Le niveau de violence, tel que mesuré par le taux d’homicide, varie beaucoup d’un pays à l’autre. Dans certains pays, on note un taux de 0,5 par 100,000 habitants tandis que pour d’autres, ce taux se situe autour de 50 par 100,000 habitants. Parmi les facteurs évoqués dans la littérature scientifique pour expliquer cette variation, on retrouve des concepts tels que la pauvreté, les inégalités et d’autres facteurs sociaux, économiques ou démographiques. Or, il y a relativement peu d’études qui examinent le rôle éventuel de la qualité du système de justice sur l’incidence de la violence. La présente étude s’intéresse au rôle de la corruption policière sur les variations du taux d’homicide entre les pays du monde. La corruption se définit comme le fait d’agir contre son devoir. Dans le cadre de l’activité policière, la corruption peut prendre la forme d’abus du pouvoir discrétionnaire, de recours à des moyens illégaux ou d’acceptation de récompenses. Considérant que ces différentes formes de corruption policière ont pour principale conséquence de créer des inégalités, il ne fait peu de doute que ce que font les policiers influence le taux de criminalité d’un endroit donné. Cette étude tente donc de déterminer s’il existe un lien entre le niveau de corruption policière et le niveau de violence, tel que mesuré par le taux d’homicide pour 143 pays. Des analyses statistiques univariées et bivariées sont réalisées afin de déterminer les indicateurs pertinents à inclure dans les différents modèles de régression multiple. Les résultats de nos analyses indiquent qu’une relation relativement forte et significative est retrouvée entre la corruption policière et le taux d’homicide. De plus, les résultats montrent que les inégalités influencent la corruption policière et que ces deux phénomènes influencent à leur tour le taux d’homicide. / The level of violence, as measured by the homicide rates, varies greatly from one country to the other. Some countries have an homicide rate of 0,5 per 100,000 inhabitants, while others are faced with a rate of more than 50 per 100,000 inhabitants. Poverty, inequalities and other social, economic and demographic factors are cited in the literature as explaining this variation. However, there are very few studies that examine the possible influence of the quality of the justice system on violence. The present study examines the role of police corruption on the variations of the homicide rates between countries. Corruption is defined as acting against one’s duty. In the context of policing, corruption can be seen as the abuse of power, the resort to illegal means or the acceptance of rewards or gratuities. Considering these acts have the main consequence of creating inequalities, there is little or no doubt that what the police do has an influence on the crime rate. This study thus attempts to determine wether there is a relation between police corruption and violence, as measured by the homicide rate for 143 countries. Various univariate and bivariate statistical analyses are conducted to determine which relevant indicators should be included in the various multiple regression models. Results indicate that a relatively strong and significant relation is found between police corruption and homicide rate for the countries included in the study. Moreover, results indicate that inequalities influence police corruption and that both, in turn, influence the homicide rate.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabel Maria de Sousa.pdf: 335945 bytes, checksum: 7a08a02b9414890e9241743f00e0465a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-18 / This study has the objective to investigate human violence, such as homicide, committed under emotional or passionate states, that holds crime as a human characteristic. Throughout this theme, the thesis states that crimes committed under these emotional states cannot be used to justify homicide, or to lower penal sentences, but to explain them. Emotion and passion can only eliminate penal sentences when derived from psychological pathologies that incapacitate the understanding and wanting of the person. Crimes of passion have an integrated cognitive conscience and affection, failing the murderer only the ethical control over his decisions. The thesis also states that passion that kills doesn't derive from love or honor, but from a homocidal instinct. However, the passional murderer is responsible for the legal consequences of the crime. The case study explores the subject object world relationship, under various perspectives: such as psychological and psychiatric points of view, being the reason why this study focuses on the fenomenological method of diagnosing the subjects researched. The analysis of the results shows the need to better comprehend the facts and experiences of passionate homicide, to create a rupture in the legal penal system, in its process, diagnosis and penal sentences. / Este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar a violência humana no crime de homicídio, cometido sob os estados emotivos ou passionais, situando-se em uma vertente que apreende o crime como fenômeno real, humano. Ao enfrentar o tema, a sustentação recai na tese que os estados emocionais ou