Au cours des trois dernières décennies, plusieurs modèles théoriques de l’homicide sexuel ont été proposés. Ces modèles ont suggéré qu’il existe une diversité de facteurs associés à la commission d’un ou de plusieurs homicides sexuels, notamment des facteurs développementaux, psychologiques et de l’événement criminel et ont permis de proposer un profil des individus ayant commis un homicide sexuel. Cependant, aucun de ces profils n’a intégré l’ensemble de ces facteurs en un tout cohérent. De plus, ces modèles et profils, à l’exception du modèle proposé par des chercheurs associés au Federal Bureau of Investigation, ont été réalisés à partir d’échantillons d’individus ayant commis un seul homicide sexuel. En conséquence, bien que ces modèles et profils proposent une explication de l’émergence de ces comportements, ils ne permettent pas d’expliquer dans quelles circonstances ceux-ci se répètent et prennent fin. Étant donné que ces modèles et profils n’ont pas pris en considération les caractéristiques du parcours de vie de l’individu après la commission du premier homicide sexuel, ceux-ci n’intègrent pas de paramètres post-homicides, tels que les paramètres de l’enquête criminelle. En conséquence, il existe actuellement peu de certitudes concernant les caractéristiques du profil des individus pouvant constituer des facteurs permettant potentiellement d’expliquer pourquoi certains individus commettront une série d’homicides sexuels tandis que d’autres n’en commettront qu’un. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’identifier les caractéristiques distinctives des individus ayant commis une série d’homicides sexuels, afin de proposer des profils d’individus sériels et non-sériels. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, une série d’études comparatives entre des individus ayant commis des homicides sexuels en série (HSS; n = 33) et des individus ayant commis un seul homicide sexuel (HS; n = 87) ont été réalisées. Les résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence que les caractéristiques qui distinguent les sériels des non-sériels ne se limitent pas à des facteurs individuels ou à la façon dont les individus commettent leur crime, mais aussi à l’échec des intervenants de l’enquête criminelle à appliquer les pratiques considérées comme étant indispensables à la résolution rapide d’un homicide. D’autre part, les résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence qu’il existe deux principaux profils d’individus ayant commis un homicide sexuel, celui des HSS et celle des HS. Finalement, les résultats de cette étude ont servi de fondations au développement d’un modèle conceptuel théorique de l’homicide sexuel sériel et non-sériel qui permet d’expliquer dans quelles circonstances le phénomène semblerait émerger, se répéter et prendre fin. / Over the last three decades, many theoretical models of sexual homicide have been proposed, which have made it possible to propose a profile of individuals. Although these models and profiles have suggested associations between the commission of one or more sexual homicides and a wide variety of factors—notably developmental, psychological, and crime-phase—none has produced a unified vision of sexual homicide that takes into account all factors. Moreover, these models and profiles, with the exception of that of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation, have been based on samples of individuals having committed a single homicide. As a result, although they propose explanations of the emergence of sexual homicide, current models and profiles are silent on the determinants of its repetition and cessation. Additionally, these models and profiles do not address post-homicide parameters, such as those related to the criminal investigation, since they do not take into account the sexual murderer’s life course following the commission of the homicide. For all these reasons, considerable uncertainty remains about why some individuals commit a series of sexual homicides while others commit only one. The principal objective of this thesis’s research was therefore to identify the distinctive characteristics of individuals having committed a series of sexual homicides, in order to proposed profiled of serial and nonserial sexual murderers. To this end, comparative analyses of serial sexual murderers (HSSs; n = 33) and nonserial sexual murderers (HSs n = 87) were conducted. The results indicate that the two groups of participants in this sample can be distinguished not only on individual factors and the manner in which the homicide was committed, but also on the failure of criminal investigators to apply best practices and rapidly resolve the homicides. Finally, this thesis’ research establishes a foundation for the development of theoretical models of serial and nonserial sexual homicide that explain the circumstances responsible for the emergence, repetition, and cessation of this phenomenon.

