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Majstorović, Z. Utsöndring av stenbildande substanser i urin – kan stickprov er-sätta dygnsmängder? Examensarbete i Biomedicinsk laboratorievetenskap 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö högskola: Hälsa och samhälle, Utbildningsområde Bio-medicinsk laboratorievetenskap, 2011.Syfte. Utredning av njurstenspatienter omfattar alltid undersökning av utsönd-ringen av stenbildande substanser i urin. Samlingen av urin under ett dygn hos njurstenpatienter innebär ofta problem för patienten eftersom det inte är så sällan att de glömmer samla urin i dunken eller samlar för lång eller kort tid. Syftet med min undersökning är att undersöka om det finns alternativ till att samla urin under 24 timmar i de fall där utsöndringen av stenbildande substanser är konstant över dygnet. Frågeställningen är om utsöndringen av stenbildande substanser kan upp-skattas genom att relatera deras koncentration i urin till koncentrationen av kreati-nin i urin eftersom utsöndringen av kreatinin är relativt konstant över dygnet. I så fall bör koncentrationen av stenbildande substanser i urin kunna relateras till kon-centrationen av kreatinin i urin på samma sätt som vid narkotikaanalys. Metod. Försökspersonerna samlade all urin i exakt 24 timmar. Den första urinportionen sparades i ett separat kärl medan all efterföljande urin samlades i en separat dunk . Efter ca en vecka gjordes en ny urinsamling, denna gång bara i en dunk. Dygnsut-söndringarna jämfördes med varandra och med kreatininindex i stickprovet. Re-sultat. Ett starkt samband fanns mellan kreatininindex av kalcium och dygnut-söndringen av kalcium. Sambandet var något mindre starkt för magnesium och saknades för fosfat och kalium. Slutsats. Resultaten talar mot att kreatininindex generellt kan användas för att skatta utsöndringen av njurstensbildande substanser. Däremot verkar kreatininindex relativt väl förutsäga utsöndringen av kalcium och i viss mån även magnesium. / Majstorović, Z. Secretion of stone-forming substances in the urine - can spot urine sample replace 24 hour urine collection? Degree project in Biomedical Laboratory Science, 15 credits points. Malmö University, Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, 2011.Objective. Clinical investigation of kidney stone patients always includes moni-toring of the secretion of stone-forming substances in the urine. However, 24 h urine collection is difficult for the patient and prone to error. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there are alternatives to the collecting of urine under the period of 24 hours in cases where the secretion of stone-forming substances is constant across days. The question is whether the excretion of stone-forming sub-stances can be estimated by relating the concentration of urine to the creatinine concentration of urine, since the excretion of creatinine is relatively constant over a day. If so, the concentration of stone-forming substances in urine could be relat-ed to the concentration of creatinine in urine in the same way as drug analyses commonly are. Method. The subjects collected a 24h collection of urine. The first urine portion was stored in a container, while all subsequent urine was collected in a separate container. After about a week, another timed collection of urine was performed, but this time only in one container. The 24 h solute excretions were compared to each other and to the solute creatinine index. Results. A strong cor-relation was found between the creatinine index of calcium and the 24 h excretion of calcium. A somewhat weaker correlation was found for magnesium and a lack of correlation for phosphate and potassium. Conclusion. Results indicate that creatinine indexes in general do not predict 24 h excretions. However, creatinine index appears to predict the excretion of calcium and, to some extent, magnesium.

Within the health care, many medical professionals know about the critical time restraints for provisions of care within their discipline, but do not know the term "The Golden Hour". The Golden Hour is a term indicating the universal time restraint found within every area of health care and more specifically, every area of nursing. The term and concept represented by it should be recognized to better the outcomes of our patients. Although the Golden Hour typically indicates a 60-minute period of time, various settings recognize shorter and longer periods during which specific actions must be taken to assure positive patient outcomes. To meet this aim, this thesis will review studies related to outcomes as associated with time critical interventions that could be categorized by "The Golden Hour". To meet the goal, a search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and ScienceDirect databases was conducted. Findings of the search revealed that while the term is not widely used, the concept of time sensitive care is found in many areas of Health Care and, specifically, within multiple sub-disciplines of nursing.