passionais não podem ser utilizados como componentes para justificar o homicídio, diminuir ou atenuar a pena, senão para explicá-lo. A emoção e a paixão somente podem elidir a imputabilidade penal quando derivadas de patologias do psiquismo humano, que impedem a capacidade de entender e querer do agente. No crime passional, os aspectos afetivo e cognitivo da consciência mantêm-se íntegros, faltando ao homicida o domínio ético sobre suas decisões. Também se sustenta que a paixão que mata não deriva do sentimento de amor ou de honra íntima, mas de instinto homicida. Portanto, o criminoso passional é imputável e responsável pelas conseqüências jurídicas do crime. O estudo de caso explora a relação sujeitoobjeto- mundo, sob perspectivas psicológica, psiquiátrica, psicopatológica e jurídico-penal, razão pela qual este estudo focaliza a aplicação do método fenomenológico no diagnóstico dos sujeitos pesquisados. A análise de resultados assinala a necessidade de aprofundar a compreensão da experiência e dos fatos homicidas considerados passionais, para provocar uma ruptura do pragmatismo dogmático do sistema jurídico penal no processo de seu diagnóstico, imputação, imputabilidade e penalização.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivos: (i) apresentar a edição fac-similar e semidiplomática justalinear de um processo-crime produzido no século XIX na cidade de Campinas; (ii) analisar a macroestrutura do documento manuscrito. A leitura e a edição do documento manuscrito foram balizadas nos conhecimentos das áreas de Filologia e Linguística Histórica. A análise da macroestrutura pautou-se no modelo das Tradições Discursivas, com base em Koch & Osterreicher (1990) e Kabatek (2006). A análise também levou em consideração os aspectos linguísticos-discursivos propostos por Simões e Kewitz (2006, 2009) para os corpora do português brasileiro. Ao todo são 37 fólios recto e verso que tratam de um crime de feitiçaria e homicídio ocorrido em 1871, sendo rica fonte de dados históricos, socioeconômicos e, sobretudo, linguísticos. A partir desta pesquisa, obtivemos importantes dados acerca de algumas das tradições discursivas que ajudam a reconstruir o português brasileiro em textos da esfera jurídica. / This dissertation aims at: (i) presenting a facsimile and semidiplomatic edition of a criminal proceeding which took place in the city of Campinas in the 19th century; and (ii) analyzing the macrostructure of the manuscript document. The reading and the editing of the document were based on the assumption of Philology and Historical Linguistics. The analysis of the macrostructure was based on the Discoursive Traditions Model proposed by Koch & Osterreicher (1990) and Kabatek (2006). Furthermore, we considered the linguisticdiscoursive aspects suggested by Simões e Kewitz (2006, 2009). Overall, there are 37 folios recto and verso that concern the crime of witchcraft and homicide occurred in 1871, which represent a rich source of historical, socioeconomic and, primarily, linguistic data. This research privided important information about some of the discoursive traditions that helps reconstruct Brazilian Portuguese registered in texts of legal environment

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-26T11:50:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bibiana Calatayud Barbosa_.pdf: 604434 bytes, checksum: 5a60154bb95c99ccbd1b9781532d6809 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-26T11:50:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bibiana Calatayud Barbosa_.pdf: 604434 bytes, checksum: 5a60154bb95c99ccbd1b9781532d6809 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / Nenhuma / A violência de gênero constitui uma problemática relevante em nossa sociedade. Nos casos mais graves, pode culminar em episódios de extrema violência, os homicídios passionais. Objetivos: Este estudo investigou a história de vida e dos relacionamentos amorosos de autores de homicídios passionais, identificando suas vivências e narrativas sobre os eventos desta trajetória, até o cometimento do crime. Método: Foi utilizado o procedimento de estudo de casos múltiplos. Participaram três homens condenados e presos por homicídio qualificado das suas companheiras. Foram realizadas quatro entrevistas semiestruturadas com cada participante. Também foram utilizadas uma ficha sociodemográfica e o genograma. Resultados: Em relação às trajetórias de vida destacaram-se: violência física na infância, baixa escolaridade, inserção precoce no mundo do trabalho, vínculos com a família de origem preservados, adesão à religião evangélica, e em um dos casos, tentativa de suicídio após cometimento do homicídio. Quanto aos relacionamentos amorosos, constatou-se que os participantes apresentaram expectativas em relação a papéis tradicionais de gênero, relacionamentos breves que resultaram em coabitação, histórico de diversos relacionamentos anteriores ao envolvimento com a vítima, homicídio cometido em relacionamentos de curta duração. / Gender violence is a relevant problem in our society. In the more serious cases, it may lead to episodes of extreme violence: crimes of passion. Purposes: This study looked into the life and romantic relationship backgrounds of perpetrators of