Objectifs. Les objectifs de ce mémoire sont au nombre de deux. Le premier objectif est scindé en deux : l’objectif 1A est d’évaluer l’apport et la validité/fiabilité de l’analyse descriptive des règlements de compte amorcée par Cordeau dans sa thèse de doctorat de 1991 puis d’étendre la portée de cette analyse descriptive de part et d’autre des années 1970-1986. Ceci sera fait afin de voir si les règlements de compte de la période de Cordeau diffèrent de notre ensemble; l’objectif 1B est d’évaluer différents taux afin de voir lesquels nous permettent de mieux comprendre les grandes tendances des règlements de compte et leurs vagues. Enfin, le deuxième objectif est d’utiliser l’analyse de réseau afin de confirmer certains points ressortant de l’analyse descriptive des règlements de comptes et d’analyser la structure sociale du règlement de compte au Québec entre 1953 et 2013. Méthodologie. En faisant appel à Allô Police et plusieurs autres sources médiatiques, nous avons constitué une base de données des règlements de comptes québécois entre de 1953 à 2013. Nos analyses font appel à une approche holistique qui intègre à la fois l’analyse statistique descriptive, les tableaux croisés, l’analyse temporelle et l’analyse de réseau afin de bien cerner la question des règlements de compte. Résultats. Nos principaux résultats sont au nombre de quatre: 1) les grandes tendances qu’avait trouvées Cordeau entre 1970-1986 s’appliquent pour l’ensemble des règlements de compte de 1953 à 2013. Ainsi, peu de variations importantes ont été observées entre nos règlements de compte et ceux de Cordeau ; 2) les taux alternatifs se basant sur la population carcérale ou criminelle ne permettent pas de mieux comprendre les règlements de compte par rapport à un taux basé sur la population générale. Par contre, les proportions proposées par Morselli et al (2008) amènent une meilleure conception des périodes d’effervescences du milieu; 3) les groupes criminels qui sont plus exposés à la violence sont aussi ceux qui ont le plus recours à la violence et; 4) les indépendants occupent une place importante parmi les victimes de règlements de compte et ont donc une place importante dans le milieu criminel. Conclusion. Nos résultats font état du besoin d’intégrer différentes approches théoriques et méthodologiques afin de bien cerner la question complexe qu’est le règlement de compte. Avec les avenues de recherches identifiées à la fin de ce mémoire, nous espérons que la relève sera en mesure de mettre à profit les apprentissages de ce mémoire. / Objectives. This thesis has two objectives. The first objective is divided in two: objective 1A is to evaluate and extend the descriptive analysis of account settlement trends started by Cordeau in his doctoral thesis of 1991. This will be done so as to compare his dataset to ours and see if any significant differences emerge; Objective 1B is to look into the construction and use of alternative account settlement rates to see which one allow us to be better capture the dynamics (ebbs and flows, general tendencies) of this particular subset of homicides. Our final objective is to use social network analysis to confirm and highlight certain findings that will come about through the descriptive analysis. The use of social network analysis will also allow us to analyze the social structure of account settlements in Quebec between 1953 and 2013. Methodology. Using datasets compiled from Allô Police and other media sources, our approach is a holistic one that seeks to incorporate descriptive statistical analysis, cross-tabulation, trend analysis and social network analysis so as to properly frame and study account settlement patterns and trends. Results. There are four main results in our study: 1) most of the trends found by Cordeau in his account settlement dataset (1970-1986) are also present within our dataset (1953-2013). There are, thus, few important variations between the two datasets; 2) compared to a general population rate, alternative rates based on the prison population or the larger criminal populations do not add to our understanding of the phenomena. However, the use of rates proposed by Morselli et al (2008) do allow for a clearer picture of unusual periods of activity within the criminal milieu; 3) criminal groups that are more exposed to violence tend to be the groups that resort to violence the most; 4) independent operators form a majority of our account settlement victim dataset and this would seem to indicate the importance of their role in organized crime. Conclusion. Our results illustrate the need for better integration of different methodologies and theories to properly analyze and understand account settlement trends. With the multiple avenues of research identified at the end of this thesis, we hope that future research can make use of theoretical and methodological integration to build a more complete picture of account settlement trends.

This study investigates both space and time aspects of neighborhood crime distributions using social disorganization as a theoretical framework in the City of Richmond, VA. Neighborhood crime, in this study, might be considered as any type of index crime aggregated to neighborhood level. For the purpose of the present study, however, neighborhood crime only includes "homicide" categorized as an index crime in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR). Homicides in neighborhoods have been realized as rare events, and have become problematic to establish robust statistical models in the literature. With the focus of neighborhood homicide, this study questions the consistency of Social Disorganization Theory (SDT) by the longitudinal research setting. It, therefore, constructs and verifies seven hypotheses (residential mobility, race/ethnic heterogeneity, family disruption, socio-economic status, population density, youth, and vacancy) to test SDT, while it establishes and further confirms its main hypothesis "Neighborhood homicide increase is likely to be associated by the increase in neighborhood social disorganization over time."This study constructs a longitudinal research design with 10 years, uses Census 1990, Census 2000 and homicide data (From the City of Richmond Police Department) as secondary data. Nonetheless, this study uses only two main census decennial years to calculate the other years' structural covariates by the linear interpolation technique such that this study is able to include additional years to construct the essential difference models. Population includes all neighborhoods in the City of Richmond such that this study works with entire population, but no sampling procedure. As an analytical strategy, this study constructs eleven different binomial logistic regressions, whereas it constructs multinomial logistic regressions as difference models to verify the main hypothesis for neighborhood homicide. Once this study realizes clustered neighborhoods with respect to experiencing homicide hotspot(s), it constructs a stepwise multiple regressions model to explore the most important social disorganization variables for the most problematic neighborhoods.In terms of findings, the most important social disorganization variables attributed to homicide distribution in the City of Richmond are: The low SES (Socioeconomic Status), residential mobility, vacancy, population density (across only the concentrated neighborhoods), and family disruption.Accordingly, this study has successfully contributed to the literature around SDT, social crime prevention, and spatially integrated crime policy analysis.

