Försiktighetsåtgärder vidtagna av gärningspersonen efter att ett mord har undersökts i begränsad utsträckning. Internationell forskning på området indikerar att förövare och offers relation samt vilken typ av våld som tillfogas vid gärningstillfället kan hänga samman med huruvida försiktighetsåtgärder vidtas eller inte. Föreliggande studie syftar att undersöka skillnaden mellan partnerrelaterade och icke-partnerrelaterade mord gällande försiktighetsåtgärder som vidtagits efter brottet. Fortsättningsvis syftade studien att undersöka om försiktighetsåtgärder efter mordet kan förklaras av en interaktionseffekt mellan förövaren och offrets relation samt typ av våld. För att undersöka detta granskades 166 domar varav de partnerrelaterade morden bestod av 61 domar (37%) och de icke-partnerrelaterade morden bestod av 105 domar (63%). Resultatet visade att det inte föreligger en signifikant skillnad mellan partnerrelaterade och icke-partnerrelaterade mord gällande förekomst eller omfattning av försiktighetsåtgärder. Däremot fanns det signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna beroende på vilken typ av försiktighetsåtgärd som vidtas, om det är crime scene staging eller andra försiktighetsåtgärder. Resultatet visade även att det inte föreligger en interaktionseffekt mellan förövaren och offrets relation samt typ av våld. Mer forskning på området krävs för att kunna uttala sig om det föreligger en interaktionseffekt mellan partnerrelaterade och icke-partnerrelaterade mord samt typ av våld gällande försiktighetsåtgärder som vidtas efter brottet. / Precautionary acts that the perpetrator performs after the homicide have been investigated to a limited extent. International research shows that the perpetrator and victim’s relation, with type of deadly violence that is inflicted to the victim have a connection whether precautionary acts are performed or not. The present study aimed to examine the differences of precautionary acts in intimate partner homicide [IPH] and non-intimate partner homicide [NIPH]. Furthermore the aim was to investigate if the precautionary acts performed after the homicide could be explained by an interaction effect between the perpetrator and victims relation and type of deadly violence. There were 166 verdicts examined in this study, whereof 61 (37%) concerned the IPH group and 105 (63%) concerned the NIPH group. The results show that there was no significant difference between IPH and NIPH in terms of occurrence and extent of precautionary acts. On the contrary, there was a significant difference regarding what type of precautionary act that was performed, whether it was crime scene staging or other types of precautionary acts. The result also showed that it did not occur an interaction effect between the perpetrator and victim relation and type of violence that can explain the variance in precautionary acts. Further research is required to observe if there is an interaction between IPH and NIPH and type of violence regarding precautionary acts.

BACKGROUND: Firearm-related violence is a significant public health issue in the US. Research has found an increase in guns used in crimes sourced from low gun law states into high gun law states. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of distance from states without universal background checks (UBC), background checks at shows (BCS), or permit to purchase (PTP) laws on firearm homicide rates in states with them. METHODS: States were identified based on their enactment of laws that are designed to prevent the private sale of firearms to criminals. Demographic data for each county were obtained for the years 2014 through 2017. The border distance from a county in a state with the evaluated gun laws to the nearest border state without the gun laws was obtained using Google Maps. Multiple regression analyses were performed to test the relationship between border distance and firearm homicide rates. RESULTS: The regression model evaluating all formats found the border distance was negatively associated with firearm homicides (p=.009). The parameter estimate indicated as border distance increased, the firearm homicide rate decreased. When counties with UBC or PTP on all guns were evaluated separately from all formats model, the statistical significance was lost (p=.62). In counties where all handgun sales either require a background check or a PTP is required, the distance was also not statistically significant (p=.11). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that there may be a mitigating effect on the reduction of firearm homicides in states that require background checks or PTP on private sales when there is a state in close proximity that did not have these laws. Limited counties at certain distances may have contributed to the insignificant findings in other models.

No description available.

