This study examines how history teachers in upper secondary schools approach the teaching of contemporary history, focusing on the period from 1991 to the present. The aim is to investigate the content of this teaching, the motivations behind it, and the perceived opportunities and challenges. Using Ronald W. Evans' typology of historical perspectives, the study also seeks to identify which views of history are most prevalent in contemporary history teaching. Data was collected through a combination of surveys and semi-structured interviews with history teachers. The results reveal that the teaching of contemporary history differs from regular history instruction, with a stronger emphasis on global events and conflicts. Teachers with a relativistic view of history, who promote a global perspective and prioritises students' interests, are particularly advantaged using contemporary history in this context. In contrast, those with a narrative perspective, who prefer a chronological and Eurocentric approach, face more challenges, particularly regarding time constraints and the use of materials. The study highlights that teachers' selection of topics and methods is heavily influenced by students' interests and current societal debates, contrasting with the more rigid structure of traditional history teaching. Overall, contemporary history teaching enhances students' historical consciousness by connecting past events with current issues, although it requires students to have a foundational understanding of the historical events discussed. The study concludes that a relativistic perspective is best suited for teaching contemporary history, given its adaptability to current global contexts and its alignment with students' interests.

This compilation thesis contains an introductory chapter and four original articles. The studies comprising this thesis all concern aspects of how historical culture is constituted in historical media and history teachers’ narratives and teaching. It is argued that the teaching of history is a complex matter due to an internal tension resulting from the fact that history is both a product and a process at the same time. While historical facts, and knowledge thereof, are an important aspect of history, history is also a product of careful interpretation and reconstruction. This study analyses and discusses how history is constituted in history textbooks and popular history magazines, i.e. two common historical media, and in teachers’ narratives and teaching of history. The study finds that the historical media studied generally tend to present history as void of perspective, interpretation and representation, suggesting this to be the culturally warranted form of historical exposition. Moreover, the teachers studied also tend to approach history as if it were not contingent on interpretation and reconstruction. These results indicate that the history disseminated in historical media and history classrooms presents history in a factual way and disregards the procedural aspects of history. Applying the history didactical concepts of historical consciousness, historical culture and uses of history, this thesis argues that an essential aspect of historical understanding is an appreciation of the contextual contingency that characterises history. All history is conceived within a particular context that is pertinent to why and how a certain version of history is constructed. Furthermore, all history is also received within a particular context by people with particular preconceptions of history that are contextually contingent, in the sense that they are situated in a certain historical culture. Readers of historical media are members of societies and are thus affected by how history is perceived and discussed in these contexts. This thesis argues that an awareness of these aspects of history is an important factor for furthering a complex understanding of history that encompasses the tension highlighted above.

The purpose of this study was to analyze and discuss why historical consciousness may be expressed in different ways and possible causes for these differences. High school students' and history student teachers’ answers to a historical test were analyzed in relation to historical consciousness.  The German philosopher of history, Jörn Rüsen, has in numerous publications presented four forms or expressions of narratives and historical consciousness and these have been applied in the analyses. Rüsen’s four main categories of historical consciousness (i.e. traditional, exemplary, critical and genetic) stretch from a simple understanding of history to a more complex one. The main findings here show that expressions of historical consciousness differed significantly among the respondents. In view of these findings, education and age seem to affect respondents’ expressions of historical consciousness. Traditional expressions of historical consciousness were less prominent among history student teachers than among high school students, for instance. Gender differences were also prominent among the respondents: the female respondents manifested exemplary forms of historical consciousness to a higher degree than the male counterparts. There were also big differences among the gender groups as the high school student boys expressed traditional forms of historical consciousness and male history teacher students were more inclined towards a critical historical consciousness. Social background also seemed to influence the expression of historical consciousness to some extent, especially if the parents were university educated. However, some results in this study seem to indicate that social environment is more relevant to explain differences in historical consciousness than social background. For these reasons the school context has been highlighted in this study.