Trauma and grief often co-occur, however the degree to which these two constructs overlap or are distinguishable is still poorly understood. Homicidally bereaved individuals are exposed to both trauma and loss-related stressors. Previously collected data were used to explore the relationship between trauma and grief components in homicide bereavement distress, and whether homicide bereavement distress was distinguishable from that of other adverse life events. The overarching research question for this study was: Are event and loss related distress distinguishable among siblings bereaved by homicide,1 as measured on the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R)? Data from 67 individuals who lost a sibling to murder while growing up (Murder Group) were compared to data from 80 comparison individuals who grew up with a sibling (Comparison Group), but who had no experience of homicide bereavement. A cross-sectional, iterative survey design using group comparisons was used. Participants in the Murder Group reported significantly higher levels of current subjective distress compared with the Comparison Group. Among the siblings bereaved by the homicide loss of a sibling, event- and loss-related subjective distresses were highly and significantly correlated. In addition, both decreased significantly over time (years), and at similar rates. Preliminary findings from exploratory analyses of the IES-R provide insight into the avoidance, intrusion, and hyperarousal components of subjective distress following homicide loss. Findings will inform understanding of the overlap, and distinguishing features, of concurrent trauma and grief. Implications for theory and empirical research are noted, and recommendations for future research and counselling practice are discussed. / Graduate / 2017-09-13 / simpson9@uvic.ca

A cidade que mais cresce no mundo. São Paulo não pode parar... São Paulo deve parar! Mais do que slogans que marcam a história da maior metrópole brasileira, essas frases revelam uma capital marcada por mudanças e manifestações sociais típicas de grandes centros urbanos. O presente trabalho visa compreender essas mudanças por intermédio de uma das manifestações que melhor distingue o território paulistano: os homicídios dolosos, um dos principais problemas sociais desta metrópole. Para tanto, conceitos e concepções presentes na literatura que aborda o movimento da criminalidade urbana paulista são debatidos, utilizados como fundamento teórico e hipóteses a serem testadas. Além disso, técnicas estatísticas e geoestatísticas são empregadas como ferramentas analíticas do material empírico, obtido de diversas fontes. O trabalho é composto por estudos descritivo-exploratórios e análises em escala intraurbana. Congregando um amplo número de pesquisas cientificas, esses estudos buscam esclarecer por que, em um determinado período e local, as taxas de homicídios dolosos apresentam estabilidade, crescimento ou retração. Já as análises avaliam esse fenômeno do ponto de vista dos diversos padrões de urbanização e de homicídios que configuram a cidade de São Paulo. De modo geral, as investigações são consideradas em perspectiva longitudinal, o que possibilita uma observação mais adequada das nuances e variações dos homicídios, assim como melhor contextualização das matrizes teóricas que sustentam ou contestam os resultados obtidos. Entretanto, mais do que considerar o movimento dos homicídios dolosos por intermédio de suas taxas e das condicionantes que explicam sua variabilidade no tempo e no espaço, avalia-se o efeito destas entre si, sob um ponto de vista sócio-histórico e, em sentido amplo, dialético e plural. Considerando o desenvolvimento da cidade, buscou-se apresentar as transformações ocorridas na urbe e como elas se associam às taxas de homicídios. Essas transformações são vistas tanto em nível macrossociológico como microssocial. No primeiro, focaliza-se o movimento dos homicídios dolosos tendo em vista fatores históricos, econômicos, políticos e sociais que aparecem direta ou indiretamente associados com esse movimento. No segundo nível, em cada uma das milhares de partes em que a cidade é dividida são verificadas características econômicas, infraestruturais, demográficas e sociais, entre outras, que se mostraram significativas para explicar a variabilidade dos homicídios. Ambos os níveis são articulados durante todo o trabalho, sendo as conclusões alcançadas oriundas desta articulação condutoras da reflexão acerca das principais conclusões deste estudo. Essas conclusões contrariam a noção de que o movimento dos homicídios pode ser explicado por teorias universais e atemporais, apontando para a importância de uma avaliação científica da área e do período de estudo, das teorias sobre crimes urbanos e das mudanças sociais capazes de alterar esse movimento. / The world´s fastest growing city. Sao Paulo cant stop Sao Paulo must stop! More than slogans that marked the history of the biggest Brazilian metropolis; these sentences reveal a city characterized by change and social manifestations distinctive of large urban centers. The present work aims to comprehend these changes through one of the manifestations that best distinguishes the city area; homicides, one of the metropolis main social problems. For this purpose, the concepts and conceptions present in the literature that approaches the citys urban criminality movement are addressed, and used as theory basis and hypothesis to be tried. Also, the statistical and geostatistical techniques are employed as analytical tools