Communication errors are frequent during the perioperative period and cause clinical incidents and adverse events. The overall aim of the thesis was to study communication – the transfer of information, especially the postoperative handover – between healthcare personnel in an anaesthetic clinic and the effects of using the communication tool SBAR (Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation) from a patient safety perspective. The thesis is based on studies using a correlational (Paper I), quasi-experimental (Paper II and III) and descriptive (Paper IV) design. Data were collected using digitally recorded and structured observations of handovers, anaesthetic records, questionnaires, incident reports and focus group interviews. The results from baseline data showed that lack of structure and long duration of the verbal postoperative handover decreased how much the receiver of postoperative handover remembered; the item most likely not to be remembered by the receiver was anaesthetic drugs. The variation in remembered information showed that there were room for improvement (Paper I). Implementing the communication tool SBAR increased memorized information among receivers following postoperative handover. Interruptions were frequent during postoperative handover, which negatively affected memorized information (Paper III). Furthermore, after implementation of SBAR, the personnel’s perception of communication between professionals and the safety climate improved, and the proportion of incident reports related to communication errors decreased in the intervention group (Paper II). The results of the focus group interviews revealed that the nurse anaesthetists, anaesthesiologists and post-anaesthesia care unit nurses had somewhat different focuses and views of the postoperative handover, but all professional groups were uncertain about having all information needed to secure the quality of postoperative care (Paper IV). The findings indicate that using a predictable structure during postoperative handover may improve the information memorized by the receiver, perception of communication between professionals and perception of safety climate. Incidents related to communication errors may also decrease. Long duration of the handover and interruptions may negatively affect the information memorized by receiver. To ensure high quality and safe care, there is a need to achieve a shared understanding across professionals of their work in its entirety.

Detta examensarbete har genomförts under vårterminen 2016 för högskoleingenjörsprogrammet i innovationsteknik och design vid fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap på Karlstads universitet. Stora delar av arbetet har utförts hos uppdragsgivaren Emerson Process Management AB i Karlstad. Målet med projektet har varit att förbättra företagets interna projektöverlämningar. För att kunna göra projektöverlämningarna mellan projektavdelningen och serviceavdelningen mer enhetliga samt att kunna kvalitetssäkra dem, har en manual tagits fram som är tänkt att användas vid samtliga projektöverlämningar. Manualen innehåller information om hur en projektöverlämning mellan projektavdelningen och serviceavdelningen ska genomföras. Manualen inkluderar en beskrivning på vilka moment som ska ingå i överlämningsfasen av ett projekt samt vem som är ansvarig för de olika momenten. Även information om vilka personer som ska medverka under själva överlämningen, en agenda för överlämningsmötet samt vilka dokument som lämnas över till serviceavdelningen finns förklarat i manualen. Det har även skapats en mall på en mappstruktur som ska kunna användas av projektledarna för att lagra de dokument som serviceavdelningen behöver efter överlämningen från projektavdelningen. Denna mappstruktur, innehållande de dokument som serviceavdelningen behöver, är sedan tänkt kunna kopieras och sparas på en server inom företaget som medarbetarna på serviceavdelningen har tillgång till och där de kan sortera mapparna som de själva önskar. Syftet med detta är att medarbetarna på serviceavdelningen lätt ska kunna hitta de dokument de behöver och därmed spara tid och resurser på att slippa leta igenom onödig information. Att samtliga projektledare använder samma struktur för att lagra dokument kommer även hjälpa till att säkerställa att inga dokument glöms bort eller försvinner i överlämningsprocessen. Förstudien av projektet har innefattat informationsinsamlingar och intervjuer med anställda på de olika avdelningarna inom Emerson Process Management AB. Förstudien har sedan sammanställts i en kravspecifikation och en Service Blueprint. Utifrån detta material