Donald Trump tog världen med storm när han deltog i det amerikanska presidentvalet och sedermera blev vald. Uppsatsen undersöker om Donald Trump kan placeras på en fascistisk skala baserat på hans uttalanden i sex tal; samt hur det kristna stödet, som Donald Trump erhöll i valet, kan förklaras. Sex tal analyseras med basen i kvalitativ textanalys och kategoriseras i fem kategorier för fascism.   Det kristna stödet kan förklaras genom gemensamma värderingar, Lakoffs Strict Father morality, i kombination med rädsla. Rädslan över vad som ska hända med AFS med Hillary Clinton som president är stor, är en tung faktor för konservativa kristna att rösta på Donald Trump. Studien kommer fram till att Donald Trump kan klassificeras som semi-fascist då han delvis uppfyller de kriterier som studien grundar sig på. / Donald Trump chocked the world when he decided to run for president of the United States of America, and won. This study examines if Donald Trump may be placed on a fascist scale based on his statements in six speeches; and how the Christian support, that he received, may be explained. The speeches have been analysed based on a qualitative text analysis and been categorized in to five categories of fascism.   The Christian support may be explained by common values; Lakoff’s Strict Father morality, in combination with fear. The fear for what may happen to the U.S. with Hillary Clinton as president has a big impact on why conservative Christians voted for Donald Trump. The conclusion of this study is that Donald Trump can be classified as a semi-fascist as he partly fulfils the fascist criteria this study presents.

Det finns många fördelar med sociala medier men likväl flera baksidor. Baksidorna inom denna kontext inkluderar kränkningar, trakasserier och hot. Näthat som begrepp är dessutom svårdefinierat, vilket gör ämnet än mer relevant att diskutera. För att lyfta diskussionen kring näthat på sociala medier ämnar detta projekt utforma en prototyp till en interaktiv produkt för unga. Den interaktiva produkten ska fungera i undervisningen på högstadie- och gymnasienivå som ett engagerande verktyg gällande näthat. Syftet med projektet är således att engagera unga gällande näthat på sociala medier. För att skapa en prototyp till en interaktiv produkt som engagerar unga gällande näthat på sociala medier ansåg vi experter och potentiella användare relevanta att undersöka. Projektet genomfördes därför med en kvalitativ forskningsansats genom enskilda intervjuer samt fokusgrupper. De enskilda intervjuerna genomfördes med experter inom området näthat och fokusgrupper med potentiella användare, i åldersspannet 13–19 år. Resultatet från undersökningen analyserades utifrån projektets teoretiska ramverk i form av motstrategier på sociala medier, interaktionsdesign och serious games. Därefter lyfte vi fram de teman som var extra framträdande och av störst relevans för projektet. Det empiriska materialet användes således för att identifiera de krav och behov den interaktiva produkten bör uppfylla. Projektet visar att den interaktiva produkten bör kunna användas regelbundet och vara av spelkaraktär. Vi identifierade tre framträdande kategorier som extra viktiga att inkludera i vår prototyp; motstrategier, definitionen av näthat samt genus. Utefter resultatet från projektet skapade vi en prototyp till ett interaktivt spel i form av en mobilapplikation med integrerad diskussion i klassrummet. / There are many benefits with social media but nevertheless several downsides. The downsides within this context includes violations, harassment and threats. Online hate speech as a concept is difficult to define, which makes the question even more relevant to discuss. In order to highlight the discussion about online hate speech on social media, this project will design a prototype for an interactive product adapted for youngsters. The interactive product shall work as an engaging complement when teaching youngsters about online hate speech. To create an interactive product who engage youngsters regarding online hate speech on social media we deemed experts and potential users as relevant to examine. The project therefore implemented a qualitative research approach through individual interviews and focus groups. The individual interviews were implemented with experts within the field of online hate speech and the focus groups with potential users, 13–19-year-olds. The results of the examination were analyzed based on the project’s theoretical framework, in the form of counter-strategies on social media, interaction design and serious games. The most prominent themes and the ones of the highest relevance for the project were subsequently highlighted. The empirical material was used to identify the requirements and needs that the interactive product should meet. The project shows that the interactive product should be able to be used regularly and be of game character. Three prominent categories were identified as extra important to include in our prototype; counter strategies, the definition of online hate speech and gender issues. Following the results from the project, a prototype was created for an interactive game in the form of a mobile application with integrated discussion in the classroom.

