The facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is a measure of the cheekbone width divided by the height of the face from the upper lip to the brows. The metric is hypothesised to have evolved as an intra-sexual competition mechanism in males, where large fWHRs are thought to signal both threat and aggression. The fWHR is suggested to subtly resemble angry facial expressions, which, in turn, also signal threat. The late positive potential (LPP) and the vertex positive potential (VPP) are two event-related potentials (ERPs) especially sensitive to emotional content. Studies have also found that viewing angry compared to neutral facial expressions elicit a stronger response on the LPP. However, no study has tested how responses to the fWHR and angry facial expressions elicit changes in the LPP or VPP. In this study, participants firstly rated how threatening faces were with either low or high fWHRs with neutral or angry facial expressions. Secondly, EEG-activity was recorded during a picture-viewing task of the same faces. In the first task, participants rated the faces with angry facial expressions as more threatening compared to all other faces, regardless of fWHR, although the high fWHRs were rated as more threatening than the low fWHRs. In the second task, LPP and VPP mean amplitudes were significantly higher for the angry, high fWHR face compared to all other faces tested. This suggests that an additive effect of both angry facial expressions and high fWHRs together creates the highest threat level in both subjective ratings as well as in ERP mean amplitudes. Further ERP research is needed on the relationship between fWHRs and anger to establish how the two features work both separately and together.

Introdução: Déficits de altura-para-idade (DAI) descrevem falhas no crescimento da criança e estão associados a condições de saúde e socioeconômicas. Evidências sugerem que intervenções durante os primeiros 1000 dias de vida são mais efetivas para reduzir a carga global de DAI. Entretanto, há evidências de recuperação do DAI após este período, fenômeno chamado de catch-up growth (CUG). O CUG descreve um rápido crescimento linear que permite o indivíduo acelerar para e, em condições favoráveis, voltar a sua curva de crescimento pré-doença. Contudo, não há uniformidade na definição operacional de CUG e existem divergências acerca do melhor mensurador do CUG, fator decisivo nas conclusões sobre o tema. Objetivos: Analisar evidências de crescimento acelerado entre crianças e adolescentes de populações multiétnicas utilizando distintas formas de mensuração e caracterizar aspectos epidemiológicos do CUG. Métodos: Utilizaram-se bases de dados de populações multiétnicas. Medidas de altura foram convertidas em escore-z a partir do padrão e referência OMS (2006/07). O CUG foi avaliado pelo escore-z altura-para-idade (HAZ) e pela diferença altura-para-idade (HAD), em centímetros, por meio da variação destes índices e pela canalização do crescimento, utilizando três valores de amplitude de canal (0,67, 0,75 e 0,86 desvio-padrão), assim como pela recuperação do DAI inicial. Os efeitos dos fatores associados ao crescimento sobre o CUG foram estimados em modelos de regressão de Poisson e análise multinível. Entre as variáveis independentes configuraram características socioeconômicas, maternas e da criança e variável contextual indicando o nível de desenvolvimento do país. Resultados: Nas coortes Young Lives e nas Filipinas o HAZ declinou nas idades iniciais e aumentou até o último seguimento. O HAD, contudo, indicou aumento do déficit de altura até o último acompanhamento. Em São Paulo e na Grã-Bretanha ambos índices apresentaram incremento entre os períodos inicial e final, indicando melhoria do estado nutricional. Houve desigualdade de ambos indicadores entre os estratos socioeconômicos. Maiores prevalências de DAI ocorreram nos países menos desenvolvidos, em áreas rurais, em domicílios sem acesso a saneamento e em indivíduos com baixo peso ao nascer, episódios de diarreia na infância e cujas mães possuíam baixa estatura e menor escolaridade; houve relação dose-resposta com o quinto de renda. Houve substancial recuperação do DAI em todos países, com maiores taxas nos mais desenvolvidos. A incidência de CUG a cada cinco anos variou de 7,9% a 15,4% entre 1 e 12 anos de idade e foi 1% nas Filipinas entre 0 e 19 anos. Em todos os estudos, o grupo com DAI inicial obteve as maiores incidências. A maior parte dos indivíduos que se recuperaram do DAI inicial apresentaram crescimento acelerado considerando os três limites de canalização. O número de eventos de CUG durante a trajetória de crescimento foi o principal determinante da ocorrência de CUG final e recuperação do DAI, bem como o grau de DAI inicial e o estrato socioeconômico. Os efeitos randômicos sobre estes desfechos variaram em torno de 9%. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam potencial para o CUG e recuperação do DAI. O uso de distintos mensuradores levou a interpretações divergentes acerca da ocorrência de CUG. / Introduction: Height-for-age déficits (stunting) describe failures in child growth and are associated with health and socioeconomic conditions. Evidence suggests that interventions during the first 1000 days of life are more effective in reducing the overall burden of stunting. However, there is evidence of recovery of stunting after this period, a phenomenon called catch-up growth (CUG). CUG describes a rapid linear growth that allows the individual to accelerate to and, under favorable conditions, return to their pre-disease growth curve. However, there is no uniformity in the operational definition of CUG and there are disagreements about the best CUG measurer, a decisive factor in the conclusions about the