The events of September 11, 2001, seemed to many to presage the end of the skyscraper as an urban form. Some 15 years later, the skyscraper is more prevalent than ever before, owing to its unique advantages over other building forms in an urban, environmental, and sociological context. Skyscrapers are rising ever higher, pushing the limits of architecture and engineering. In 2001 there were 23 buildings over 1,000 feet in height. As of this writing there are 173 buildings over 1,000 feet completed or under construction, with 300 more in various phases of proposal. Despite their enormous initial cost in both capital and energy, the skyscraper maximizes the use of constricted urban space and provides enormous opportunities for technological and sociological innovation which, despite more that 100 years of skyscraper construction, are only just beginning to be realized. This thesis will explore a number of as-yet unrealized possibilities for skyscraper development to prognosticate and articulate future typologies designed to address increasing problems of energy efficiency, population density and disaster preparedness. As the human population grows, and more people move to the cities, larger and larger buildings will be necessary to house them at densities sufficient to ensure energy efficiency and minimize sprawl. The skyscraper is uniquely suited to meet these demands. / Master of Architecture

Introduction: Plusieurs indices de qualité alimentaire globale ont été élaborés en misant sur la consommation de certains nutriments ou aliments, ou des groupes d’aliments. Les indices de la qualité alimentaire globale sont en mesure d’évaluer de manière intégrée les aspects recherchés d’une bonne alimentation. C’est dans ce cadre que le Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) a été développé pour évaluer le degré auquel les apports alimentaires des individus rencontrent les consignes du guide alimentaire canadien et les Recommandations nutritionnelles canadiennes. Objectif: Evaluer les liens entre l’indice de la qualité alimentaire globale C-HEI calculé à partir de la moyenne de trois rappels alimentaires de 24 heures et des paramètres nutritionnels, anthropométriques et des indicateurs de santé au recrutement (T1) dans l’étude longitudinale québécoise sur la nutrition et le vieillissement réussi (NuAge). Méthodologie: Des analyses bivariées (coefficients de corrélation, tableaux croisés et la statistique khi deux) ont été réalisées afin de déterminer les associations entre le score total C-HEI et certaines variables nutritionnelles, anthropométriques et le nombre de maladies chroniques. Résultats et discussion: Les participants ont rencontré ou dépassé la plupart de leurs apports nutritionnels de référence. Le C-HEI n’a pas été fortement corrélé aux nutriments individuels (rs= 0,14-0,52, p<0,01). Le C-HEI total était significativement associé aux recommandations canadiennes pour l’apport en fibres (rs= 0,51), le % d’énergie provenant des lipides (rs=-0,60) et des acides gras saturés (rs= -0,59), p<0,01. De plus, la suffisance en protéines et en énergie est augmentée lorsqu’on passait du Q1 (plus faible) à Q4 (plus élevé) du C-HEI (p<0,05). De même, les proportions des sujets ayant des mesures anthropométriques associées aux risques accrus pour la santé sont diminuées en passant du Q1 au Q4 (p<0,05), témoignant ainsi des liens entre une alimentation de bonne qualité et la protection des risques de santé associés à l’embonpoint et à l’obésité. Conclusion : Les résultats de cette recherche ont fourni des preuves additionnelles sur le lien entre le score C-HEI et certains paramètres nutritionnels et anthropométriques d’intérêt, et ce, provenant des données alimentaires quantitatives colligées au sein d’une population âgée vivant dans la communauté. / Introduction: Several diet quality indicators have been developed based on nutrient intakes, foods or food groupings, or a combination of nutrient and foods. Measures of overall diet quality consider numerous aspects of dietary intake. It is within this framework that the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) was adapted to Canadian dietary and nutritional guidance using Canada’s Food Guide and Nutrition recommendations for Canadians. Objectives: To determine the links between the C-HEI using the mean of three 24-hour diet recalls, and certain health outcomes at entry into the study (T1). The analyses were carried out using data collected from participants in the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge). Methodology: Bivariate analyses (Spearman correlation, cross-tabulation and chi-square) were carried out to assess relationships between nutritional and anthropometric variables, the number of chronic disease and the C-HEI. Results and Discussion: Participants met or exceeded most Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). The C-HEI did not show consistent relationships with individual nutrients (rs= 0.14-0.52, p<0.01). However, selected sub-scores of the C-HEI reflect attainment of Canada’s Food Guide recommendations, showing a strong association with dietary fiber intakes (rs= 0.51) and nutrition recommendations addressing percent energy as fat (rs=-0.60) and as saturated fat (rs= -0.59), p<0.01. Energy and protein adequacy increased from Q1 to Q 4 of C-HEI (p<0.05). In addition, proportions of subjects with anthropometric measures associated with a health risk decreased from quartiles Q1 to Q4 (p<0.05), attesting to links between good diet quality and lower health risks associated with overweight and obesity. Conclusion: The C-HEI discriminates overall diet quality based on dietary data collected from 24HR, providing further evidence on the links between the C-HEI and selected nutritional and anthropometric parameters as applied to quantitative dietary data obtained from community-dwelling older adults.