har sedan flera olika konceptgenereringar kunnat utföras och genom olika elimineringsmetoder, viktningar samt utvärdering av de framtagna lösningsförslagen kunde ett slutgiltigt koncept väljas. Det valda konceptet testades och en slutanpassning gjordes för att få ett så bra resultat som möjligt. En dialog fördes med personal på Emerson Process Management AB genom hela projektet för att få ett resultat som var anpassat till företagets verksamhet. Det lämnades även över förslag till Emerson Process Management AB på hur implementeringen av de nya rutinerna och verktygen skulle kunna genomföras. Detta för att på ett så bra sätt som möjligt få samtliga berörda parter att acceptera förändringsarbetet och genomföra förändringarna på ett positivt och lättarbetat sätt. / This Degree Project has been carried out during the spring semester of 2016 for the Degree of Science in Innovation and Design Engineering at the faculty of health, science and technology at Karlstad University. Most of the work has been done at Emerson Process Management AB in Karlstad. The purpose of the project was to improve the company’s internal project handovers. In order to make the project handovers between the project department and the service department more uniform and to be able to assure the quality of them, a manual has been developed. The manual includes information about the handover procedure, the different tasks that has to be performed during the project handover and also who is responsible for these tasks. The manual also includes information about the participants that are required to attend the handover meetings, agenda topics and information about what type of handover documents that should be handed over to the service organization during the handover meeting. A template for a folder structure has also been made, that is supposed to be used by project managers to store the documents that the service department will need after the handover. This templates, including the documents involving the projects, is then to be copied and stored on a server that the service department can access. On this server, the staff working in the service department can sort the different templates in a way that they desire to make it easier for them to find the documents they need. The fact that all project managers uses the same folder structure, staff at the service department will easily find the information they need, leading to large cuts in time and resources for the whole company. It also helps to ensure that no documents are forgotten or lost in the handover process. The feasibility study of the project has involved a lot of gathering of information and interviews with staff from different departments of the company. The feasibility study was then compiled in a requirement specification and a Service Blueprint. Based on this material, a number of solutions could then be carried out. Through various elimination methods, weightings and evaluation of the developed solutions, a final concept could then be chosen. The selected concept was tested and a final adjustment was made to get as good a result as possible. A dialogue was conducted with staff at Emerson Process Management AB throughout the project in order to get a result that was adapted to the company's operations. A proposal was also submitted to Emerson Process Management AB on how the implementation of these new procedures and tools would be realized. This was made so that all concerned parties in the best way possible could accept the change and implement it in a positive and easy-to-use manner.

Στα κυψελωτά δίκτυα κινητών επικοινωνιών, η διαρκής κίνηση των κινητών συσκευών δημιουργεί την ανάγκη ύπαρξης μηχανισμών οι οποίοι θα διασφαλίζουν το αδιάλειπτο της επικοινωνίας «εν κινήσει». Αυτό ακριβώς επιτυγχάνεται με την εφαρμογή μηχανισμών μεταπομπής, οι οποίοι, με τρόπο διάφανο προς την κινητή συσκευή, συνδέονται δυναμικά με το καταλληλότερο σημείο εκπομπής τηλεπικοινωνιακού σήματος (Σταθμός Βάσης) που εκπέμπει στην ευρύτερη περιοχή. Στην παρούσα μελέτη παρουσιάζονται και αναλύονται οι υπάρχουσες κατηγορίες μεταπομπής, ενώ δίνεται ιδιαίτερη έμφαση σε αυτές που είναι εφαρμόσιμες στα δίκτυα τρίτης γενιάς (3G). Μία από τις σημαντικότερες κατηγοριοποιήσεις των τύπων μεταπομπής είναι αυτή σε σκληρού τύπου (hard) και μαλακού τύπου (soft ή softer). Σημαντικό πλεονέκτημα του μαλακού τύπου μεταπομπής είναι η διασφάλιση της ανεξαρτησίας καναλιών (channel diversity) η οποία τελικά οδηγεί σε αλγορίθμους μεταπομπής που καταναλώνουν μικρότερες ποσότητες ενέργειας. Από την άλλη στις μεταπομπές μαλακού τύπου γίνεται χρήση περισσότερων πόρων του δικτύου και υπάρχει