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-05T18:45:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ppgcom - gabriela agostinho pereira.pdf: 18869184 bytes, checksum: 82c6bfb0ce2e876f0893fc603365bbe2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-05T18:46:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ppgcom - gabriela agostinho pereira.pdf: 18869184 bytes, checksum: 82c6bfb0ce2e876f0893fc603365bbe2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-10-08T11:53:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ppgcom - gabriela agostinho pereira.pdf: 18869184 bytes, checksum: 82c6bfb0ce2e876f0893fc603365bbe2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-08T11:54:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ppgcom - gabriela agostinho pereira.pdf: 18869184 bytes, checksum: 82c6bfb0ce2e876f0893fc603365bbe2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Discussions regarding gender have gained space in the media and in the public agenda in recent years, especially in social media sites. Besides being ubiquitous in society, multiple groups have starting using these sites as tools for mobilization and activism around gender issues, questioning hegemonic societal patterns. The individuals who frequent these spaces have the possibility of not only consuming, but also producing, reproducing, sharing, and divulging content related to virtually all themes in a way that is very quick and often has immeasurable reach. Therefore, depending of content produced and consumed, these sites can act both as a space for transformation, giving voice and visibility to topics and people who wouldn’t be heard or seen outside this environment, and as a space that reinforces hegemonic, conservative, and discriminatory ideas. In this light, some issues are fundamental to the construction of our work, such as: 1) to understand what is hate speech and what are its social consequences for ethics, communication, and consumption; 2) it is also necessary to understand how the production, circulation, and consumption of this type of discourse happens in social media sites; and, 3) to discuss the limits between freedom of expression and defense of democratic values such as ethics and human rights. To conduct the empirical research proposed in this article we opted to focus on four social media sites: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and YouTube. From a methodological standpoint, we used the depth hermeneutics proposed by Thompson. / As discussões acerca das questões de gênero ganharam espaço na mídia e na agenda pública nos últimos anos, principalmente em sites de redes sociais. Ademais de uma ampla penetração na sociedade, diversos grupos e coletivos passaram a utilizar essas ferramentas como um meio de mobilização e ativismo acerca das questões de gênero, questionando os padrões hegemônicos presentes na sociedade. Os indivíduos que frequentam esses espaços têm a possibilidade não só de consumir, mas de produzir, reproduzir, compartilhar e divulgar conteúdos relacionados a praticamente todos os temas, de maneira muito rápida e com um alcance muitas vezes imensurável. Assim, de acordo com o tipo de conteúdo produzido e consumido, esses sites podem tanto ser um espaço de transformação, que dá voz e visibilidade para pautas e pessoas que não o teriam fora daquele ambiente, quanto um espaço que reforça ideias hegemônicas, conservadoras e discriminatórias. Dessa maneira, algumas discussões são basilares para a construção do nosso trabalho, tais como: 1) compreender o que é o discurso de ódio e quais suas consequências sociais do ponto de vista ético, comunicacional e do consumo; 2) também é necessário entender como se dá a produção, circulação e o consumo desse tipo de discurso nos sites de redes sociais; e 3) discutir os limites entre a liberdade de expressão e a defesa dos valores democráticos como a ética e os direitos humanos. Para a elaboração da pesquisa empírica proposta neste trabalho optamos por focar em quatro sites de redes sociais Facebook, Instagram, Twitter e YouTube. Do ponto de vista metodológico, apoiamo-nos na hermenêutica de profundidade proposta por Thompson.