Les inégalités de revenus et la polarisation de l'emploi ont augmenté dans plusieurs pays au cours des dernières décennies, suscitant des préoccupations d'équité ainsi que des interrogations concernant les politiques de redistribution. Cette thèse répond à deux questions primordiales. La première concerne le rôle des heures travaillées et de leur dispersion pour expliquer les inégalités de revenu; la seconde porte sur le rôle de l'offre de travail des femmes dans l'explication de la polarisation de l'emploi. Le premier chapitre utilise des données pour les États-Unis, le Royaume-Uni, l'Allemagne et la France et examine comment les inégalités de revenu sont affectées par la dispersion des heures de travail. Le principal enseignement de cette approche est que la dispersion des heures de travail peut expliquer plus d'un tiers des inégalités de revenu dans certains pays et que la corrélation entre le salaire horaire et les heures travaillées s'est accrue au fil du temps. Le second chapitre s'appuie sur les résultats du précédent et explore les mécanismes qui expliquent la tendance à la hausse de la corrélation entre salaires et heures travaillées. Nous constatons qu'une plus grande volatilité de la production agrégée et une réglementation plus stricte du marché du travail ont tendance à réduire l'élasticité, alors qu'une augmentation du commerce dans un secteur les augmente. Enfin, le troisième chapitre met l'accent sur le rôle des femmes hautement qualifiées dans l'évolution du marché des substituts de la production domestique et montre que, lorsque les femmes hautement qualifiées travaillent plus d'heures, les femmes moins qualifiées sont plus susceptibles d'être employées. / Earnings inequality and job polarization have increased in a number of countries during the last decades, raising concerns of fairness and fostering debates on the implications for redistributive policies. This thesis asks two main questions. The first concerns the relevance of hours worked and their dispersion for earnings inequality, while the second question investigates the role of female labour supply in explaining the increase in job polarization. The first chapter uses data for the USA, the UK, Germany, and France and examines how earnings inequality is affected by the dispersion of working hours. The main result of this exercise is that hours dispersion can account for over a third of earnings inequality in some countries and that the relevance of the correlation between wages and working hours has been growing over time. The second chapter builds on the results of the previous one and explores the forces behind the upward trend of the correlation between wages and working hours. We find that greater aggregate output volatility and stricter labour market regulation tend to reduce the elasticity, while a greater trade share in an industry raises it. Finally, the third chapter investigates the relevance of female employment for job polarization in Germany. The analysis focuses on the role of high-skilled females in the evolution of a market for home production substitutes and finds that when top-employed females work more hours, low-skilled women are more likely to be employed.