μεγαλύτερη πολυπλοκότητα. Στην παρούσα μελέτη μελετώνται οι τεχνικές οι οποίες χρησιμοποιούνται για να ληφθεί η απόφαση εκτέλεσης μεταπομπής. Βασικές κατηγορίες αλγορίθμων απόφασης μεταπομπής είναι αυτοί που στηρίζονται στη στάθμη της ισχύος του λαμβανόμενου σήματος, αυτοί που στηρίζονται σε fuzzy logic και οι αλγόριθμοι προτεραιότητας. Στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας εργασίας μελετάται και αναλύεται κριτικά η σχετική βιβλιογραφική έρευνα που έχει διενεργηθεί και εξακολουθεί να διεξάγεται σχετικά με την εφαρμογή αλγορίθμων μεταπομπής, με έμφαση στις τεχνικές μεταπομπής που βρίσκουν εφαρμογή σε συστήματα CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). Επιπλέον, υλοποιείται και προσομοιάζεται, ένα μοντέλο το οποίο συνδυάζει τεχνικές «Γκρι Προβλέψεων» (Grey Prediction) με κλασσικούς μηχανισμούς μεταπομπής με στόχο τη βελτιστοποίηση του πλήθους των εκτελούμενων μεταπομπών, ελαχιστοποιώντας ταυτόχρονα την πιθανότητα απόρριψης κλήσεων (call blocking probability). Η ταυτόχρονη χρήση και αξιοποίηση και των τριών εργαλείων (Matlab, Simulink και Stateflow) απλοποιεί την υλοποίηση και ταυτόχρονα διευκολύνει την αξιολόγηση των παραγόμενων αποτελεσμάτων. Ο βασικός δείκτης επίδοσης με τον οποίο αξιολογείται ο αλγόριθμος που υλοποιείται, είναι το πλήθος των μεταπομπών που εκτελούνται, ενώ οι εκτελεσθείσες προσομοιώσεις στηρίζονται σε τιμές των παραμέτρων που έχουν προταθεί στο (Saeed Changiz Rezaei, Hossein Khalaj, 2005), συνδυασμένες με διάφορες τιμές Υστέρησης (Hysteresis). Προκύπτει ότι καθώς αυξάνεται η τιμή της Υστέρησης, ο αριθμός των μεταπομπών που εκτελούνται μειώνεται, όπως άλλωστε αναμενόταν. Τέλος, θα πρέπει να επισημανθεί ότι, η πολύ μεγάλη συχνότητα δειγματοληψιών του εν λόγω μοντέλου σε συνδυασμό με την ομαλότητα κίνησης της κινητής συσκευής και την καλή προβλεπτική ικανότητα του Αλγορίθμου Grey Prediction, οδηγεί στον υπολογισμό μιας πολύ ομαλής ακολουθίας διαδοχικών τιμών ισχύος των λαμβανόμενων σημάτων και τελικά σε ελαχιστοποίηση του αριθμού των μεταπομπών που διενεργούνται. / In cellular mobile networks, the continuous movement of mobile devices creates the need for mechanisms that are necessary to ensure continuity of communication. This is exactly what is achieved by applying handover mechanisms, which connect the mobile device, dynamically and transparently with appropriate emission point (base station) in the region. In the present work, existing categories of handover, with a particular emphasis on those applicable to third-generation networks (3G), are studied and analyzed. One of the major classifications of handovers is that in hard and soft or softer handovers. An important advantage of soft handover is that it ensures the channel diversity which ultimately leads to handover algorithms that consume less energy. On the other hand, in the case of soft handover more network resources are required and greater complexity of the algorithms makes implementation harder. In this study, we studied the techniques used to decide if a handover should be executed in a mobile communication system. There are three basic categories of handover decision algorithms, i.e. those that are based on the level of the received signal power, the algorithms that are based on fuzzy logic and finally the priority algorithms. In the present study, we analyze critically the relevant literature on handover algorithms, emphasizing on those that can be applied in CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) systems. In addition, we implement and simulate a model which combines "Grey Prediction" techniques with classical handover mechanisms to optimize the number of handovers performed while minimizing the call blocking probability. The simultaneous use and exploitation of three tools (Matlab, Simulink and Stateflow) simplifies the implementation and at the same time facilitates evaluation of the results. The key performance indicator used to evaluate algorithm’s performance is the number of handovers performed. Performed simulations are based on values of the parameters proposed in (Saeed Changiz Rezaei, Hossein Khalaj, 2005), combined with various values of Hysteresis. It is evident when looking at the simulation results, that the number of handovers performed decreases, as hysteresis increases. Finally, it should be noted that the very high sampling frequency of the model, combined with the smoothness of the mobile device motion and the good predictive ability of the Grey Prediction Algorithm, leads to the calculation of a very smooth sequence of consecutive values of the received signals and thus to the minimization of the number of handovers performed.