to study the empirical data obtained through several sources. This work is composed of descriptive exploratory studies and assessments on intraurban scales. The studies gathered a wide number of scientific researches that seek to clarify why, in a certain period and location, the homicide rates present stability, growth or retraction. On the other hand the analysis approaches this phenomenon through the point of view of several urbanization and homicidal patterns that characterize Sao Paulo city. Overall, the research is taken into consideration on a longitudinal perspective, what enables a more suitable observation of homicide shades and variations, as a better contextualization of the theoretical matrices that support or challenge the obtained results. However, more than considering the movement of homicide by its rates and conditionings, that explain their variations in time and space, it was also assessed the effects among each other, under a sociohistorical point of view and, in a wider perspective, dialectical and plural as well. Taken into account the citys development, it was soughed to present the transformations that occur in the city and how they are related to the homicide rates. Those transformations can be seen in a macrosociological and microsocial levels. At the first, it was focused on the movement of homicide taken into historic, economic, politic and social account factors that show directly or indirectly associated with this movement. At the second level, in each of the thousand parts that composed the city it is verified economic, infrastructural, demographical and social characteristics, among others, that were found to be significant to explain the variability of homicide. Both levels are articulated throughout this work, and these conclusions reached arising of this articulation lead to reflection on the main conclusions of this work. These conclusions contradict the notion that the homicide movement can be explained by universal and timeless theories that show the importance of scientific assessments over place and time the study took place, of urban crime theories and the social changes capable of altering that movement.

A tese descreve o processo de crescimento e de queda dos homicídios em São Paulo entre os anos de 1960 e 2010. Com auxílio das ferramentas teóricas da criminologia do desenvolvimento e da teoria de ação situacional, que vem sendo debatida por criminologistas como Wikström, Sampson e Laub, a tese foca a investigação nas escolhas homicidas ao longo desses anos, sempre considerando o contexto em que foram tomadas. Por meio de uma análise qualitativa, a tese tenta demonstrar os mecanismos sociais que causaram o movimento da curva de homicídios na capital e Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Entre 1960 e 1999, os homicídios cresceram e os casos se concentraram em bairros e cidades das periferias. A partir de 2000, os homicídios começaram a cair quase ininterruptamente em São Paulo. A tese descreve como essas escolhas começam e se multplicam principalmente a partir do momento em que os homicídios passam a ser vistos e praticados como um instrumento de controle por determinados grupos de indivíduos, inclusive pelas autoridades de segurança pública. Depois, a tese descreve o funcionamento do mecanismo multiplicador dos homicídios que passa a funcionar nessas comunidades, onde homicídios provocam novos homicídios. Finalmente, conforme os homicídios se multiplicam, nessas mesmas comunidades, todos passam a perder, inclusive os próprios autores, que se tornam vítimas de vinganças. Quando os homicídios são vistos como ações prejudiciais e incapazes de garantir o controle social, políticas de controle da violência têm maiores chances de serem bem-sucedidas. É o que ocorre em São Paulo. / This thesis describes the process of growth and decline of homicide in São Paulo between 1960 and 2010. With assistance of the theoretical tools of developmental criminology and situational theory of action, which has been debated by criminologists as Wikström, Sampson and Laub, the thesis focuses on the choices of murderous over the years, always considering the context in which they were taken. Through a qualitative analysis, the thesis attempts to demonstrate the social mechanisms that caused the movement of the curve of homicides in the São Paulo capital and the metropolitan area. Between 1960 and 1999, homicides increased and the cases were concentrated in neighborhoods and cities from the suburbs. Since 2000, the homicide rate began to fall almost continuously in Sao Paulo. The thesis describes how these choices start and multplicam mainly from the time the murders began to be seen and practiced as an instrument of control by certain groups of individuals, including the public security authorities. Then, the thesis describes the operation of the multiplier mechanism of homicides that starts to work in these communities, where homicides cause new murders. Finally, as the murders multiply, these same communities, all start to lose with the murders, including the authors themselves, who become victims of revenge. When the killings are seen as harmful actions and unable to ensure social control, political and society control of violence are more likely to succeed. This is what happens in Sao Paulo.