crimes of passion and analyzed their experiences and accounts of the events leading up to their crime. Method: We used the multiple case study procedure. We focused on three men convicted and imprisoned for the first-degree murder of their lovers. We conducted four semi-structured interviews with each convict. We also used social-demographic charts and genograms. Results: The following elements stand out from their backgrounds: they suffered physical violence in childhood, had low schooling levels, started working at an early age, remained close to their immediate families, were evangelicals, and one of them had attempted suicide after committing murder. As for their romantic relationships, we found that the killers had expectations regarding conventional gender roles, brief relationships that led to cohabitation, a history of several relationships before getting involved with their victims, and had been involved with their victims for a short time before killing them.

Relatively low rates of homicide solvability results in law-abiding citizens being forced to co-exist with known murderers, which is detrimental to a community’s psyche. This condition happens disproportionately in neighborhoods where crime is high, cohesiveness among its members is weak, and the citizen/police relationship is little or non-existent. This research sought to understand this phenomenon by asking,” How can murder solvability rates improve in marginalized communities?” and employing four theoretical lenses. Using the city of New Orleans as a case study and holding Social Disorganization Theory constant, Spiral of Silence, Habitus, and Dramaturgy were utilized in an attempt to understand individuals who witness violent crime but do not come forward. From these theories, nine assumptions were formed, connecting the literature to this specific area of inquiry. Using a mixed methods approach both qualitative and quantitative data was collected within New Orleans from a variety of instruments: a survey (both web-based and in-person), a questionnaire and two deliberative forums. Utilizing the questionnaire and in conjunction with the Kettering Foundation and the National Issues Forum Institute (NIFI), this research was also able to quantitatively compare New Orleans data with data collected nationally by NIFI. While the data collected support all nine assumptions, five of the nine account for 82% of the data. Of these five, none originated from the Spiral of Silence theory, two originated from the Habitus theory, and three originated from the Dramaturgy theory.

Analyzing the crimes of women murderers and how they fared in the criminal justice system demonstrates that though perceptions of gender evolved, resistance to sentencing women to death often persisted. The nature of homicides committed by women in Oregon set them apart from their male counterparts. Women were, and are, more likely to commit domestic homicides -- murders that involve a family member or partner. These crimes are typically not equated with crimes that warrant capital punishment. As a result, no woman has been subjected to the death penalty in the state. This thesis analyzes the twenty-five women who were convicted of homicide in Oregon between 1854 and 1950. During these years the majority faced all-male court and penal systems. As such, they were handled differently in accordance with various social, cultural, and legislative shifts relating to women's roles as citizens. Through an examination of contemporary newspaper articles, inmate case files, and other Oregon State Penitentiary records, this thesis studies three distinct periods relating to these shifts: 1854-1900, 1901-1935 and 1936-1950. The assumption that it was impossible for a woman to commit murder linked claims of insanity with criminality. The six women defendants between 1854 and 1900 were either deemed insane and transferred to the asylum or quickly released from prison to avoid potential controversy or additional expense. The twelve women convicted of homicide between 1901 and 1935 all received manslaughter convictions, an occurrence unique to this era. Following the Progressive Era, sentimental juries felt more comfortable convicting women of manslaughter. Many received indeterminate sentences of one to fifteen years and were released on parole. The initial first-degree murder charges between 1936 and 1950 signaled a new period in the treatment of women charged with homicide. After gaining the right to vote and serve on juries, women began to be viewed more equally in the eyes of the law. During these years there was a more even distribution of manslaughter, second-degree murder, and first-degree murder convictions for the seven women defendants. This is due in part to women's growing presence in the public sphere. In conclusion, the idea that women were submissive creatures that required the authority and protection of men in the courtroom began to fade by 1950. Each period of study demonstrates how the contemporary perception of women and their roles as citizens affected trial outcomes. However, even when women were charged with first-degree murder they were not sentenced to the death penalty -- likely due to the domestic nature of their crimes.