<p>This paper concerns the freedom of speech in our democracy and the principles underlying the restrictions. The study is aimed at using a descriptive theory to provide a useful basis for analyzing a justification of the role behind freedom of speech and its limitations. The analysis is made on the basis of the Swedish parliament debate in the form of motions and the non-governmental organization Swedish Helsinki Committee's report. The study has a focus on the law of hate speech and will be done with an idea centred analysis. On the basis of democratic theory, the central role of freedom of speech was clarified on the basis of a clear need for a reliable communication. An absence of this process could disrupt the democratic order. The theoretical function of restrictions is to maintain that reliable communication process where, for example, special circumstances, threats of violence and certain types of information were seen as examples of situations where the process could be in danger.</p><p>The empirical result was largely in line with the theoretical conclusions. The ability to argue and keep open debates was seen as important building blocks in a democratic society and therefore implies the benefits of a reliable communication process. Justification for the restrictions was made with regard to harmful information, threatening circumstances and xenophobic organizations, who were examples of counter-productive expressions to the democratic order. However, the study showed that parliamentary motions and the Swedish Helsinki Committee often focused their justifications on different fundamental views which partly could be explained by the concepts of positive and negative freedom and the perception of minority rights. The findings indicated that the issue of restrictions on freedom of speech is extremely complex because of the varied opinions in the drafting of the law of hate speech. The dilemma of freedom of expression can therefore be seen as relevant up to this day.</p>

Departing from the increasing threat that organized hate groups and their manipulative practices pose to contemporary society, this thesis seeks to unravel the workings of digital hate culture and to highlight the potential of civil society-led counter initiatives to combat the spread of hatred online. The research is based on a twofold qualitative content analysis. In a first step, the intended practices of two opposing groups – an organized hate group (Reconquista Germanica) and an organized counter speech group (Reconquista Internet) – are analyzed based on a set of internal strategic communication documents. In a second step, three comment threads on Facebook are examined to illustrate the actualized practices of users spreading hate and users who counter-speak. By drawing on a four-dimensional framework, the analysis thereby considers how practices, discourses, power relations, and the technological affordances of Facebook shape this interplay. With theoretical reference to Mouffe’s (2005) work on the antagonistic nature of the political and today’s post-political Zeitgeist, this thesis ultimately comes to discuss whether such confrontations between exponents of digital hate culture and counter speakers must be understood as irrefutable antagonisms or if productive agonism can be fostered through a mutual understanding of one another as legitimate adversaries.What the analysis evinces is that the discussions carried out between the two opposing camps are highly moralized, resulting in an antagonistic battle between ‘good’ and ‘evil’ that interferes with the possibility for productive agonism. It is further shown that, in this post-political discussion climate, counter speech carries a crucial responsibility to conform to moral values and maintain professional and ethical standards to set itself apart from the harmful practices of digital hate culture. Otherwise, as the analysis indicates, counter efforts are likely to spur on destructive dynamics, further hardening the fronts between opposing positions that characterize today’s increasingly polarized societies.

In today’s society there is a large number of social media users that are free to express their opinion on shared platforms. The socio-cultural differences between the people behind those accounts (in terms of ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, politics, . . . ) give rise to an important percentage of online discussions that make use of offensive language, which often affects in a negative way the psychological well-being of the victims. In order to address the problem, the endless stream of user-generated content engenders a need to find an accurate and scalable solution to detect offensive language using automated methods. This thesis explores different approaches to the offensiveness detection task focusing on five different languages: Arabic, Danish, English, Greek and Turkish. The results obtained using Support Vector Machines (SVM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) are compared, achieving state-of-the-art results with some of the methods tested. The effect of the embeddings used, the dataset size, the class imbalance percentage and the addition of sentiment features are studied and analysed, as well as the cross-lingual capabilities of pre-trained multilingual models.