A minority of the research conducted on the geography of crime has considered crime as a vectored event, consisting of multiple locations of interest and straight-line connections between them. Within this small literature, very little attention has been paid to relationships between the various 'journey' vectors available for consideration. Recently several studies have resurrected the notion of Mobility Triangle Analysis as a method for examining crime as a multi-vectored event. The research described here illustrates that geometric configuration of multi-vector homicide events drives prior findings related to mobility triangle analyses, and demonstrates a two-stage method for reconciling this issue. In addition to examining the geometric configuration of homicide, the research also examines issues of orientation, extent, and the impact of contextual factors in multi-vector models of homicide geography. / Criminal Justice

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como fin determinar criterios jurídicos en la postura de garante de los altos funcionarios, a partir del análisis y verificación del estatus que poseen, en razón del cargo, como criterio configurador del delito de homicidio doloso en las manifestaciones sociales. La tesis explora-como referencia-la denuncia constitucional N°1502020, en contra del ex Presidente Merino de Lama, como presunto autor del delito en cuestión. De ahí que, se estudió el delito de omisión impropia, en tanto que, el sujeto activo/autor tiene incito el nexo de evitación, por lo que, está obligado a evitar que se produzca el resultado lesivo, y permite que se afecte al bien jurídico. Frente a ello, el estudio desarrollado tiene sustento en la tesis de infracción de deber, en la cual el estatus del alto funcionario por su condición especial y personal, no tiene relación directa con el resultado lesivo en el delito de homicidio. En tal sentido,no es posible pretender encajar la tesis del dominio del hecho, por cuanto, no domina ni el riesgo típico que exige un deber específico-deber que el Presidente no defrauda-previsto en una norma extra-penal. De ahí que, se propone la implementación de los criterios jurídicos de: el nexo de evitación, la previsibilidad y el hombre promedio en sociedad; en la postura de garante. Y a fin de operativizar los conceptos propuestos, se concluye que, no es posible atribuir responsabilidad penal al Presidente de la República. / The purpose of this research work is to determine legal criteria regarding the position of guarantor held by high-ranking officials, based on the analysis and verification of the status they possess by virtue of their office, as a determining factor in the crime of intentional homicide during social demonstrations. The thesis explores, as a reference, the constitutional complaint No. 150-2020 against former President Merino de Lama as the alleged author of the aforementioned crime. From there, improper omission offenses were studied, considering that the active/author subject has a duty to prevent the harmful outcome and allows the infringement of the legal interest. In light of this, the study is grounded in the theory of breach of duty, in which the status of a high-ranking official, due to their special and personal condition, does not have a direct relationship with the harmful outcome in the crime of homicide. Thus, it's not possible to fit the theory of control of the act, as there is no control over the typical risk that requires a specific duty - a duty that the president does not breach - provided by an extrapenal norm. Therefore, the implementation of the following legal criteria in the position of guarantor is proposed: the duty to prevent, foreseeability, and the average person in society. In order to operationalize the proposed concepts, it is concluded that it is not possible to attribute criminal responsibility to the President of the Republic.

<p>Globally, injury is a major public health problem. The extent of the problem varies considerably by demographic subgroups, regions and national income. The overall objective of this thesis is to examine the relationship between injury mortality and economic development, and to discuss its role in the changing patterns of mortality as described in health transition theory.</p><p>By cross-sectional analysis between cause-specific injury-related mortality and income per capita, studies included in this thesis indicated that while unintentional injury mortality (UIM) and homicide rates correlated negatively with GNP per capita for total populations with varying patterns for age-specific mortality, suicide rates increased slightly by nations’ income per capita, especially among women. In age- and cause-specific injury mortality differentials between low-income, middle-income and high-income countries, ageing and injury interplay mutually with regard to health transition; declining rates in child UIM by income level contributes to the ageing process, while increasing UIM among the elderly, in combination with ageing populations boosts the absolute number of injury deaths in this segment.</p><p>Between the income-based country groups, both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses show that injury mortality for all three major causes (i.e. unintentional injury, suicide and homicide) first increase and then decrease with rising income per capita, following an inverted U-shaped curve.</p><p>These results illustrate that injury is not a homogeneous public health phenomenon from a health transition perspective. While child unintentional mortality clearly agrees with ‘diseases of poverty’, unintentional injury in the elderly agrees with ‘diseases of affluence’. Patterns for homicide and suicide are more complex and uncertain. Generally, the strength and direction of injury mortality by economic development vary considerably by age, sex and type of injury.</p><p>Further research on causations, mechanisms, broader indicators and data quality, as well as theoretical developments on health transition taking new findings and parallel frameworks into account, is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between economic development and injury mortality.</p>