Denna studies syfte är att identifiera arbetsgivares attityder kring arbetstidsförkortning, samt finna svar på om de ser det som ett realistiskt alternativ inför framtiden. För att lyckas uppnå vårt syfte har vi utgått från en kvalitativ metod med ett induktivt synsätt. Vi har intervjuat fem representanter från olika företag för att undersöka hur de ser på arbetstidsförkortning som fenomen. Resultatet visar att arbetsgivare både ser för- och nackdelar med arbetstidsförkortning. De största hindren mot att införa arbetstidsförkortning som våra informanter ser är företagens okunskap, känsla av osäkerhet samt risken för ekonomiska förluster. Fördelarna som de ser är framförallt att arbetstidsförkortning kan öka balansen mellan arbete och fritid, gynna jämställdheten i samhället samt att det är ett sätt att orka arbeta högre upp i åldrarna när pensionsåldern höjs. Resultatet visar även att arbetsgivare ser ännu mer flexibilitet i framtiden och att de idag inte ser tillräckligt stort behov av kortare arbetsdagar för att det ska bli en prioriterad fråga för deras företag. Om sjuktalen däremot ökar kan de se arbetstidsförkortning som ett alternativ även i deras organisationer. / The purpose of this study is to identify the employers' attitudes concerning working time reduction, and find answers to whether they see it as a realistic alternative for the future. In order to succeed in achieving our goal, we have used a qualitative method with an inductive approach. We have interviewed five representatives from different companies in order to investigate what they think about work time reduction as a phenomenon. The result shows that employers see both advantages and disadvantages of working hours reduction. The biggest obstacles to the implement of working hours reduction that our informants see are the companies' lack of knowledge, a sense of uncertainty and the risk of financial losses. The advantages that they see are especially that working hours reduction can increase the balance between work and leisure, benefit gender equality in society and that it is a way for employees to be able to work all the way to retirement, even when the retirement age increases. The result also shows that employers see even more flexibility in the future and that they do not currently see sufficient need for shorter working days in order for it to be a priority issue for their company. On the other hand, if the sickness rate increases, they can see reduction of working hours as an alternative even in their organizations.

Submitted by Miriam Lucas (miriam.lucas@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-31T19:55:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Liz_Yegros_2017.pdf: 2234784 bytes, checksum: a0036a2af09905c4c128d6ded2e15c22 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T19:55:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Liz_Yegros_2017.pdf: 2234784 bytes, checksum: a0036a2af09905c4c128d6ded2e15c22 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / The research analyzes the representations of the brasiguayos produced in the Paraguayan press in the period of the assumption of President Fernando Lugo Méndez, between the years of (2008-2012 until the coup), and years after his government. The period of government of Fernando Lugo is studied as in his leadership occurred several violence, real estate occupations and a constant struggle between peasants and large landowners: the Paraguayan press analyzed called them as "Brazilians in Paraguay". They quickly had their dismissal with a large majority supported by sectors of brasiguayos, since they saw the government as an obstacle to their development as an economic agent and also testify that they lived in total abandonment during his government (indications). The question that directs the research is: Who are the brasiguayos transmitted in the two newspapers? As a methodological support we have the paradigm of Carlos Ginzburg that takes main attention in the individual appearance, in the indications and thus its influence is qualitative. As a bibliography, we use the contributions of Leandro Baller (Jose Luis Albuquerque, Paraguayan and "Brasiguayo" peasants on the eastern border of Paraguay), Henrique Da Silva (frontiers, advantages and peculiarities of Teuto-Brasiguaya colonization), The Paraguayan Encyclopedia, among other researchers of expressive contribution. These narratives of the authors, in agreement or not with the indications of the newspapers. It shows that the difficulties of these Brazilians are shown in the obtaining of legal titles of their properties that often walks to the fight with peasants and Paraguayan carperos. We note that both specialists in the brasiguaya theme and the two newspapers present the theme of "identity" that is present with the confrontation of "I" and "other." Therefore, it is understandable the manifestation of a national identity and the barrier of adaptation by the other. In this way, it is sought to understand how is the treatment given to the