subject. Objectives: To analyze evidence of accelerated growth among children and adolescents of multiethnic populations using different forms of measurement and to characterize the epidemiological aspects of CUG. Methods: Databases of multiethnic populations were used. Height measurements were converted to z-score from the WHO standard and reference (2006/07). The CUG was evaluated by height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and height-for-age difference (HAD), in centimeters, by variation of these indices and by canalisation of growth, using three values of amplitude (0.67, 0.75 and 0.86 standard deviation), as well as by recovery of the initial stunting. The effects of growth-related factors on CUG were estimated in Poisson regression models and multilevel analysis. Among the independent variables configured socioeconomic, maternal and child characteristics and a contextual variable indicating the level of development of the country. Results: In the Young Lives Cohorts and in the Philippines HAZ declined in the early ages and increased until the last follow-up. HAD, however, indicated an increase in height deficit until the last follow up. In São Paulo and Great Britain, both indexes showed an increase between the initial and final periods, indicating an improvement in nutritional status. There was inequality of both indicators among the socioeconomic strata. Higher prevalence of stunting occurred in less developed countries, in rural areas, in households without access to sanitation, and in individuals with low birth weight, episodes of childhood diarrhea and whose mothers had short stature and lower schooling; there was a dose-response relationship with the income. There was a substantial recovery of stunting in all countries, with higher rates in the most developed. The incidence of CUG every five years ranged from 7.9% to 15.4% between 1 and 12 years of age and was 1% in the Philippines between 0 and 19 years. In all studies, the group with initial stunting had the highest incidence. Most of the individuals who recovered from the initial stunting presented accelerated growth considering the three canalisation limits. The number of CUG events during the growth trajectory was the main determinant of the occurrence of final CUG and recovery of the stunting, as well as the degree of initial stunting and the socioeconomic stratum. The random effects on these outcomes varied around 9%. Conclusions: The results indicate potential for CUG and recovery of stunting. The use of different measurers led to divergent interpretations regarding the occurrence of CUG.

Neste estudo o objetivo foi avaliar modelos de taper para descrever o perfil do fuste de Corymbia citriodora. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos de um plantio comercial localizado na região Sul do estado do Tocantins. Foram utilizados dados de 24 árvores de Corymbia citriodora cubadas rigorosamente com medições de diâmetros nas posições do fuste: 0,2; 0,4; 0,7; 1,3; 2,70 m e, sucessivamente, de 2 m em 2 m até um diâmetro em torno de 3 cm com casca. Foram testados 44 modelos de taper, sendo 25 lineares e 19 não lineares. Na avaliação destes modelos, considerou-se a análise da distribuição de resíduos, e a estatísticas: erro padrão da estimativa, coeficiente de determinação, delineamento em blocos casualizados com arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, desvio absoluto médio, raiz quadrada do erro médio, soma de quadrados dos resíduos, desvio padrão das diferenças, critério de informação de Akaike. O modelo com melhor desempenho foi um do tipo expoente-forma ajustado na forma não linear. Após definido este melhor modelo, desenvolveu-se o método da altura relativa para simular uma cubagem rigorosa a fim de proceder ao seu ajuste e comparação com o ajuste obtido por meio de uma cubagem rigorosa real. Nesta comparação utilizaram-se os critérios estatísticos: desvio médio, bias, correlação linear, erro padrão da estimativa, entre valores observados e estimados, precisão, obtida pelo teste de qui-quadrado e raiz quadrada do erro, além de análise da distribuição dos resíduos. Concluiu-se que o uso de uma cubagem simulada pelo método da altura relativa estima bem uma equação de taper como a que se obtém pelo uso de dados reais. / In this study, evaluate the control models to describe the profile of the Corymbia citriodora. The data used are obtained from a commercial plant located in the southern region of the state of Tocantins. There are data from 24 Corymbia citriodora trees accurately cubed with diameter measurements in stem families: 0.2; 0.4; 0.7; 1,3; 2.70 m and, successively, from 2 m in 2 m to a diameter of around 3 cm in shell. 44 taper models were tested, being 25 linear and 19 nonlinear. In the evaluation of these models, we consider an analysis of the distribution of residues, and statistics: standard error of estimation, coefficient of determination, randomized block design with split plot arrangement, mean absolute deviation, square root of mean error, sum of squares of residuals, standard deviation of the differences, Akaike's information criterion. The bestperforming model for an exponent-shape fit type adjusted in nonlinear form. This version has a long list of corrections, changes, and new developments that significantly improve functioning. In this comparison, statistical criteria are used: mean deviation, bias, linear correlation, standard error of the estimate, between observed and estimated values, precision, obtained by square test and square root of error, as well as analysis of distribution and residues. It was concluded that the use of a cube simulated by the method of elevation of the estimate, as well as a conciliation equation as one obtains by the use of real data.