L’objectif de la présente étude est d’étudier les différences entre les homicides par strangulation et les suicides par pendaison ainsi que l’importance du rôle que jouent les lésions dans la détermination du mode de décès dans les cas apparents de pendaison, et ce dans l’optique d’établir un outil permettant de renseigner le coroner ou médecin légiste sur le mode de décès probable dans les cas apparents de pendaison. Deux cent quatorze cas de suicide par pendaison ont été révisés rétrospectivement et comparés à 51 cas d’homicide par strangulation. La fréquence d’ecchymoses (6,1 %), d’abrasions (4,7 %) et de lacérations (0,5 %) était significativement plus faible chez les victimes de suicide par pendaison que chez les victimes d’homicides par strangulation (58,8 %, 51,0 % et 5,9 % respectivement). Les ecchymoses, chez les victimes de suicide par pendaison, se trouvent habituellement sur les membres supérieurs antérieurs et postérieurs ou sur les membres inférieurs antérieurs. Elles se situent généralement soit sur les membres supérieurs, soit sur les membres inférieurs, et non aux deux endroits à la fois. Les abrasions sont davantage susceptibles de se trouver sur la face postérieure des membres supérieurs et sur la face antérieure des membres inférieurs. Cette concentration préférentielle n’est pas observée chez les victimes d’homicide par strangulation. De possibles critères de suspicion et des modèles de prédiction du mode de décès sont évalués. / The objective of the present study is to study the differences between the suicidal hangings and the homicidal nonhanging strangulations as well as the lesion’s role in the manner of death determination in apparent hanging cases, in order to create a decision tool that will inform the coroner or medical examiner on the probable manner of death in apparent hanging cases. Two hundred and fourteen cases of suicidal hanging were retrospectively reviewed and compared to 51 homicidal nonhanging strangulation victims. Bruises, abrasions and lacerations incidence were significantly lower in hanging victims (6.1 %, 4.7 % and 0.5 % respectively) compared to homicidal strangulation victims (58.8 %, 51.0% and 5.9 % respectively). Limb bruises were found as much on the anterior part of upper limbs as on posterior part, whereas limb abrasions were located mostly on the posterior aspect of upper limbs. Bruises and abrasions were also found exclusively on the anterior aspect of the lower limbs. Bruises are generally observed either exclusively on upper limbs, either exclusively on lower limbs, but rarely on both in a single case. In homicidal nonhanging strangulation cases, this preferential lesions concentration was not observed. Possible criteria for limb lesions distribution are discussed and prediction models of the manner of death are evaluated.

