mönster i resultaten från både tidigare forskning och reklamfilmerna från 2019 i alla tre kedjors Covid-19-anpassning där framförallt lättsamhet kontra allvar är tydligt.