O conhecimento das respostas morfofisiológicas da planta sobre as condições edafoclimáticas específicas de cada região é fundamental para determinação de recomendações de manejo da desfolhação e adubação mais eficientes que favoreçam a interface solo-planta. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o melhor momento de corte do capim-Marandu (Urochloa Brizantha cv. Marandu) submetido a diferentes níveis de adubação (zero-00:00:00, baixa-100:32:100, média-170:55:170 e alta-240:78:240 de N-P2O5-K2O) associado a diferentes momentos de desfolhação (90, 95 e 100% de interceptação da luminosidade) para distintas estações do ano (transição seca/água – S/A, período das águas – A e água/seca – A/S). Para tanto foram conduzidos dois trabalhos, sendo o primeiro para determinar o efeito dos níveis de adubação e o segundo para avaliar o efeito da interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa – IRFA sobre o desempenho do capim-Marandu nas épocas do ano. O trabalho foi composto por parcelas de 4x3 m² com três repetições por tratamento, as quais foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC). O primeiro trabalho foi avaliado em medidas repetidas no tempo e o segundo em arranjo fatorial 4x3. A densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP perfilho-1 m2), altura (cm) e o índice de área foliar (IAF m2 m2) foram fortemente influenciados pelas estratégias de adubação, mas foram estáveis após a primeira época de avaliação. A taxa de senescência (TSF) demostrou ser bastante variável com as épocas do ano, em que a menor adubação teve um incremento na TSF diária de 30,2% em comparação com a maior adubação. As taxas de alongamento foliar (TAlF mm perfilho-1 dia-1), taxa de alongamento de colmo (TAlC mm perfilho-1 dia-1) e Filocrono (FILOR dias-1 folha-1) foram influenciadas pelas épocas do ano, as quais proporcionaram as maiores TAlF e TAlC na época S/A, o FILOR tendeu a diminuir com a elevação da fertilidade do solo sendo em média o menor valor de 9,6 dias-1 folha-1 obtido para a adubação alta e dentre as épocas o menor valor obtido para FILOR foi na estação S/A com média de 9,1 dias-1 folha-1. A duração de vida das folhas (DVF dias) não se mostrou flexível aos tratamentos, o comprimento de bainha (CB mm perfilho-1) e o número de folhas vivas (NFV folhas-1 perfilho-1) mostraram-se bastante influenciados pelos tratamentos e principalmente pela época do ano, onde o maior CB foi obtido na estação S/A com média de 359,6 mm-1 perfilho-1, proporcionado principalmente pelo baixo número de perfilhos que resultou em maior CB para atingir a meta alvo de 95% de IRFA, bem como para a mesma época foram obtidos os maiores NFV com média de 4,9 folhas-1 perfilho-1. As massa seca total (MST kg ha-1), de lâmina foliar (MSLF kg ha-1), colmo (MSC kg ha-1) e material morto (MSMM kg ha-1) foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos, onde tanto a elevação da fertilidade quanto a interceptação da luminosidade elevaram a produção de matéria seca (MS), entretanto, o incremento proporcionado após o IAFcrítico foi principalmente pelo aumento de colmo e material morto, e essa resposta promoveu a redução da relação F/C, o que resultou também na diminuição do índice SPAD, que passou de 18,3 na IRFA de 90% para 11,2 na IRFA de 100%, essa queda, demostra redução no estado nutricional da planta. A taxa de acumulo de forragem (TAF kg ha-1 dia-1) foi influenciada pelas estratégias de adubação, onde a maior adubação proporcionou um incremento de 204,6% na TAF em comparação a dose zero. Assim, é possível concluir que as características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-Marandu, bem como sua produção forrageira são fortemente influenciadas pelas estações de crescimento e pelo manejo da adubação, sendo fundamental a realização da adubação associada as condições ambientais favoráveis para uma boa produção forrageira tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa. Por fim, a altura do dossel próxima os 40 cm coincide com o IAFcrítico, sendo esse o momento