There is great interest in testimonies, both in society at large and as a theoretical concept. Within educational research testimony is used to understand and develop epistemological, political or ethical thinking. In this thesis I investigate what testimonies and the act of witnessing can do in relation to education. More specifically, I investigate what kind of pedagogical possibilities there are in witnessing and testimony, in relation to teaching as well as outside schools. Focusing on three different aspects (of these phenomena), namely representation, subjectivity and emotion I discuss different examples of testimonies. These are Collateral Murder, The Living History Forum’s book Tell Ye Your Children…, Gruva by Sara Lidman and Odd Uhrbom, and pictures with Alan Kurdi from 2015 taken by Nilüfer Demir. I examine the pedagogical possibilities of testimony and witnessing based on the idea that such possibilities are situated in human imperfection and lack of ability, where the knowledge is placed in the impossibility, in our not-knowing. This dialectical understanding, drawing on Giorgio Agamben, implies a different formulation than previous research, by highlighting the impossibility of witnessing and of testimony, for example by how the testimony does not stand outside the political, and in Western society more specifically, the capitalist system. Through the analyses of the different aspects (representation, subjectivity, emotions) I show how testimonies can serve as a way to control the students' emotions and perceptions (drawing on Sara Ahmed), and influence the perception of the society in which the students live. I have also shown how the act of witnessing can be done at the witness’ own expense (by drawing on The Latina Feminist Group). It can mean that testimonies work as a way to reproduce various stereotypes of different people's suffering and thus consolidate existing power structures and identities. The conditions surrounding witnessing and testimonies make witnessing an act that can be perceived as a poetic testimony, as well as an exploitation or expropriation of already vulnerable people. With this said, I also argue for the value of bringing into teaching testimonies that testify of suffering. Testimonies stand between the past and the future and have important things to speak of. If testimonies are not heard in teaching, there is a possibility of silencing and forgetting the wounds in history. It is in teaching where the repetitive work of a literary reading (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak) can take place. A literary reading that emphasizes the difficulties in testimonies and one’s own part of and relation to it. It is the effort of the repetitive work in teaching that can lead to pedagogical possibility, and through that, enter the future.

O presente trabalho focaliza o conteúdo coronelismo nos materiais didáticos de História utilizados pelas escolas públicas de Ribeirão Preto SP, no ciclo II do Ensino Fundamental. Tal conteúdo curricular é destacado pela historiografia nacional e pertinente à referida localidade paulista. Os objetivos da pesquisa focam no modo como o coronelismo (subtema da Primeira República no Brasil) é apresentado em três principais manuais didáticos utilizados nas escolas públicas de Ribeirão Preto - SP, bem como, a explicitação da relevância desse conteúdo tanto para o ensino de História do Brasil quanto para o ensino de História da própria localidade. Tal objetivo implica, portanto, considerar a articulação existente entre a História Nacional e a Local. O referencial teórico é construído a partir das pesquisas do Ensino de História, da História Local, do Currículo, dos livros didáticos, da formação da consciência histórica e da Educação para a Cidadania. É caracterizado como um estudo analítico-descritivo de natureza qualitativa, apresentado sob a forma de análise de três diferentes manuais didáticos (os materiais do programa curricular São Paulo Faz Escola, um livro didático da coleção Projeto Araribá e um livro didático da coleção História em Documento: imagem e texto). Os referidos materiais didáticos foram analisados à luz do PNLD, marcado pelas tensões entre governo, editores, autores, professores, mídia e sociedade. Os resultados indicam que embora não existam manuais didáticos perfeitos e que a atuação docente sempre deve ser valorizada nos processos de ensino-aprendizagem, o coronelismo é um conteúdo curricular que pode ser apresentado de forma bem articulada com o contexto do tempo presente, e favorecer a problematização das questões do cotidiano específico de cada localidade. As considerações finais apontam para a importância dos manuais didáticos possibilitarem a produção de um ensino de História que considere as carências do cotidiano vivido em determinada localidade, permitindo ao professor e alunos não apenas o conhecimento do passado, mas a própria interpretação do nosso mundo presente, tendo em vista as necessárias projeções para o futuro. / The present work focuses in coronelismo content in textbooks of history used by public schools in Ribeirão Preto - SP, in cycle II of the Elementary School. This course content is highlighted by national and relevant historiography to that location of São Paulo. The research objectives focus on how the Colonels (subtheme of the First Republic in Brazil) is presented in three main textbooks used in public schools in Ribeirão Preto - SP, as well as the explanation of the relevance of the content for both the teaching of history of Brazil and for the teaching of history of the town itself. This objective implies, therefore, to consider the existing linkage between the National and Local History. The theoretical framework is constructed from the research of the Teaching of History, Local History, Curriculum, textbooks, training of historical consciousness and Citizenship Education. It is featured as an analytic-descriptive qualitative study, presented in the form of analysis of three different textbooks (the materials of the curriculum São Paulo Faz Escola, a textbook collection Projeto Araribá and a textbook of collection História em Documento: imagem e texto). Those textbooks were analyzed in the light of PNLD, marked by tensions between the government, publishers, authors, teachers, media and society. The results indicate that although there are no perfect textbooks and the teacher\'s performance should always be valued in the teaching learning, coronelismo is a curricular content that can be presented in a well articulated manner with the context of the present time and to encourage problematization of the specific issues from each location. The conclusions point to the importance of a History teaching that considers the needs of everyday living in a particular locality, allowing teachers and students not only the knowledge of the past but the interpretation of our present world, given the necessary projections for the future.