Mobile computing is becoming increasingly important, due to the rise in the number of portable computers and the desire to have continuous network connectivity to the Internet, irrespective of the physical location of the node. We have also seen a steady growth of the market for wireless communication devices. Such devices can only have the effect of increasing the options for making connections to the global Internet. The Internet infrastructure is built on top of a collection of protocols called the TCP/IP protocol suite. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) are the core protocols in this suite. There are currently two standards: one to support the current IPv4 and one for the upcoming IPv6 [1]. IP requires the location of any node connected to the Internet to be uniquely identified by an assigned IP address. This raises one of the most important issues in mobility because, when a node moves to another physical location, it has to change its IP address. However, the higher-level protocols require the IP address of a node to be fixed for identifying connections. The Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) is an extension to the Internet Protocol proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) that addresses this issue. It enables mobile devices to stay connected to the Internet regardless of their locations, without changing their IP addresses and, therefore, an ongoing IP session will not be interrupted [2, 3, 4]. More precisely, Mobile IP is a standard protocol that builds on the Internet Protocol by making mobility transparent to applications and higher-level protocols like TCP. However, before Mobile IP can be broadly deployed, there are still several technical barriers, such as long handover periods and packet loss that have to be overcome, in addition to other technical obstacles, including handover performance, security issues and routing efficiency [7]. This study presents an investigation into developing new handover mechanisms based on link layer information in Mobile IP and fast handover in Mobile IPv6 environments. The main goal of the developed mechanisms is to improve the overall IP mobility performance by reducing packet loss, minimizing signalling overheads and reducing the handover processing time. These models include the development of a cross-layer handover scheme using link layer information and Mobile Node (MN) location information to improve the performance of the communication system by reducing transmission delay, packet loss and registration signalling overheads. Finally, the new schemes are developed, tested and validated through a set of experiments to demonstrate the relative merits and capabilities of these schemes.