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2018-07-12T22:28:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O MESTRADO HOMICIDIOS ALESSANDRA - VERS?O FINAL 1.pdf: 1953856 bytes, checksum: 7b1762cbe6f88af54296096c58e16491 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T22:28:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O MESTRADO HOMICIDIOS ALESSANDRA - VERS?O FINAL 1.pdf: 1953856 bytes, checksum: 7b1762cbe6f88af54296096c58e16491 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-31 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / Homicide mortality is a relevant public health problem, this type of violent death is a complex phenomenon of the modern world. Likewise, it also reflects the social, political and economic condition of a society, product of social disorganization due to the intense population increase and the deficiency of the supply of goods and services. Objective: To analyze spatially-temporal homicide deaths and their determinants by considering differences by race / color of skin in Brazil, from 2005 to 2014. Material and Methods: The first article is a time-series study in which it was calculated the homicide rates by sex, age and race / skin color in the Brazilian states from 2005 to 2014. The second is an ecological analytical study that had the analysis of the 27 states in Brazil, the Panel Data with Negative Binomial Regression method and fixed effects model were used. Results: In the first article, blacks accounted for 72.2% of the homicides, especially young people, both sexes, low schooling, between 20 and 29 years of age. Homicide rates have trended upward for black males and declining for white males. Women showed increasing trends regardless of race / color of the skin. The greatest variation of the annual average rates occurred in young people aged 15 to 19 years. These results were statistically significant at the 5% level. In the second article, black male overmortality was found in most Brazilian states. The areas with the highest proportion of the black male population aged 15-49 had a higher risk of death due to homicide, and even when adjusted for the other covariables present in the model did not lose strength of association and statistical significance. The HDI and unemployment rate were directly related to the homicides, while the Gini index, illiteracy rate and urbanization rate were inversely related. The results indicated a risk of death by male homicide in Brazilian states of 47.24%, whose proportion of the black population is greater than 75.0% (adjusted RR = 1.47, p = 0.01, 95% CI = 1, 18-1, 83). Conclusions: The data produced showed that the black male population aged 15 to 49 years are at higher risk of dying from homicide than white. The greater proportion of the black male population per state per se is not enough to explain homicide deaths, since homicide is a complex, multifaceted social phenomenon that still needs to be better clarified, but this is a factor that must be considered in existing public policies or in those to be implemented. / A mortalidade por homic?dio ? um relevante problema de sa?de p?blica, esse tipo de morte violenta ? um fen?meno complexo do mundo moderno. De igual modo, reflete tamb?m a condi??o social, pol?tica e econ?mica de uma sociedade, produto da desorganiza??o social decorrente do aumento populacional intenso e da defici?ncia da oferta de bens e servi?os. Objetivo: Analisar espa?o-temporalmente as mortes por homic?dios e seus fatores determinantes considerando diferenciais por ra?a/cor da pele, no Brasil, no per?odo de 2005 a 2014. Material e M?todos: O primeiro artigo ? um estudo de s?rie temporal no qual se calculou as taxas de homic?dios segundo sexo, faixa et?ria e ra?a/cor da pele nos estados brasileiros no per?odo de 2005 a 2014. O segundo se constitui em um estudo ecol?gico anal?tico que teve como unidade de an?lise os 27 estados brasileiros, e para an?lise utilizou-se o m?todo de Dados em Painel com Regress?o Binomial Negativa e modelo de efeitos fixos. Resultados: No primeiro artigo os dados apontaram que os negros representaram 72,2% dos homic?dios, especialmente jovens, ambos os sexos, baixa escolaridade, faixa de 20 a 29 anos. As taxas de homic?dios tiveram tend?ncia crescente para os homens negros e decrescente para os homens brancos. As mulheres apresentaram tend?ncias crescentes independente da ra?a/cor da pele. A maior varia??o das taxas m?dias anuais ocorreu em jovens de 15 a 19 anos. Estes resultados foram estatisticamente significantes em n?vel de 5%. No segundo artigo evidenciou-se uma sobremortalidade masculina negra na maior parte dos estados brasileiros. As ?reas com maior propor??o da popula??o masculina negra de 15 a 49 anos, apresentaram maiores riscos de morte por homic?dio, e ainda quando ajustada para as outras co-var?aveis presentes no modelo n?o perdeu a for?a da associa??o e signific?ncia estat?stica. O IDH e taxa de desemprego apresentaram rela??o direta com os homic?dios, enquanto que ?ndice de Gini, taxa de analfabetismo, taxa de urbaniza??o apresentaram rela??o inversa. Os resultados indicaram um risco de morte por homic?dio masculino em estados brasileiros de 47,24%, cuja propor??o da popula??o negra ? maior que 75,0% (RR ajustado =1,47; p=0,01; IC95%= 1,18-1,83). Conclus?es: Os dados produzidos evidenciaram que a popula??o masculina negra na faixa et?ria de 15 a 49 anos apresentam maior risco de morrer por homic?dios do que a branca. A maior propor??o da popula??o masculina negra por estado per se n?o ? suficiente para explicar as mortes por homic?dio, uma vez que, o homic?dio ? um fen?meno social complexo, multifacetado, e que ainda necessita ser melhor esclarecido, mas esse ? um fator que deve ser considerado nas pol?ticas p?blicas existentes ou naquelas a serem implementadas.