Cette thèse s’attache à questionner les modes de pensée de lycéens face à un passé douloureux, la Shoah. Pour cela, j’ai rencontré deux groupes d’élèves dans deux lycées du département du Calvados, à Honfleur et à Caen. Dix-sept jeunes âgés de 17 à 19 ans se sont portés volontaires pour participer à des focus group au lycée mais également pour visiter l’espace génocide et violence de masse du Mémorial de Caen. Cette visite fut menée avec des lunettes dotées de caméras, des eye-trackers et des entretiens de groupe furent organisés après la visite. Cinq mois plus tard, j’ai pu rencontrer à nouveau les élèves et leur présenter leur film de visite et recueillir leurs impressions et ressentis de visite.Le protocole de recherche pensé a permis d’obtenir des données inédites sur un temps long. Verbatim des entretiens de groupe au lycée, verbatim des focus au musée, après la visite de l’exposition, et entretiens individuels cinq mois après la visite.Trois questions sont au centre de cette thèse : - Quel est le mode de pensée des jeunes face à la Shoah depuis la classe jusqu’au musée ? - Quel type d’expérience de visite pouvons-nous identifier ? - Quelle conscience historique des lycéens ? / This thesis attempts to question the ways of thinking of high-school pupils about a painful past, Shoah. For that, I met two groups of pupils in two high schools of the department of the Calvados, in Honfleur and Caen. Seventeen youth aged from 17 to 19 years came voluntary to take part in focus group at the high school but also to visit the exhibition « genocide and violence of mass » of the Memorial of Caen. This visit was carried out with eye-trackers and took part in focus group organized after the visit. Five months later, I could meet the pupils again and present to each of them the film of their own visit and collect their impressions and feeling about their visit. This protocol of research made it possible to obtain new data over a long time.Three questions are in the center of this thesis : - Which is the way of thinking of the young people about Shoah since the class to the museum ? - Which type of visiting experience can we identify ?- Which historical consciousness for the high-school students ?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MAX LANIO MARTINS PINA.pdf: 2106718 bytes, checksum: 60fdf914dbd4ce3c63a3222a56b8e829 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / This thesis investigated the historical ideas of students from the 7th, 8th and 9th grade of elementary school II, of State College President Kennedy, which is located in the central city of Porangatu - GO on its conceptualization of the historical period Middle Ages. For realization of this research sought to support the theories produced by the didactics of history, from the German paradigmatic turn of the 60s and 70s, but specifically the historian Jörn Rüsen. Concomitantly used the methodology of History Education research line that emerged in Europe in the same period because it allowed the application of a metacognitive instrumental in obtaining the narratives of school that wished to analyze and understand. However, it was observed that the concept Middle Ages suffers the influence of the three dimensions of historical culture, namely, aesthetic, political and cognitive. For this work, interested latter dimension that is found in academic literature and directly influences the teaching of history in primary education. Categorized and analyzed the narratives presented by young people in this research as well as all substantive words described by them that were related or not to the Middle Ages. Finally, there was discussion with the typology of historical consciousness so that through it, was observed prospects and possible notes to be observed in the historical ideas of the students. / Esta dissertação investigou as ideias históricas de alunos do 7º, 8º e 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental II, do Colégio Estadual Presidente Kennedy, que está localizado na região central da cidade de Porangatu GO, sobre sua conceituação do período histórico Idade Média. Para efetivação desta pesquisa buscou-se amparo nas teorias produzidas pela Didática da História, a partir da virada paradigmática alemã dos anos 60 e 70, mas especificamente no historiador Jörn Rüsen. Concomitantemente utilizou-se a metodologia da linha de investigação da Educação Histórica que surgiu na Europa no mesmo período porque ela permitiu a aplicação de um instrumental metacognitivo para obtenção das narrativas dos escolares que se desejavam analisar e compreender. Todavia, observou-se que o conceito Idade Média sofre as influências das três dimensões da cultura histórica, a saber, estética, política e cognitiva. Para este trabalho, interessou esta última dimensão que é encontrada na produção acadêmica e influencia diretamente o ensino de História na educação básica. Categorizou e analisou as narrativas apresentadas pelos jovens nesta investigação, bem como todas as palavras substantivas descritas por eles que se relacionavam ou não com a Idade Média. Por fim, dialogou-se com a tipologia da consciência histórica para que por meio dela, se observasse as perspectivas e os apontamentos possíveis de serem observados nas ideias históricas dos alunos.