Bakgrund: Den agila projektmodellen har under de senaste två decennierna vuxit fram som en utmanare till den traditionella vattenfallsmodellen. En av de stora skillnaderna mellan projektmodellerna är att i det agila arbetssättet involveras kunden kontinuerligt. Frågan är vad som då händer med överlämningen av den sista versionen av produkten, när utvecklingen är färdig? Samtidigt har bankbranschen på senare år utmanats av nya aktörer vilka profilerar sig som just digitala och IT-inriktade, och både dessa moderna banker såväl som de traditionella storbankerna har anammat det agila arbetssättet för att kunna konkurrera om kundernas uppmärksamhet. Dessa banker arbetar inte agilt till lika hög grad, och frågan är om överlämningen påverkas av det? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för hur överlämningen av det slutliga projektresultatet i agila projekt ser ut på svenska banker. Vidare ska studien undersöka om den skiljer sig mellan banker med olika agil mognad samt vilka konsekvenser som kan uppkomma i samband med överlämningen. Genomförande: Studien är genomförd som en flerfallstudie där två fall - storbanker och nischbanker, undersöks. Vidare har en fenomenologisk ansats och ett kvalitativt angreppssätt använts. Empirin har samlats in genom ett målstyrt urval varpå semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med tio projektledare. Slutsats: Studien resulterar i slutsatsen att en överlämning av en slutlig produkt i agila projekt inte genomförs på ett formellt sätt, till skillnad från vad teorin tidigare har antytt. I synnerhet lämnar aldrig ansvaret för produkten någonsin det team som har utvecklat den. Vidare visar studien att storbanker arbetar med en lägre grad av agil mognad än vad nischbanker gör, men att detta inte påverkar hur överlämningen ser ut. Slutligen bidrar studien till insikter om konsekvenser kring att överlämningen inte existerar på ett formellt sätt. Detta leder till en reflektion kring att organisationer behöver anpassa sin agila projektmetodik till sin egen kontext. Projektledare generellt bör dessutom fundera över hur organisationens arbetssätt påverkar organisationen i stort samt vara medveten om de konsekvenser som dyker upp vid förändringar i arbetssättet. / Background: During the last two decades, the agile project methodology has grown as a competitor to the more traditional waterfall methodology. One of the biggest differences is, with an agile methodology the customer is involved throughout the project. But what happens in the final handover, when the development is finished? At the same time, the Swedish banking industry has been challenged by new actors whom profile themselves as digital focused and IT centred. Both types of banks have developed an agile way of working to be able to compete about the customers. However, the two types of banks does not work agile with the same maturity, and we wonder if the handover is affected by that? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of what the handover of the final product in agile projects at Swedish banks looks like. Further, the study will examine if the handover differ between banks with different agile maturity, and which consequences that may arise in connection to the handover. Completion: The study was conducted as a multiple-case study in which two cases - traditional banks and specialised banks were examined. Further, a phenomenological and a qualitative approach has been used. The empirical data has been conducted through a targeted selection, where semi-structured interviews have been held with ten project leaders. Conclusion: The study concludes that the handover of the final product in agile projects does not exist in the formal way previous research has suggested. Specifically, the responsibility of the product does never leave the team developing it. Further, the study show traditional banks work with a lower degree of agile maturity in comparison to specialised banks. However, this does not affect the characteristics of the handover. Finally, the study contributes to insights about the consequences of the handover not being as formal. This contributes to a discussion about the need for organisations to be able to adapt their agile methodology to their own context. In general, project leaders also should reflect upon how their way of working affect the organisation as a whole, as well as being aware of the consequences that appears when changing the organisation’s way of working.