Introdução A orfandade pode trazer conseqüências importantes para as condições de vida das crianças. Na África subsaariana, por exemplo, órfãos tem apresentado maiores riscos de desnutrição em relação aos não-órfãos. No Brasil, não há relatos sobre as relações entre variáveis relacionadas à orfandade e o estado nutricional de crianças. Objetivos Avaliar o estado nutricional de órfãos por aids ou homicídios residentes em São Paulo e estimar a associação de índices nutricionais com variáveis relacionadas à orfandade. Métodos - Estudo transversal de base domiciliar que utilizou amostra representativa de 484 indivíduos de 5 a 14 anos que perderam um ou ambos os pais durante os anos de 2000 e 2004 devido à aids ou homicídios no município de São Paulo. A avaliação nutricional foi feita com o índice de massa corporal-para-idade e da altura-para-idade. A associação entre índices nutricionais e variáveis relacionadas à orfandade foi estimada em análise hierárquica, com uso de modelo de regressão linear múltiplo. Resultados Órfãos por aids ou homicídios diferiram quanto às características da orfandade e à idade média. As condições econômicas, domiciliares, o estado de saúde e o estado nutricional foram semelhantes entre os grupos. O déficit de IMC ocorreu em 1,3 por cento das crianças abaixo de 10 anos e em 2,1 por cento dos adolescentes. O déficit de altura ocorreu em 0,7 por cento das vii crianças e em 4,0 por cento dos adolescentes. O excesso de peso ocorreu em 19 por cento e 20 por cento das crianças e adolescentes, respectivamente. A análise hierárquica indicou ausência de efeito das variáveis relacionadas à orfandade sobre o IMC ou a altura; o principal determinante do estado nutricional foi de natureza econômica. Conclusão Órfãos por aids ou homicídios de São Paulo apresentaram estado nutricional semelhante e majoritariamente influenciado pela situação econômica. O perfil nutricional identificado no grupo, caracterizado pelo excesso de peso, sugere que órfãos de São Paulo não apresentam riscos adicionais decorrentes da orfandade. / Introduction Orphanhood has important consequences in life conditions of children. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, children orphaned by AIDS have shown increased risks for undernutrition when compared to their counterparts. There are no studies available investigating the relation among orphanhood-related variables and nutritional status of children. Objectives To evaluate the nutritional status of children orphaned by AIDS or homicides in the city of Sao Paulo and to estimate the association of nutritional indexes with orphanhood-related variables. Methods Household survey carried out between 2006 and 2007. We sampled 484 children representative of Sao Paulo, aged 5-14 years old who lost either or both of their parents from AIDS or homicides between 2000 and 2004. We selected bodymass- index(BMI)-for-age and height-for-age as outcome for analysis. Multiple linear regression in the light of a conceptual hierarchical approach was used for estimating the factors associated BMI-for-age and height-for-age. Results Children from AIDS and homicides groups differed in terms of orphanhood-related variables and age. Economic, household, health and nutritional conditions were similar among groups. Underweight accounted for 1.3 per cent and 2.1 per cent of children under the age of 10 and adolescents, respectively. Stunting accounted for 0.7 per cent and 4.0 per cent of children and ix adolescents, respectively. Overweight accounted for 19 per cent and 20 per cent of children and adolescents, respectively. BMI-for-age and height-for-age were unaffected by orphanhood-related variables after adjusting for selected classical determinants of nutritional status in hierarchical model. Economic condition was the main determinant of nutritional profile. Conclusion Nutritional status of children orphaned by AIDS or homicides from Sao Paulo was similar and mainly influenced by the economic condition. Nutritional profile, characterized by being overweight, suggests that these orphans have not shown additional risks due to those orphanhoodrelated variables.