Globally, injury is a major public health problem. The extent of the problem varies considerably by demographic subgroups, regions and national income. The overall objective of this thesis is to examine the relationship between injury mortality and economic development, and to discuss its role in the changing patterns of mortality as described in health transition theory. By cross-sectional analysis between cause-specific injury-related mortality and income per capita, studies included in this thesis indicated that while unintentional injury mortality (UIM) and homicide rates correlated negatively with GNP per capita for total populations with varying patterns for age-specific mortality, suicide rates increased slightly by nations’ income per capita, especially among women. In age- and cause-specific injury mortality differentials between low-income, middle-income and high-income countries, ageing and injury interplay mutually with regard to health transition; declining rates in child UIM by income level contributes to the ageing process, while increasing UIM among the elderly, in combination with ageing populations boosts the absolute number of injury deaths in this segment. Between the income-based country groups, both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses show that injury mortality for all three major causes (i.e. unintentional injury, suicide and homicide) first increase and then decrease with rising income per capita, following an inverted U-shaped curve. These results illustrate that injury is not a homogeneous public health phenomenon from a health transition perspective. While child unintentional mortality clearly agrees with ‘diseases of poverty’, unintentional injury in the elderly agrees with ‘diseases of affluence’. Patterns for homicide and suicide are more complex and uncertain. Generally, the strength and direction of injury mortality by economic development vary considerably by age, sex and type of injury. Further research on causations, mechanisms, broader indicators and data quality, as well as theoretical developments on health transition taking new findings and parallel frameworks into account, is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between economic development and injury mortality.

In 2002, Colombia had the highest homicide rate of any Latin American country(Berkman, 2007). The origins of this violence, however, are complex and difficult to identify. It would be sensible to argue that it cannot be explained by any one particular factor, but rather an assortment of many factors that wholly represent the social, economic, and political conditions of Colombia. By better understanding the origins of Colombian violence, policy makers can more effectively address and alleviate this prolonged issue. This study examines the geographic nature of municipal homicide rates for Colombia in 2005. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are any discernible patterns in the geographic distribution of homicide rates across Colombia at the municipal level. It also aims to determine what combination of statistically significant predictors, if any, generates acceptable regression models for predicting the distribution of homicide rates. Spatial autocorrelation methods, particularly Global and Local Moran’s I statistics, were used to identify the clusters of high-value homicide rates. Regression models, specifically OLS and GWR, were utilized to examine the relationships between homicide rates and an assortment of geographic factors, including Coca Cultivation Density, Presidential Election Participation Rate, Displaced Persons Rate, Standard of Living Index, Terrain Ruggedness Index, FARC Armed Actions Rate, andPublic Force Armed Actions Rate. The results of this study indicate that clusters of high-value homicide rates were indeed located in the northern, southern, western, and central regions of Colombia. Among the aforementioned geographic factors, Coca Cultivation Density, Displaced Persons Rate, Standard of Living Index, Terrain Ruggedness Index, FARC Armed Actions Rate, and Public Force Armed Actions Rate all exhibited positive correlations. The variable exhibiting a negative correlation was the Presidential Election Participation Rate.