ótimo para a desfolhação da planta sob os fatores edafoclimáticos de condições tropicais. / Knowledge of the morphological and physiological responses of the plant on the specific soil and climatic conditions of each region is fundamental for determining management of defoliation recommendations and more efficient fertilizer to encourage the soil-plant interface. The objective was to evaluate the best time to cut the palisadegrass Marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) submitted to different levels of fertilization (zero-00:00:00, low-100:32:100, medium-170: 55 170 and High-240:78:240 N-P2O5-K2O) associated with different times of defoliation (90, 95 and 100% light interception) for different seasons (transition dry/water - D/W, period of the water - W and the water/dry - W/D). Therefore we conducted two studies, the first to determine the effect of fertilizer levels and the second to assess the effect of interception of photosynthetically active radiation - IRPA on the performance of palisadegrass Marandu the seasons. The work was composed of portions of 4x3 m² with three replicates per treatment, which were distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD). The first work was evaluated in repeated measurements over time and the second in a factorial arrangement 4x3. The tiller population density (TPD tiller-1 m2), height (cm) and leaf area index (LAI m2 m2) were strongly influenced by fertilization strategies but were stable after the first evaluation. The senescence rate leaf (SRL) has shown to be quite variable with the seasons, in which the lower fertilization had an increase in 30,2% daily SRL compared to higher fertilization. The leaf elongation rate (LER mm tiller-1 day-1), stem elongation rate (SER mm tiller-1 day-1) and Phyllochron (PHYLLO days-1 sheet-1) were influenced by the seasons of the year, which provided the highest LER and SER at the time D/W, the PHYLLO tended to decrease with increasing soil fertility and on average the lowest value of 9,6 days-1 leaf-1 obtained for the high fertilization and among the seasons the lowest value obtained for PHYLLO was at the station D/W with an average of 9,1 days-1 leaf-1. The lifetime leaf (LTL days) was not flexible to treatment, the length of sheath (LS mm tiller-1) and the number of living leaves (NLL sheets-1 tiller-1) proved to be greatly influenced by the treatments and especially the time of year where the largest LS was obtained at the station D/W with an average of 359,6 mm-1 tiller-1, provided mainly by the low number of tillers that resulted in higher LS to reach the goal target 95% of IRPA and for the same period showed the highest NLL with an average of 4,9 leaves-1 tiller-1. The total dry matter (TDM kg ha-1) of leaf blade (DMLB kg ha-1), stem (DMS kg ha-1) and dead material (DMDM kg ha-1) were influenced by the treatments, which both rise fertility as the interception of light increased the production of dry matter (DM), however, the increase provided after LAIcrítical was mainly due to the increase of stem and dead material, and this response promoted the reduction in the ratio L/S, which resulted also decreasing the SPAD index, which rose from 18,3 in 90% IRPA to 11,2 in IRPA 100%, this fall, demonstrates reduction in the nutritional status of the plant. The accumulation rate of forage (ARF kg ha-1 day-1) was influenced by fertilization strategies, where most fertilization provided an increase of 204,6% in ARF compared to zero dose. Thus, we conclude that the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of palisadegrass Marandu and their forage production are strongly influenced by growing seasons and the management of fertilization is fundamental to the realization of fertilization associated with favorable environmental conditions for good forage production both quantitative and qualitative. Finally, the next time the canopy 40 cm coincides with the LAIcrítico, which is the optimal time for the defoliation of the plant under edafoclimatic factors tropical conditions.