brasiguayos in the newspapers of ABC Color and Last Hour in Paraguay reinforcing the idea that the term itself receives several meanings because they are dynamic actors. / A pesquisa analisa as representações sobre os brasiguaios produzidas pela imprensa paraguaia no período da assunção do presidente Fernando Lugo Mendéz, entre os anos de (2008- 2012 até o golpe de Estado), e anos posteriores ao seu governo. Estuda-se o governo de Fernando Lugo devido que na sua liderança ocorreram várias violências, ocupações de imóveis e uma luta incessante entre os camponeses e grandes latifundiários de terras: a imprensa paraguaia analisada os nomeia como “brasileiros no Paraguai”. Consequentemente se tem a sua destituição em sua grande parte apoiada por setores de brasiguaios, já que viam o governo como obstáculo para seu desenvolvimento como agente econômico e também porque viviam em total abandono durante o seu governo (indícios). A pergunta que norteia a pesquisa. Quem são os brasiguaios veiculados nos dois jornais? Como base metodológica temos o paradigma Indiciário de Carlo Ginzburg que presta principal atenção na aparência individual, nos indícios. Como referenciais, utilizam-se as contribuições de Leandro Baller (brasiguaio ator indefinido), Jose L. Albuquerque (Campesinos paraguayos y “brasiguayos” en la frontera este del Paraguay), Henrique Da Silva (fronteireiros. Vantagens e peculiaridades da colonização teuto-brasiguaia), a Enciclopedia Paraguaia, entre outros pesquisadores de expressiva contribuição. Estas narrativas dos autores, em concordância o não com os indícios dos jornais demonstram que as dificuldades destes brasileiros, brasiguaios se veem na obtenção dos títulos legais das suas propriedades que encaminha muitas vezes a briga com camponeses ou carperos paraguaios. Notamos que tanto os especialistas da temática brasiguaia como os dois jornais apresentam o tema da “identidade” que se faz presente com o confronto do “eu” e o “outro”. Portanto, é compreensível a manifestação de uma identidade nacional e a barreira de adaptação pelo outro. Desta forma pretende-se compreender como é o tratamento dado aos brasiguaios nos Jornais ABC Color e Última Hora no Paraguai reforçando a ideia de que o termo em si recobra vários significados porque são atores dinâmicos.

Introdução: A avaliação do consumo alimentar de crianças e adolescentes representa um desafio na pesquisa epidemiológica. O Recordatório de 24 horas (R24h) é considerado um ótimo método para coletar dados dietéticos e é muito utilizado no acompanhamento alimentar da população. Porém requer entrevistadores altamente treinados, o que dificulta o uso em pesquisas de grandes amostras. Objetivo. Desenvolver um Recordatório de 24 horas estruturado e computadorizado (R24ec) para a avaliação do consumo alimentar de escolares e testar a usabilidade deste sistema. Métodos. Os alimentos escolhidos para o R24ec foram pré-definidos a partir de um banco de dados secundário. O R24ec inclui seis refeições prédefinidas, embutidas em questões que contextualizam as rotinas e locais do dia anterior. Contém ainda uma lista de alimentos dividida em grupos alimentares e subgrupos. Durante a entrevista, itens não listados podem ser adicionados em espaço previsto para este uso. A base de dados de composição de alimentos é composta pela tabela TACO. O R24ec ainda inclui um atlas fotográfico, contendo diferentes tipos de alimentos que serve como auxílio visual para que os entrevistados possam selecionar os tamanhos de porções. Realizou-se um teste com o R24ec em uma escola pública de Guarulhos com 73 escolares. A usabilidade foi testada por 17 profissionais da área da tecnologia da informação através de um questionário que avalia a usabilidade de sistemas utilizando a lógica Fuzzy baseado na ISO. Resultados. Foi desenvolvido um instrumento computadorizado contendo uma lista de aproximadamente 120 alimentos com média de três tamanhos de porções. Dos escolares pesquisados, cerca de 45 por cento fizeram alguma observação referente ao sistema durante o preenchimento do R24ec. 8,2 por cento tiveram problemas em relação à manipulação do sistema e 30 por cento tiveram problemas no preenchimento devido à incompreensão das perguntas, devido à idade ou maturidade. 67 por cento não cometeram erros ao preencher o R24ec. O teste de usabilidade apresentou para as métricas Controle de Erros, Eficiência e Satisfação amplitude Média (2), representando maior grau de confiança no resultado obtido. As métricas Facilidade de Aprender, Facilidade de Relembrar e Eficácia apresentaram amplitude Alta (3), o que representa um grau de confiança baixo. Conclusão. O Recordatório de 24 horas estruturado foi desenvolvido com sucesso e será hospedado no sitio da Universidade de São Paulo. O teste na escola com estudantes de 5ª a 8ª série apontou uma boa interação entre usuários e o sistema. O estudo de usabilidade com profissionais teve boas avaliações, porém deveria ser refeito com uma população maior para obterse maior confiança nos resultados / Introduction: The assessment of children and teenagers food intake brings a new challenge in epidemiological research. The 24-hour Dietary Recall (R24h) is considered an efficient method to collect diet data and is also very much used in population food monitoring. However, it requires highly qualified interviewers and this fact therefore generates great difficulty to the use of great sample research. Objectives: It aims at developing a structured and automated 24-hour Dietary Recall (R24ec) to evaluate school children food intake and test the usability of this system. Methods: The foods chosen to R24ec were pre-defined from a secondary database. The R24ec includes six pre-defined meals, incorporated in questions that contextualize the routines and places of the day before. It also contains a list of food divided in food groups and subgroups. During the interview, non-listed items can be included in proper blanks for this purpose. The database of food combination is composed of the TACO chart. The R24ec also includes a food photographic atlas, containing different types of food, used as visual help so that the interviewees can select the portion sizes. A test with school children was carried out with R24ec in a public school of Guarulhos. The usability was tested by 17 Information Technology professionals through a questionnaire that assesses the usability of systems using the Fuzzy logic, based on ISO. Results: An automated tool was developed, containing a list of approximately 120 types of food with an average of three portion sizes. Among the school children evaluated, around 45 per cent made some observation referring to the system during the R24ec filling process. 8,2 per cent had problems to manipulate the system and 30 per cent had problems to fill out the R24ec due to question misunderstandings, fact that can be related to the low level of maturity of the candidates. 67 per cent did not make any mistakes filling out the R24ec. The usability test presented to the metric Error Control, Efficiency and Satisfaction an average amplitude (2), representing a higher level of reliability in the obtained results. The metrics Facility to Learn, Facility to Remember and Efficiency presented high amplitude (3), which represents a low level of reliability. Conclusion: The structured 24-hour Dietary Recall was successfully developed and it will be posted in the Universidade de São Paulo website. The test with students from the Elementary School revealed good interaction between users and system. The usability study with professionals obtained good reviews, but it should be reapplied to a bigger audience in order to obtain a higher level of reliability towards the results

abstract: Urinary sucrose and fructose has been suggested as a predictive biomarker of total sugars intake based on research involving UK adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between total sugars consumption and 24-hour urinary sucrose and fructose (24uSF) in US adult population and to investigate the effect of physical activity on this association. Fifty seven free-living healthy subjects 20 to 68 years old, participated in a 15-day highly controlled feeding study, consuming their habitual diet, provided by the research metabolic kitchen. Dietary sugars were estimated using Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR). Subjects collected eight 24-hour urine samples measured for urinary sucrose and fructose. Physical activity was assessed daily using a validated 15-day log that inquired about 38 physical activities across six domains; home activities, transportation, occupation, conditioning, sports and leisure. The mean total sugars intake and added sugars intake of the sample was 112.2 (33.1) g/day and 65.8 (29.0) g/day (9.7%EI), respectively. Significant moderate positive correlation was found between 15-d mean total sugars intake and 8-day mean 24uSF (r = 0.56, p < 0.001). Similarly, added sugars were moderately correlated with 24uSF (r = 0.56, p < 0.001), while no correlation was found between naturally-occurring sugars and 24uSF (r = 0.070, p < 0.001). In a linear multiple regression, total and added sugars each explained 30% of variability in 24uSF (Adjusted R2, p value; total sugars: 0.297, 0.001; added sugars: 0.301, p < 0.001). Physical activity had no effect on the association between dietary and urinary sugars in neither the correlation nor the linear regression analysis. 24uSF can be used as a biomarker for total and added sugars consumption in US adults, although its predictability was weaker compared to findings involving UK adults. No evidence was found showing that physical activity levels affect the association between 24uSF and total sugars intake in US adults. More detailed investigation through future feeding studies including subjects with wide range of sugars intake and of different ethnic/racial backgrounds are needed to better understand the characteristics of the biomarker and its uses. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2019