Magistro darbo objektas – dienraščių „Lietuvos rytas” ir „Respublika“ publikacijos apie smurtinius nusikaltimus, skelbtos 2008 m. Darbo tikslas – atskleisti smurtinių nusikaltimų pateikimo tvarkaraštį ir dėsningumus dienraščiuose „Lietuvos rytas“ ir „Respublika“. Darbo uždaviniai – aptarti kriminalinių naujienų atrankos kriterijus, atlikti kiekybinę pranešimų apie smurtinius nusikaltimus analizę ir palyginti nagrinėjamų dienraščių pateikiamą kriminogeninės situacijos vaizdą su realia situacija. Darbo metodai – teorinė analizė, turinio analizė, lyginamoji analizė. Darbas bus naudingas tolesniems smurtinės informacijos poveikio auditorijai, kriminalinių temų tvarkaraščio nustatymo, kriminalinio turinio žiniasklaidos pranešimų tyrinėjimams. / Object of this study – homicide stories in dailies „Lietuvos rytas“ and „Respublika“ in year 2008. The aim of the study – is to determinate, if homicide stories were reported disproportionately compared to their incidence in official crime statistics. A content analysis of crime stories in Lithuanian dailies „Lietuvos Rytas” (the biggest mainstream daily) and „Respublika” (the second biggest newspaper), published in year 2008, was compared to statistics of crime in Lithuania in the same year to see if this crime coverage produces an agenda setting effect.

Le taux d’homicide est un bon indicateur de la violence générale dans un pays. De plus, il s’agit du crime le mieux mesuré car il est rare qu’un homicide passe inaperçu. De nombreux auteurs ont donc cherché à expliquer ce qui pouvait influencer la variation du taux d’homicide dans les pays du monde. Leurs résultats ont mis à jour certains prédicteurs qui influenceraient le taux d’homicide dans les pays du monde. Il s’agit notamment du niveau de vie mesuré à l’aide du PIB par habitant, de l’inégalité, mesuré à l’aide du coefficient GINI ou encore des facteurs démographiques. Ces facteurs criminogènes sont tous de niveau macroscopique sur lesquels il est difficile d’agir. Ce mémoire intégrera au modèle, en plus des prédicteurs déjà connus, des variables plus proximales (consommation d’alcool, de drogue, présence de criminalité organisée, corruption, taux de criminalité, etc.) afin de voir s’ils pourraient également influencer la variation du taux d’homicide. Cette étude se concentrera sur le taux d’homicide de 41 pays européens. Une sélection de nos variables sera effectuée à l’aide d’analyses bivariées (corrélation, corrélation partielle) avant d’intégrer les variables restantes dans plusieurs modèles de régression multiple qui permettra in fine d’isoler les variables ayant une réelle influence sur le taux d’homicide. Les résultats indiquent que les facteurs proximaux ont une réelle influence sur le taux d’homicide. En effet, non seulement deux variables proximales (l’abus de la consommation d’alcool, et le pourcentage de personne s’étant déclaré victime de cambriolage) sont, après avoir pris en considération de nombreuses variables de niveau macroscopique, significativement liées au taux d’homicide mais en plus, le fait d’intégrer ce type de variables dans un modèle de régression multiple fait augmenter la variance expliquée. Ces variables de type proximales ont donc une grande importance dans l’explication de la variation du taux d’homicide. / The homicide rate is a good indicator of the general violence in a country. Moreover, it is the best measured crime because it is rare that a homicide goes unnoticed. Many authors have therefore sought to explain what might influence the variations in homicide rates throughout the world. These include the standard of living measured by GDP per capita, inequality, measured by the GINI coefficient or demographic factors. Their results have revealed some predictors that could influence homicide rates. These criminogenic factors are all at a macroscopic level, where it is difficult to react. This thesis will integrate the model, in addition to known predictors, variables, which are proximal (alcohol and drug consumption, presence of organized crime, corruption, crime rate, etc.) to see if they could also influence the variation in homicide rates. This study will focus on the homicide rate from 41 European countries. A selection of our variables will be implemented using bivariate analysis (correlation, partial correlation) before joining the remaining variables in several multiple regression models that will ultimately isolate the variables that influence the real rate homicide. The results indicate that proximals factors have a real influence on homicide rates. After taking into consideration many variables at the macroscopic level, not only are the two proximal variables (abuse of alcohol, and the percentage of victim of burglary) significantly related to homicide rates, but incorporating such variables in a multiple regression model also increases explained variance. So, this proximal variables are very important in explaining the variation of homicide rates.