Introdução: A prevalência de doença renal crônica na faixa etária pediátrica ainda é desconhecida. O tratamento de escolha é o transplante renal, independente da idade. Os principais objetivos do tratamento são a manutenção do desenvolvimento físico, neurológico e esquelético, prevenção da doença do metabolismo mineral e ósseo (DMMO), adequada maturação sexual e da função endócrina. O déficit de crescimento está relacionado com a idade de surgimento da insuficiência renal e ocorre devido à má-nutrição energético-calórica, DMMO e uso de corticoide, além dos efeitos deletérios da anemia, uremia e resistência ao hormônio do crescimento. Causas relacionadas ao paciente como retardo de crescimento intra-uterino e malformações congênitas também estão relacionadas. Objetivos: avaliar o desenvolvimento pondero-estatural dos pacientes pediátricos submetidos a transplante renal no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HC FMRP-USP). Casuística: revisão dos prontuários dos pacientes pediátricos submetidos a transplante renal no HC FMRP-USP e análise do desenvolvimento pondero-estatural comparando os score-z altura para idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC) para idade durante o acompanhamento. As variáveis analisadas foram sexo, faixa etária, uso de Basiliximab, realização ou não de diálise, tipo de transplante realizado (doador falecido ou doador vivo relacionado), hipertensão arterial, dose de manutenção de prednisona. Resultados: foi possível avaliar os dados de 31 pacientes, 10 femininos e 21 masculinos. Ao longo do tempo houve ganho significativo em peso (p< 0,0001) e estatura (p< 0,0001) mas nenhuma das variáveis analisadas mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Houve interação significativa do uso de Basiliximab e da faixa etária sobre o IMC e do uso de Basiliximab, faixa etária e dose de prednisona utilizada sobre a evolução da estatura. A estatura manteve abaixo da média padrão durante todo o acompanhamento e nenhum paciente atingiu a altura final esperada. O IMC estava abaixo da média padrão na ocasião do transplante mas a partir do primeiro ano recuperou e manteve estável em torno do percentil 0. Conclusões: a doença renal crônica na infância compromete o desenvolvimento ponderoestatural dos pacientes afetados. / Introduction: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the pediatric age range is still unknown. The treatment of choice is a renal transplant, regardless of age. The main objectives of treatment are the maintenance of physical, neurological and skeletal development, the prevention of renal osteodystrophy, and appropriate sexual and endocrine function maturation. The growth deficit is related to the age at onset of renal failure and is due to energy-calorie malnutrition, to renal osteodystrophy and to corticoid use, in addition to the deleterious effects of anemia, uremia and of resistance to growth hormone. Additional patient-related causes are intrauterine growth retardation and congenital malformations. Objectives: to assess the weight-height development of pediatric patients submitted to renal transplantation at the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (HC FMRP-USP). Patients: The medical records of pediatric patients submitted to renal transplantation at HC FMRP-USP were reviewed and weight-height development was analyzed by comparing the zscores for height for age and body mass index (BMI) for age during follow-up. The variables analyzed were: sex, age range, use of Basiliximab, having undergone dialysis or not, type of transplant performed (cadaver donor or related live donor), arterial hypertension, and maintenance dose of prednisone. Results: it was possible to assess the data of 31 patients, 10 girls and 21 boys. A significant weight gain (p<0.0001) and height (p<0.0001) occurred over time but none of the variables analyzed showed a statistically significant difference. There was a significant interaction between age range and BMI, between the use of Basiliximab and age range and between the prednisone dose used and height evolution. Height was below the standard mean value throughout follow-up and no patient reached the expected final height. BMI was below the standard mean value at the time of transplantation, but recovered after the first year and remained stable at a value of about 0. Conclusions: renal failure during childhood compromises the weight-height development of affected patients.

"In warehouse storage applications, it is important to classify the burning behavior of commodities and rank them according to material flammability for early fire detection and suppression operations. In this study, the large-scale effects of warehouse fires are decoupled into separate processes of heat and mass transfer. As a first step, two nondimensional parameters are shown to govern the physical phenomena at the large-scale, a mass transfer number, and the soot yield of the fuel which controls the radiation observed in the large-scale. In this study, a methodology is developed to obtain a mass-transfer parameter using mass-loss (burning rate) measurements from bench-scale tests. Two fuels are considered, corrugated cardboard and polystyrene. Corrugated cardboard provides a source of flaming combustion in a warehouse and is usually the first item to ignite and sustain flame spread. Polystyrene is typically used as the most hazardous product in large-scale fire testing. A mixed fuel sample (corrugated cardboard backed by polystyrene) was also tested to assess the feasibility of ranking mixed commodities using the bench-scale test method. The nondimensional mass transfer number was then used to model upward flame propagation on 20-30 foot stacks of Class III commodity consisting of paper cups packed in corrugated cardboard boxes on rack-storage. Good agreement was observed between the model and large-scale experiments during the initial stages of fire growth."