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michele Rotta Telles.pdf: 3339096 bytes, checksum: f37182273f4028e74d75e6092f4195d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-25 / The object of the research are the ideas about history and History teaching by single-teachers of Early Years (fifth year) of the Elementary School of Municipal schools of Ponta Grossa, Paraná. Therefore, the guiding questions relate to how teachers understand history and how they conceive the discipline of history; how they relate to historical knowledge and school knowledge; and what is the relationship between their personal/ professional identities and the characteristics of understanding history teaching in the Elementary School. The research is based on discussions about History teaching, mainly in the theoretical construct of Jörn Rüsen because the processes of constitution and operation of historical consciousness of teachers are considered, is the basic intellectual processes of historical thinking. It is also employed the theory of social representations of Serge Moscovici, as the historical consciousness of teachers also comprises representations that build on history and history teaching throughout their personal and professional trajectories. Discussions about school knowledge of Jean Claude and Yves Forquin Chevallard are still undertaken, given that the relations established by teachers with historical knowledge and history teaching influence and are influenced in the gears of historical consciousness. The objective of the research is to identify and understand the representations of teachers of Elementary School about the history and History teaching, considering the formation of modes of historical consciousness, and understandings about school knowledge. Therefore, we applied a questionnaire to teachers of classes of fifth year of the Municipal council of Education, whose data were treated by the software EVOC 2000 and PSPP. Then there were produced graphs and charts about teachers‟ personal/professional profiles, the evocations of words about the meaning of history, and the classification used in defining what is history and the objectives of teaching it. Data analysis combined the methodological procedures related to the research on social representations, especially the theory of the central nucleus of the representations, Jean Claude Abric, with explanations of Jörn Rüsen to the sense constitution modes of historical consciousness. It was found that the meanings of teachers about the history and History teaching in Elementary School tend to vary according to teacher‟s education, and relate in different ways to the historical knowledge and school knowledge. Research results have collaborated to unveil theoretical and methodological gaps in teacher training; contextualize curricular barriers and pedagogical barriers of Municipal Education; and relate the teachers‟ personal and professional biographies and, understanding that single-teachers think teaching and History in Years EF Initials from mostly rooted understandings both in school enrollment as in the curricula of their respective formation. / O objeto da pesquisa são as ideias acerca da história e do ensino de História por parte de professores unidocentes dos Anos Iniciais (quinto ano) do Ensino Fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ponta Grossa, Paraná. Portanto, as questões norteadoras dizem respeito à como os professores significam a história e como concebem a disciplina de História; como se relacionam com o conhecimento histórico e com o saber escolar; e qual a relação entre suas identidades pessoais/profissionais e as características da compreensão do ensino de História nos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. A pesquisa é baseada nas discussões da Didática da História, principalmente no constructo teórico de Jörn Rüsen, pois são considerados os processos de constituição e operacionalização da consciência histórica dos docentes, ou seja, os processos intelectuais básicos do pensamento histórico. Também é empregada a teoria das representações sociais de Serge Moscovici, visto que a consciência histórica dos professores também compõe as representações que constroem sobre história e ensino de História ao longo de suas trajetórias pessoais e profissionais. Ainda são empreendidas as discussões sobre saber escolar de Jean Claude Forquin e Yves Chevallard, haja vista que, as relações estabelecidas pelos professores com o conhecimento histórico e o ensino de História influenciam e são influenciadas nas engrenagens da consciência histórica. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa é identificar e compreender as representações de professores dos Anos Iniciais acerca da história e do ensino de História, considerando os modos de constituição de sentido da consciência histórica, e as compreensões acerca do saber escolar. Para tanto, aplicou-se um questionário aos docentes de turmas de quinto ano da Rede Municipal de Educação do município, cujos dados foram tratados pelos softwares PSPP e EVOC 2000. Foram então produzidos gráficos e tabelas a respeito dos perfis pessoais/profissionais dos docentes, das evocações de palavras sobre o significado da história, e da classificação utilizada ao definirem o que é História e os objetivos de ensiná-la. A análise dos dados combinou os procedimentos metodológicos correlatos às pesquisas sobre representações sociais, principalmente a teoria do núcleo central das representações, de Jean Claude Abric, com as explicações de Jörn Rüsen para os modos de constituição de sentido da consciência histórica. Verificou-se que as significações dos professores unidocentes a respeito da história e do ensino de História nos Anos Iniciais tendem a variar conforme a formação docente, assim como se relacionam de diferentes formas com o conhecimento histórico e saber escolar. Os resultados da investigação colaboraram para desvelar lacunas teóricas e metodológicas da formação docente; contextualizar barreiras curriculares e entraves pedagógicos da Rede Municipal de Educação; e relacionar as biografias pessoais e profissionais dos professores, compreendendo que professores unidocentes pensam o ensino e a História nos Anos Iniciais a partir de entendimentos majoritariamente arraigados tanto nos bancos escolares como nos currículos de suas respectivas formações.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WILIAN CARLOS CIPRIANI BAROM.pdf: 4621556 bytes, checksum: 0c81c4b13af458e3174be355c61d1ec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / The present thesis summarizes the results of an investigation into the possibility of A feeling of belonging of 2240 young Brazilians to Latin America - and its manifestations in varying degrees, made from selected questions of the project young people and History. In the first chapter, the research was contextualized from a reflection on the phenomenon of political regionalism, the current blocks that compose and proposes the integration and how, in their official regulations, request regional identity and common to the region. In the third, there was a brief recovery in the history of the Young project and the story in Brazil, a reflection on the chosen collection method of and systematization of data – the Software GNU PSPP-, and analysis of the six questions chosen of the project, from the variables geographic location, socioeconomic condition and types of cities, which are linked, directly or indirectly the issue of regional belonging. Among the conclusions of the thesis are: the prevalence of positioning indifferent in the responses of young people; the presence of the (neo) liberal ideology and ethical-moral criteria as axes that structure the interpretation of reality, in parallel to recoveries of memories and experiences from the past; the presence of notions of belonging, which varied according to the issues and variables; a patriotic feeling which is not translated by the young people's interest on the history of the country, the of development of Nations, democracy, in the knowledge of the region itself, the of place where lives and the of history of ordinary people; significant interest in the flow of products, work and study in the region, in the unification of the currency and the construction of infrastructure which benefit the commercial integration between the South American countries; and, yet, the significant rejection on the part of young people to the idea of a common, unified, future for the region. / A presente tese sintetiza os resultados de uma investigação sobre a possibilidade de um sentimento de pertencimento de 2240 jovens brasileiros à América Latina – e suas manifestações em variados graus, feita a partir de questões escolhidas do projeto Jovens e a História. No primeiro capítulo, a pesquisa foi contextualizada a partir de uma reflexão sobre o fenômeno do regionalismo político, os atuais blocos que compõe e propõe a integração e o modo como, em suas normativas oficiais, solicitam a identidade regional e comum para a região. No segundo, teorizou-se sobre a relação dialógica existente entre consciência e cultura, a partir dos apontamentos teóricos dos historiadores alemães Jörn Rüsen e Bodo Von Borries e do filósofo e historiador