Submitted by Luciclea Silva (luci@ufpa.br) on 2018-06-19T14:40:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_QoEQoS-aware handover.pdf: 1499962 bytes, checksum: ed812ca7ffc3e9d7992b1cbabb2f943d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciclea Silva (luci@ufpa.br) on 2018-06-19T14:41:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_QoEQoS-aware handover.pdf: 1499962 bytes, checksum: ed812ca7ffc3e9d7992b1cbabb2f943d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T14:41:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_QoEQoS-aware handover.pdf: 1499962 bytes, checksum: ed812ca7ffc3e9d7992b1cbabb2f943d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / Redes Veiculares (VANETs) oferecem uma ampla gama de serviços multimídia que vão desde alertas de segurança a vídeos de entretenimento e publicidade. Neste contexto, os usuários podem acessar o conteúdo através da comunicação Veículo-para-Infraestrutura (V2I), que pode considerar diferentes redes sem fio, tais como LTE, Wi-Fi, etc. No entanto, transmissão de vídeo em uma VANET com qualidade de Experiência (QoE) e Qualidade de Serviço (QoS) é uma tarefa desafiadora, devido à alta mobilidade do veículo que causa falhas de comunicação com a infraestrutura. Para mitigar tais fatores, esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta um algoritmo de handover que considera QoE, QoS e qualidade do canal em redes heterogêneas, chamado de handover ciente de Qualidade de Serviço, Experiência e Rádio (SER). O algoritmo proposto considera o Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) para ajustar o grau de importância de cada critério na escolha da esta¸cão rádio base apropriada que o nó móvel deve se conectar, permitindo uma decisão de handover mais eficiente para transmissão de vídeo com suporte a QoE. Resultados de simulação constatam que o handover SER entregou vídeos com QoE 15% melhor comparado aos algoritmos encontrados na literatura. / Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) offer a wide range of multimedia services ranging from safety and traffic warnings to entertainment and advertising videos. In this context, users can access content through vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, which may consider different wireless networks, such as, LTE, Wi-Fi, etc. However, video streaming at a VANET with Quality of Experience (QoE) and Quality of Service (QoS) is a challenging task, due to the high vehicle’s mobility that causes communication failure with the infrastructure. To mitigate such factors, this master’s dissertation presents a handover algorithm that considers QoE, Quality of Service (QoS) and channel quality in heterogeneous networks, known as handover aware of Quality of Service, Experience and Radio (SER). The proposed algorithm considers the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to adjust the degree of importance of each criteria in choosing the appropriate radio base station that the mobile node must connect to, allowing a more efficient handover decision for video transmission with QoE support. Simulation results show that SER handover delivered videos with QoE 15 % better compared to the algorithms found in the literature.

Bakgrund: Bristande kommunikation mellan vårdpersonal är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till de skador och avvikelserapporter som årligen uppstår inom hälso- och sjukvården. Vid ett överrapporteringstillfälle finns risk att information missförstås eller att information inte överlämnas vilket därmed kan äventyra patientsäkerheten och en god vård. Eftersom användandet av kommunikationsverktyg förespråkas fanns det skäl att beskriva betydelsen av kommunikationsverktyg vid överrapportering. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva betydelsen av att använda kommunikationsverktyg vid överrapportering från anestesipersonal till postoperativ avdelning. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med kvantitativ ansats användes. Sökningarna genomfördes i två vetenskapliga databaser, Cinahl och Pubmed. Totalt elva artiklar identifierades och data extraherades genom en dataextraktionsmall. Resultat: Resultatet sammanfattas i tre kategorier; förändrad tid för överrapportering, minskad informationsförlust och förändringar i teamet. Genom användandet av kommunikationsverktyg ökade eller minskade tiden för överrapportering. Informationsförlusten minskade då det blev minskat antal fel, lättare att komma ihåg detaljer samt antalet mellanhänder minskade. Förändringar i teamet kunde ses utifrån att användandet av kommunikationsverktyg skapade förutsättningar för ett förbättrat samarbete i teamet samtidigt som det fanns en del svårigheter med rutinförändringar i samband med introduktionen av ett kommunikationsverktyg. Slutsats: Resultatet visar på flertalet fördelar med användandet av kommunikationsverktyg men även utmaningar i det. Vidare forskning inom området behövs för att utvärdera kommunikationsverktygets inverkan på patientens säkerhet. / Background: Lack of communication between healthcare professionals is one of the most common causes of the injuries and deviation reports that occur annually in the healthcare system. In the event of a handover, there is a risk that information will be misunderstood or that information will not be submitted, which may compromise patient safety. Because the use of communication tools is advocated, there was reason to describe the importance of communication tools in handover. Purpose: The purpose was to describe the importance of using communication tools in handover from anesthetic staff to post-operative department. Methods: A systematic literature review with quantitative approach was used. Searches were conducted in Cinahl and Pubmed. A total of eleven articles were identified and data extracted by an extraction template. Results: The result is summarized in three categories; changed time for over-reporting, reduced information loss and changes in the team. The use of communication tools increased or decreased the time for over-reporting. The information loss decreased as the number of errors decreased, the details were easier to remember and the number of intermediaries decreased. Changes in the team could be seen from the view that the use of communication tools created the conditions for improved collaboration in the team, while there were some difficulties with routine changes in connection with the introduction of a communication tool. Conclusion: The result shows the many advantages of using communication tools but also challenges in it. Further research in the field is needed to evaluate the impact of the communication tool on the patient's safety.