The use of procedural content generation is becoming more and more popular in the video game industry. With games such as Minecraft or No Man’s Sky we have seen the potential of PCG in video game creation but also its challenges. In fact, while the processing power and memory capabilities of our machines are unceasingly growing, human capability for content creation doesn’t seem to be able to follow the same pace. Game developers had then to come up with several techniques and methods that will help them generate lots of content for their games while still keeping a certain level of control on the output. Urbis Terram is a procedural city generation tool for Unity3D that allows the creation of complete cities to be used in video games or simulations made with this engine. The goal of this thesis is to tackle the technical challenge of designing and implementing a PCG tool that will help game developers to quickly generate terrains, road networks and allotment spaces for buildings and other urban areas. The goal is to have a unique complete city generation tool that can enable quick game design iterations and can be used to create complex virtual worlds.

In this study, four and a half months of ceilometer data from Östergarnsholm are used to analyze cloud related to processes in the boundary layer. Measurements are divided into two categories, which are defined by wind direction: a continental and a marine sector. The results show that there are significant differences in the height of the lowest cloud bases detected for the two sectors, where cloud base heights are lower for the marine wind sector during unstable and neutral conditions. The ceilometer’s ability to detect several cloud base heights simultaneously is utilized to test whether a double layer structure (DLS) can be detected. The results of this particular analysis are inconclusive as to whether a DLS has been observed or not. Detected cloud base heights differ greatly from heights suggested by the lifting condensation level (LCL). A new empirical formula for lowest cloud base height is then derived using the measurements. The Ceilometer’s estimations of sky cover are assessed to be of reasonable quality. This is suggested by computed high correlation with incoming shortwave radiation at noon for three months.  However, histograms of cloud cover measurements suggest that the ceilometer tends to probably either overestimate or underestimate cloud cover.  Large differences in cloud cover were observed for the two wind sectors during unstable conditions. For the months of July and August, a diurnal cycle in cloud cover for the continental wind sector was observed which suggest the presence of Stratocumulus. Measurements performed during upwelling conditions closely resemble those of the marine wind sector performed during stable conditions.

A heterogeneidade espacial induzida pelo pastejo tem sido reconhecida como um componente crucial para o manejo sustentável dos ecossistemas. Ainda assim, a maioria das intervenções realizadas pelo homem tende à homogeneização dos ambientes, inclusive no manejo dos animais. Neste estudo, foi investigado o efeito da intensidade de pastejo sobre a heterogeneidade espacial da vegetação e a criação de uma estrutura ótima para a maximização da taxa de ingestão dos animais, e suas implicações em um Sistema Integrado de Produção Agropecuária (SIPA). O experimento foi conduzido durante o inverno de 2015, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em um protocolo experimental de longo prazo iniciado em 2001. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em um delineamento de blocos completamente casualizados com três repetições e consistiram em diferentes intensidades de pastejo por bovinos em pasto misto de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) e aveita-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.): pastejo intenso (P10), pastejo moderado (P20), pastejo moderado-leve (P30), pastejo leve (P40) e ausência de pastejo (SP). A heterogeneidade espacial da vegetação aumentou com a diminuição da intensidade de pastejo. Maior heterogeneidade e estruturação espacial foram identificadas no mês de julho, durante o período vegetativo de ambas as espécies forrageiras. O início do florescimento ocasionou uma diminuição na dependência espacial e um incremento na heterogeneidade abaixo da escala de observação. P10 apresentou dossel homogêneo espacialmente ao longo de todo o ciclo de pastejo, composto em sua maior parte por uma vegetação excessivamente pastejada (<10 cm). P20 apresentou maior participação de alturas ótimas para a maximização da taxa de ingestão (15 a 29,99 cm) ao longo do ciclo de pastejo. Com o aumento da intensidade de pastejo, aumentaram também a carga animal (CA, P<0,05) e o ganho de peso vivo por área (GPV, P<0,05). A intensidade de pastejo moderada (P20) apresentou maior ganho médio diário (GMD, P<0,05) quando comparada ao pastejo