Cette étude porte sur la violence meurtrière en Haïti, qui selon plusieurs auteurs est maintenant à l'état endémique. Pourtant, son taux d’homicide officiel (10.2 par 100 000 habitants) se situe seulement légèrement au-dessus de la moyenne mondiale, mais demeure beaucoup plus bas que celui d'autres pays des Caraïbes ou d'Amérique Centrale. Le premier objectif de ce mémoire est de déterminer si le taux officiel proposé par l’Office des Nations Unies contre la drogue et le crime (UNODC) représenterait une sous-estimation du phénomène. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, de nouvelles données provenant de la Commission Nationale Épiscopale Justice et Paix (CÉ-JILAP), qui recense les homicides s’étant produits dans l’ensemble du pays durant l’année 2012, ont été employées. Ces données ont été colligées à l’aide d’une grille comprenant des informations au sujet des victimes, des suspects et du motif du crime. Le second objectif de cette recherche est d'examiner la situation en Haïti face à celle de ses pays voisins. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons le cadre conceptuel et les données de l'Enquête mondiale sur l'homicide (EMH). Le but est de présenter les facteurs macro qui peuvent avoir un impact sur les taux de criminalité en Haïti. Les données de la CÉ-JILAP révèlent que le taux d’homicide de 10.2 par 100 000 habitants serait une sous-estimation du taux réel des homicides. Celui-ci se situerait plutôt entre 12.5 et 17.9 par 100 000 habitants. En ce qui concerne les données de l’EMH, les résultats démontrent que, comparativement aux autres pays, Haïti était plus touché par les conditions sociales adverses ce qui expliquerait la prévalence plus grande de l'homicide. En Haïti, l’on note la présence de types d'homicides rares que l'on retrouve peu dans les autres pays, soit des homicides liés au lynchage et à la sorcellerie. / This study pertains to deadly violence in Haiti, which, according to scholars, has reached an endemic state. However, its homicide rate (10.2 per 100 000 inhabitants) is slightly above the global average. The first objective of the current study is to determine whether this rate, suggested by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) represents an under estimation of the total number of homicides being perpetrated in this country. In order to meet this objective, disaggregated data on homicides in Haiti will be presented. Data from the Commission Nationale Épiscopale Justice et Paix (CÉ-JILAP), compiling homicide incidents which took place in 2012 are used (n = 1 133). The information was collected by using a coding sheet, which included information pertaining to victims, suspects and crime motive. The second objective of this project is to present these factors in the Haitian context, and to compare them to the situation in other countries across North America, Latin America and the Caribbean. We used the data and dynamic theory of homicide proposed by the World Homicide Survey (WHS) to this end. Questionnaires were distributed to informants hailing from 11 countries in order to further understand the manifestations of crime in this region. The data from the CÉ-JILAP reveal that the figure proposed by the UNODC is an underestimation of the actual homicide rate in Haiti. The estimated rate would be between 12,5 and 17,9 per 100 000 inhabitants. With regards to the WHS, results show that, compared to other countries, adverse social conditions such as poverty and inequality were very present in Haiti. Furthermore, informants noted a higher frequency of rare forms of homicides, such as lynching and homicides related to witchcraft.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Contexte et objectifs. Plusieurs études sur l’homicide ont été réalisées avec l’objectif d’épauler les policiers lors de leurs enquêtes. Le lien entre l’agresseur et la victime représente le principal déterminant des types de meurtres. L’utilité de ces études a toutefois été remise en question tant par les policiers que par la communauté scientifique. En combinant la perspective du script et l’approche dimensionnelle, le but du présent mémoire est d’améliorer les connaissances sur le processus de commission de l’homicide. Méthodologie. Différents scripts de l’homicide seront proposés afin de reconstituer le processus de commission du crime et de mieux comprendre les dynamiques expressives et instrumentales qui y sont rattachées. Les données utilisées dans le cadre de la recherche ont été recueillies auprès de 100 dossiers d’homicide de femmes et d’enfants répertoriés entre 1988 et 2011. Résultats. Les scripts permettent de dresser divers constats. Tout d’abord, lorsque la victime a subi d’importants sévices, le meurtrier est généralement un proche, indépendamment du motif initial de l’agresseur (p. ex. commettre un vol ou tout simplement tuer la victime). La sévérité des sévices dépend également de la présence d’armes sur les lieux du crime et du degré de résistance de la victime. Finalement, les scripts ont démontré que la nature de la relation entre la victime et l’agresseur influence le lieu où le meurtre prend place. Conclusion. Les résultats obtenus s’inscrivent dans une perspective différente en ce sens où, sans négliger la question de la personnalité, des variables contextuelles, hors du contrôle de l’agresseur, ont une incidence sur le niveau de sévices infligé à la victime. Le profile pourrait dès lors intégrer des aspects situationnels afin de pister les enquêteurs. / Context and objectives. Several studies were conducted to support criminal investigations (especially for homicide cases). The level of injuries is generally used to infer the relationship between the suspect and the victim. Such an approach has however been questioned by investigators and the scientific community. The present study combines the script perspective and a dimensional approach to offer a procedural analysis of the homicide process. Methodology. Data were collected from 100 homicide investigations that took place between 1988 and 2011. Scripts were developed to detail the crime commission process leading to expressive and instrumental homicides involving a female or a minor victim. Results. Results indicate that the level of injuries sustained by the victim must be considered in relation to other variables in order to infer its relationship with the suspect. First, when the victim has suffered significant injuries, the murderer is usually a relative, regardless of its initial motive (e.g. burglary or simply killing the victim). Second, the level of expressiveness depends on the presence of crime facilitators (the type of weapon) and the victim’s resistance to the aggressor. At last, high level of injuries are mainly observed when the killing takes place in a private place. Conclusion. The present results suggest that situational factors should – alongside personality variables - be integrated to profiles. Different levels of injuries are sometimes dependent upon contextual contingencies such as the presence of weapons on the crime scene and the victim’s resistance.