博士(法学) / Doctor of Laws / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

[pt] Nos últimos anos, vários especialistas vêm chamando a atenção para o modo como as redes sociais se tornaram um terreno fértil para o discurso de ódio. Neste trabalho, examino uma postagem de um professor de artes marciais no Instagram, junto com os respectivos comentários, que contêm manifestações de discurso de ódio de gênero. A postagem foi feita em resposta a uma entrevista no YouTube, na qual uma atleta de alta performance faz um relato, enquadrado pela entrevistadora e por alguns comentaristas como um relato de violência sexual. Nosso foco são as práticas de linguagem de natureza discriminatória contra as mulheres, utilizadas nas ações responsivas a esse relato, publicadas no Instagram, tanto pelo professor, quanto pelos usuários que a ele se alinham e afiliam. Com base na análise de categoria de pertença (MCA), foi possível demonstrar o papel crucial desempenhado pela categorização como ferramenta para construir discurso de ódio de gênero. No corpus, categorias que foram historicamente usadas para atacar, intimidar ou excluir mulheres são invocadas, reforçando a deificação dos homens e a demonização das mulheres. A análise aponta para a necessidade de uma discussão sobre a responsabilidade das mídias sociais quanto à propagação de discurso de ódio de gênero e para a discussão jurídica acerca da criminalização da misoginia. A naturalização dessas categorias não apenas favorece o silenciamento da voz feminina, como incita a propagação da violência contra a mulher no meio físico, uma realidade no nosso cotidiano. / [en] In recent years, a number of experts have drawn attention to how social media has become a breeding ground for hate speech. In this work, I examine an Instagram post made by a martial arts teacher, along with the respective comments, which contain expressions of gendered hate speech. The post was made in response to a YouTube interview, in which an elite athlete gave an account, framed by the interviewer and by some commentators as an account of sexual violence. Our focus is on language practices of a discriminatory nature against women, used in responsive actions to this report, published on Instagram, both by the teacher and by users who align and affiliate with him. Based on Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA), it was possible to demonstrate the crucial role played by categorization as a tool to produce gendered hate speech. In the corpus, categories that were historically used to attack, intimidate or exclude women were invoked, reinforcing the deification of men and the demonization of women. The analysis points to the need for a discussion about the liability of social media regarding the propagation of gendered hate speech and for the legal discussion about the criminalization of misogyny. The naturalization of these categories not only favors the silencing of women s voice, but also encourages the spread of violence against women in the real world, a reality in our daily lives.

No description available.

The intentional spread of incorrect information, ‘disinformation’ has increased rapidly in the past couple of years. Bringing with it serious threats to aspects of modern society that constitute central parts of the European Union’s values, thus requiring protection in line with the core aims and duties under EU law. Despite this, the phenomenon of disinformation has not been the focus of regulation until recently, and any attempts to further the regulation of disinformation risks limiting the fundamental right to freedom of expression and information. This right is embedded in Article 11 of the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter) and entails protection so fierce that it sets constraints for what actions the European Union (EU) and Member States may take to regulate any expression and information. In light of this information, the study aims to evaluate the current legal response to disinformation under EU law by assessing possible parallels with hate speech and examining possibilities for the EU and Member States to increase their response to disinformation. This aim is pursued through the use of the legal dogmatic method when investigating the sources and by juxtaposing disinformation with hate speech, which is more firmly regulated. The latter is assessed to determine whether the fiercer regulation of hate speech could arguably be a requirement for disinformation as well. The study offers a deeper understanding of the competencies and capacities within the complex and multilayered EU system and on these grounds then discusses the sufficiency of the current response to disinformation and if there are possibilities to enhance it. Through this assessment, disinformation is found homogenous to hate speech, and possibilities for the EU and Member States to enhance the regulation of disinformation are detected. The study therefore concludes that the current response to disinformation is insufficient in contrast with the response to disinformation and in line with the aims and duties to protect under EU law.