brasileiro Estevão Chaves de Rezende de Martins, especificamente, as suas contribuições específicas acerca dos conceitos de consciência histórica, cultura histórica e identidade histórica. No terceiro, realizou-se uma breve recuperação da história do projeto Jovens e a História no Brasil, uma reflexão sobre o método escolhido de coleta e sistematização dos dados – o Software GNU PSPP – , e a análise, a partir das variáveis localização geográfica, aspectos socioeconômicos e tipos de cidades, de seis questões escolhidas do projeto Jovens e a História, que se relacionavam, direta ou indiretamente, à questão do pertencimento regional. Dentre as conclusões da tese, destacam-se: a prevalência do posicionamento neutro nas respostas dos jovens; a presença da ideologia (neo)liberal e dos critérios ético-morais como eixos que estruturam a interpretação da realidade, em paralelo às recuperações de memórias e experiências do passado; a presença de noções dimensionais de pertencimento, o que variou conforme as temáticas e as variáveis; um sentimento patriótico que não se traduziu substancialmente no interesse dos jovens pela história do país, do desenvolvimento das nações, da democracia, no conhecimento da própria região, localidade onde vive e história de pessoas comuns; um interesse significativo no fluxo de produtos, trabalho e estudo na região, na unificação da moeda e na construção de infraestruturas que beneficiem a integração comercial entre os países sul-americanos; e, ainda, a rejeição significativa por parte dos jovens da ideia de um futuro comum, unificado, da região como um único país.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:32:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WILIAN CARLOS CIPRIANI BAROM.pdf: 3010462 bytes, checksum: a59c674db80d4c73ec52cabcae9d767c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-20 / With this work we seek to contribute to the area of Didactics of history. To do this, we use an analysis of academic research – theses and dissertations – around the teaching of history, to identify how the concept of historical consciousness has been used. For the case of this research, the theoretical bias with which conceptualize historical consciousness refers to the peculiar array Germanic, from the trilogy entitled theory of history of the philosopher JörnRüsen. In this sense, built a first chapter in which our understanding of the concepts presented, as well as rüsenianos is a possible interrelation between these concepts around axis teaching. The second chapter was a look about the empirical data to identify how these concepts are being used in research on the teaching of history. Do not set ourselves the task of judging these appropriations regulatory concepts and underlying theory, but yes, naming trends and possibilities that were found, forms of interpretation of theory and specific contributions in the process of establishment of the area of Didactics of history, for then we trace a bird's-eye view and handling of this area. These studies examined were taken as documents, ' traces ', intentions of groups/individuals, which in turn relate in society, which inserts in the category of documentary research. Thirty-four academic works were analyzed, being ten theses and twenty-four dissertations. / Com este trabalho buscamos contribuir à área da Didática da História. Para tanto, recorremos a uma análise das pesquisas acadêmicas – teses e dissertações – em torno do Ensino da História, a fim de se identificar como o conceito de Consciência Histórica vem sendo empregado. Para o caso desta pesquisa, o viés teórico com o qual conceituamos consciência histórica refere-se à peculiar matriz germânica, a partir da trilogia intitulada Teoria da História do filósofo JörnRüsen. Neste sentido, construímos um primeiro capítulo no qual nossa compreensão dos conceitos rüsenianos é apresentada, assim como uma possível inter-relação entre estes conceitos em torno do eixo Ensino. Ao segundo capítulo coube um olhar sobre os dados empíricos a se identificar como estes conceitos estão sendo utilizados nas pesquisas que versam sobre o ensino da História. Não nos propusemos à tarefa normativa de julgarmos as apropriações destes conceitos e teoria subjacente, mas sim, de apontarmos as tendências e possibilidades que foram encontradas, formas de interpretação da teoria e contribuições específicas no processo de instituição da área da Didática da História, para seguidamente traçarmos uma visão panorâmica e de movimentação da área da ciência da Didática da História. Estas pesquisas analisadas foram tomadas como documentos, ‘vestígios’, intenções de grupos/indivíduos, que por vez se relacionam em sociedade, o que nos insere na categoria de pesquisa documental. Foram trinta e quatro trabalhos acadêmicos analisados, sendo dez teses e vinte e quatro dissertações.