intenso (P10), não diferindo, no entanto, de P30 e P40. Sendo assim, a utilização de intensidades de pastejo moderadas constitui na melhor alternativa para conciliar produtividade e conservação ambiental em SIPA. / Spatial heterogeneity induced by grazing has been recognized as a crucial component to the ecosystems sustainable management. Even so, most of the interventions made by humans tend to homogenize the environments, including animal management. In this study, we investigated the effect of grazing intensity on vegetation spatial heterogeneity and creation of an optimal structure for maximizing animals intake rate, and the implications for an Integrated Crop-Livestock System (ICLS). The experiment was carried out during winter 2015, in the Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil, in a long-term experimental protocol implemented in 2001. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and consisted of different grazing intensities by steers on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) mixed pastures: intensive grazing (P10), moderate grazing (P20), moderate-light grazing (P30), light grazing (P40) and absence of grazing (NG). Vegetation spatial heterogeneity increased with decreasing grazing intensities. Greater heterogeneity and spatial dependence were identified in July, during both forage species growing season. The flowering initiation caused a decrease in spatial dependence and an increase in small scale spatial heterogeneity (nugget effect). P10 showed a spatially homogeneous canopy throughout the grazing cycle, composed mostly by an excessively grazed vegetation (<10 cm). P20 showed higher participation of optimal heights for maximizing the intake rate (15 to 29,99 cm) throughout the grazing cycle. Increasing grazing intensity also increased stocking rate (SR, P<0,05) and liveweight gain per area (LWG, P<0,05). Moderate grazing intensity (P20) showed higher average daily gain (ADG, P<0,05) compared to intensive grazing (P10), without difference, however, from P30 and P40. Therefore, the utilization of moderate grazing intensities is the best alternative to reconcile productivity and environmental conservation in ICLS.

Dans cette thèse, nous traitons la théorie des modèles de corps algébriquement clos étendu par prédicats pour désigner soit des éléments de hauteur bornée, soit des sous-groupes multiplicatifs satisfaisant une condition diophantienne. Les questions que nous considérons appartiennent au domaine de la théorie de la stabilité. Tout d'abord, nous examinons un corps algébriquement clos avec un sous-groupe multiplicatif distingué qui satisfait la propriété Mann. Ainsi, nous caractérisons l'indépendance qui nous permet de caractériser les groupes définissables et les groupes interprétables dans la paire. Ensuite, nous étudions les corps algébriquement clos étendu par un sous-corps propre algébriquement clos et un sous- groupe multiplicatif. Nous caractérisons les groupes définissables et interprétables dans cette triple. Nous considérons aussi l'ensemble des nombres algébriques avec des éléments de petite hauteur et nous montrons que cette théorie n'est pas simple et a la propriété d'indépendance. Puis, nous nous rapportons à la simplicité d'une certaine paire avec la conjecture de Lehmer. Enfin, nous appliquons l'analyse non standard pour prouver l'existence de certaines bornes de hauteur de la complexité des coefficients de certains polynômes. Cela nous permet de caractériser l'appartenance idéale d'un polynôme donné. De plus, nous obtenons une borne pour la fonction de la hauteur logarithmique, ce qui nous permet de tester la primalité d'un idéal / In this thesis, we deal with the model theory of algebraically closed fields expanded by predicates to denote either elements of small height or multiplicative subgroups satisfying a Diophantine condition. The questions we consider belong to the area of stability theory. First, we investigate an algebraically closed field with a distinguished multiplicative subgroup satisfying the Mann property. We characterize the independence which enables us to characterize definable and interpretable groups in the pair. Then we study the model theory of algebraically closed fields expanded by a proper algebraically closed subfield and a multiplicative subgroup. We characterize definable and interpretable groups in this triple. We also consider the set of algebraic numbers with elements of small height and we show that this theory is not simple and has the independence property. We then relate the simplicity of a certain pair with Lehmer’s conjecture. Finally, we apply nonstandard analysis to prove the existence of certain height bounds on the complexity of the coefficients of some polynomials. This allows us to characterize the ideal membership of a given polynomial. Moreover, we obtain a bound for the logarithmic height function, which enables us to test the primality of an ideal