Considerada um flagelo social, a violência, em especial o homicídio, é problema de saúde pública de grande magnitude e transcendência, que provoca forte impacto na morbimortalidade da população, sendo fundamental compreender sua ocorrência no contexto das condições de vida da população e do espaço que a envolve. Este estudo, com delineamento híbrido, ecológico e de tendência temporal, teve como objetivo obter o padrão espacial dos homicídios, segundo local de residência de suas vítimas, no município de Itabuna-BA, no período de 2006 a 2012, relacionando- o ao Indicador Adaptado de Condição de Vida no ano de 2010. A população constituiu-se de todos os homicídios de residentes no município ocorridos no período estudado. Os dados de mortalidade foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde e as informações que compuseram o Indicador Adaptado de Condição de Vida coletadas do Censo Demográfico de 2010, sendo a unidade de análise o setor censitário. Indicadores epidemiológicos, Anos Potenciais de Vida Perdidos, mapas temáticos e estimador de densidade Kernel foram obtidos. Para a elaboração do Indicador Adaptado de Condição de Vida foi utilizada a Análise Fatorial com os estratos de condição de vida definidos por meio da técnica de agrupamento (hierarchical cluster analysis). Os testes Qui-quadrado e Razão de Chances bruto foram calculados segundo nível socioeconômico para verificação de associação entre os casos de homicídios e a baixa condição de vida. Os softwares ArcGIS 10 e SPSS 18 foram utilizados. O aumento dos homicídios observado ao longo dos anos analisados foi de 214%, sendo que 94% deles incidiram na população masculina. Entre estes, o crescimento se deu principalmente para os mais jovens, de 15 a 29 anos. A arma de fogo foi o instrumento responsável pelos homicídios em 83% das mortes. Quanto às variáveis que compuseram o Indicador Adaptado as com maiores cargas fatoriais foram população alfabetizada acima de 10 anos de idade (0,920); proporção de crianças até 5 anos de idade (0,801) e população alfabetizada com idade entre 10 a 14 anos (0,720). O município foi classificado em quatro clusters: alta, média, baixa e muito baixa condição de vida. A comparação dos mapas de condição de vida e residência das vítimas de homicídios evidenciou relação entre o fenômeno e as áreas mais carentes da zona urbana. A Razão de Chances bruto quando comparados os clusters alta e baixa condição de vida foi igual a 12,62 (RC=12,62; IC 95%:[4,78 ; 33,32]) e igual a 6,93 para os clusters de média e baixa condição de vida (RC= 6,93; IC 95%:[2,76 ; 17,4]). A mortalidade por homicídios em Itabuna atinge índices observados nas grandes metrópoles do país na década 1980, evidenciando que o fenômeno da criminalidade violenta, antes predominante apenas nos grandes centros urbanos, avança para o interior provocando mudanças no mapa da violência homicida do país. A estratificação do município segundo condições de vida e distribuição espacial das residências das vítimas de homicídios permitiu a identificação de áreas onde a população está mais vulnerável, fornecendo subsídios para ações de vigilância à questão da violência / Violence, particularly homicide, is considered to be a social plague and is also a public health problem of great magnitude and transcendence that causes a great impact on the morbimortality of the population. Thus, it is essential to understand its occurrence in the context of the life of the population and the space that evolves it as well. This study displays a hybrid and ecological design and a temporal tendency and aimed to obtain the special standard of the murdering according to the place of residence of the victims in the municipality of Itabuna-BA, from the year of 2006 to the year of 2012, and it\'s related to the Adapted Indicator of Living Condition in 2010. The population consisted of all the homicides cases of residents of the municipality that occurred during the study period. Mortality data was obtained from the Mortality Information System of the Ministry of Health and the information that composed the Indicator of Living Condition collected from the Demographic Census conducted in 2010, so that the unit of analysis is the census tract itself. Epidemiological indicators, Years of Potential Life Lost, thematic maps and the Kernel density estimator were obtained. In order to elaborate the Adapted Indicator of Living Conditions, the factor analysis was used in the strata of living conditions defined by the clustering technique (hierarchical cluster analysis). The Chi-square test and the odds ratio were calculated according to the socioeconomic level to verify the association between the homicides and the low living conditions. The ArcGIS 10 and SPSS 18 software were used. The increasing homicide rates observed over the analyzed years were 214%, and 94% of the homicide cases affected the male population. Among the male population, the growth affected mainly the younger men, aged 15-29 years old. The firearm was the responsible instrument for the homicides in 83% of the deaths. Regarding the variables that composed the Adapted Indicator, the highest loadings were the literate population over 10 years old (0,920); proportion of children under 5 years old (0,801) and literate population aged 10-14 years old (0,720). The municipality was classified into four clusters: high, medium, low and very low living conditions. The comparison between the maps of living condition and residence of the victims of homicide showed the relationship established between the phenomenon and the neediest urban areas. When the clusters were compared, the crude Odd Ratio was equal to 12,62 (RC=12,62; IC 95%:[4,78; 33,32]) and equals 6,93 to the clusters of medium and low living conditions (RC=7,93; IC 95%:[2,76; 17,4]). The homicide mortality rates observed in Itabuna reaches the same rates observed in the big cities of the country in the 1980s, which shows that the violent criminality phenomenon, once predominant only in the big urban centers, advances towards the countryside, causing changes in the map of homicidal violence in Brazil. The stratification of the municipality according to living conditions and special distribution of the residences of the victims of homicide allowed the identification of areas in which the population is more vulnerable, thus, supporting surveillance activities to monitor the violence issue