In this research oriented master’s thesis we have proposed a future vision of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) by utilizing the novel concept of HWA (Heterogeneous Wireless Access). Our proposal is backed by the investigation of the results of experiments conducted at CERES (Centre for Research on Embedded Systems), Halmstad University, Sweden to evaluate the quality of communication for V2V and V2I by using the IEEE 802.11p standard. We have also identified the expected scenarios with need of any other communication technology in replacement of IEEE 802.11p for V2V and V2I communication. We have also investigated the relevant research projects, experiments and their results on the basis of predefined constraints. In the investigated research projects the concept of HWA has been correlated with our proposal of HWA for ITS. We have identified that for smooth integration of any communication technology with IEEE 802.11p, an efficient and smart vertical handover protocol or method will be required. We have presented a blue print of a custom designed vertical handover technique which can be implemented for future ITS with further enhancements and experimental evaluations. We have also evaluated the worst case scenarios to assess the suitability of the HWA for the ITS. We proposed few solutions based on the evaluation of communication scenarios for the integration of IEEE 802.11p with other wireless communication technologies. Finally we have provided some conclusions and suggested future researches which must be conducted to realize the dream of ITS with support of HWA.

Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthode pour fournir une connexion réseau à des véhicules au cours de trajets prédéterminés (trains, métros, autobus urbains, etc.). La communication entre le véhicule et l'infrastructure réseau est basée uniquement sur la technologie WiFi. Les contributions de ce travail sont d'une part la conception d'une méthode pour réaliser le handover horizontal (entre bornes WiFi), et d'autre part la modélisation et l'analyse de topologies pour le réseau d'infrastructure (réseau backbone plus réseau d'accès WiFi) déployé sur la trajectoire du véhicule. Dans une première partie, nous proposons une méthode, appelée Spiderman Handover, pour réaliser le handover horizontal d'un réseau en mouvement (embarqué dans le véhicule) et une procédure de mise à jour des informations de routage (couche 2 OSI) lors du handover. Nous évaluons notre proposition par simulation et validons nos résultats par des mesures expérimentales. Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions théoriquement les paramètres de plusieurs familles de topologies du type Chordal pour le réseau backbone construit sur un réseau d'accès linéaire. A partir de la comparaison de ces paramètres, nous proposons une topologie backbone issue de la combinaison de deux topologies Chordal. Cette topologie fournit un bon compromis entre coût du déploiement, nombre de sauts nécessaires pour atteindre la passerelle du réseau et résilience raisonnable. Enfin, nous évaluons l'intégration de la topologie proposée pour le réseau d'infrastructure avec le système handover par des simulations. Les résultats présentés suggèrent que l'algorithme de handover proposé fonctionne correctement sur le réseau d'infrastructure proposé. Cela permet la garantie d'une connexion continue aux passagers à bord des trains, métros ou autobus urbains.

This paper observes Hong Kong nostalgia cinema. After the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed, a tendency of anxiety loomed among the society of Hong Kong. People started to feel nostalgic toward their past and concerned their uncertain future. From the late 80s to mid 90s, nostalgia films were produced as a trend, reflecting Hong Kong's identity crisis of its ambiguous entity and fear of reuniting with its Communist motherland. Based on Hong Kong's historical and cultural backgrounds, my thesis examines the nature of nostalgia through Stanley Kwan's Rouge (1988) and the impact of nostalgia by contrasting John Woo's A Better Tomorrow (1986) and Wong Kar-wai's Days of Being Wild (1990).