A cidade que mais cresce no mundo. São Paulo não pode parar... São Paulo deve parar! Mais do que slogans que marcam a história da maior metrópole brasileira, essas frases revelam uma capital marcada por mudanças e manifestações sociais típicas de grandes centros urbanos. O presente trabalho visa compreender essas mudanças por intermédio de uma das manifestações que melhor distingue o território paulistano: os homicídios dolosos, um dos principais problemas sociais desta metrópole. Para tanto, conceitos e concepções presentes na literatura que aborda o movimento da criminalidade urbana paulista são debatidos, utilizados como fundamento teórico e hipóteses a serem testadas. Além disso, técnicas estatísticas e geoestatísticas são empregadas como ferramentas analíticas do material empírico, obtido de diversas fontes. O trabalho é composto por estudos descritivo-exploratórios e análises em escala intraurbana. Congregando um amplo número de pesquisas cientificas, esses estudos buscam esclarecer por que, em um determinado período e local, as taxas de homicídios dolosos apresentam estabilidade, crescimento ou retração. Já as análises avaliam esse fenômeno do ponto de vista dos diversos padrões de urbanização e de homicídios que configuram a cidade de São Paulo. De modo geral, as investigações são consideradas em perspectiva longitudinal, o que possibilita uma observação mais adequada das nuances e variações dos homicídios, assim como melhor contextualização das matrizes teóricas que sustentam ou contestam os resultados obtidos. Entretanto, mais do que considerar o movimento dos homicídios dolosos por intermédio de suas taxas e das condicionantes que explicam sua variabilidade no tempo e no espaço, avalia-se o efeito destas entre si, sob um ponto de vista sócio-histórico e, em sentido amplo, dialético e plural. Considerando o desenvolvimento da cidade, buscou-se apresentar as transformações ocorridas na urbe e como elas se associam às taxas de homicídios. Essas transformações são vistas tanto em nível macrossociológico como microssocial. No primeiro, focaliza-se o movimento dos homicídios dolosos tendo em vista fatores históricos, econômicos, políticos e sociais que aparecem direta ou indiretamente associados com esse movimento. No segundo nível, em cada uma das milhares de partes em que a cidade é dividida são verificadas características econômicas, infraestruturais, demográficas e sociais, entre outras, que se mostraram significativas para explicar a variabilidade dos homicídios. Ambos os níveis são articulados durante todo o trabalho, sendo as conclusões alcançadas oriundas desta articulação condutoras da reflexão acerca das principais conclusões deste estudo. Essas conclusões contrariam a noção de que o movimento dos homicídios pode ser explicado por teorias universais e atemporais, apontando para a importância de uma avaliação científica da área e do período de estudo, das teorias sobre crimes urbanos e das mudanças sociais capazes de alterar esse movimento. / The world´s fastest growing city. Sao Paulo cant stop Sao Paulo must stop! More than slogans that marked the history of the biggest Brazilian metropolis; these sentences reveal a city characterized by change and social manifestations distinctive of large urban centers. The present work aims to comprehend these changes through one of the manifestations that best distinguishes the city area; homicides, one of the metropolis main social problems. For this purpose, the concepts and conceptions present in the literature that approaches the citys urban criminality movement are addressed, and used as theory basis and hypothesis to be tried. Also, the statistical and geostatistical techniques are employed as analytical tools to study the empirical data obtained through several sources. This work is composed of descriptive exploratory studies and assessments on intraurban scales. The studies gathered a wide number of scientific researches that seek to clarify why, in a certain period and location, the homicide rates present stability, growth or retraction. On the other hand the analysis approaches this phenomenon through the point of view of several urbanization and homicidal patterns that characterize Sao Paulo city. Overall, the research is taken into consideration on a longitudinal perspective, what enables a more suitable observation of homicide shades and variations, as a better contextualization of the theoretical matrices that support or challenge the obtained results. However, more than considering the movement of homicide by its rates and conditionings, that explain their variations in time and space, it was also assessed the effects among each other, under a sociohistorical point of view and, in a wider perspective, dialectical and plural as well. Taken into account the citys development, it was soughed to present the transformations that occur in the city and how they are related to the homicide rates. Those transformations can be seen in a macrosociological and microsocial levels. At the first, it was focused on the movement of homicide taken into historic, economic, politic and social account factors that show directly or indirectly associated with this movement. At the second level, in each of the thousand parts that composed the city it is verified economic, infrastructural, demographical and social characteristics, among others, that were found to be significant to explain the variability of homicide. Both levels are articulated throughout this work, and these conclusions reached arising of this articulation lead to reflection on the main conclusions of this work. These conclusions contradict the notion that the homicide movement can be explained by universal and timeless theories that show the importance of scientific assessments over place and time the study took place, of urban crime theories and the social changes capable of altering that movement.