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Studiens syfte var att undersöka socialsekreterares upplevelser av förkortad arbetstid med bibehållen heltidslön, samt hur förkortad arbetstid påverkar socialsekreterarnas intentioner att stanna kvar inom socialtjänsten. För att besvara studiens syfte användes en kvalitativ metod i form av individuella intervjuer med åtta socialsekreterare som arbetat både 40 timmars arbetsvecka och 30 timmars arbetsvecka inom socialtjänsten. Work-life balance och Herzbergs tvåfaktorsteori var de teoretiska utgångspunkterna som genomsyrat studien. Resultatet visade att socialsekreterare upplever att förkortad arbetstid medför flera positiva faktorer såsom ökad effektivitet i arbetet, bättre återhämtning och mer arbetsglädje. Personalgruppens sammanhållning, mer begränsad tillgänglighet samt möjligheter till fortbildning var faktorer som fungerade bättre vid 40 timmars arbetsvecka. Resultatet visade därtill att socialsekreterarnas intentioner att stanna kvar inom socialtjänsten har ökat i samband med införandet av förkortad arbetstid. Att förkortad arbetstid är kompatibelt med familjeliv, pendling och ett ökat välbefinnande fick fler socialsekreterare att stanna kvar inom socialtjänsten. Slutsatsen som kunde dras var att förkortad arbetstid effektiviserar arbetet inom socialtjänsten samt förbättrar balansen mellan arbete och privatliv för socialsekreterare. Därtill kunde vi konstatera att förkortad arbetstid är en gynnsam investering i socialtjänsten som verksamhet för att öka socialsekreterares intentioner att stanna kvar, likaså attrahera nya medarbetare och på så vis få bukt på den personalflykt som råder inom svensk socialtjänst. / The purpose of the study was to investigate social workers experiences of reduced working hours, with maintained full-time salary, as well as how reduced working hours affect the social workers intention to remain in social services. To answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative method was used through individual interviews with eight social workers who worked both 40- hour work weeks and 30-hour work weeks in social services. Work-life balance and Herzberg ́s two-factor theory are the theoretical points that permeated the study. The result showed that social workers experience that reduced working hours bring several positive factors such as increased efficiency at work, better recovery and more job satisfaction. The cohesion of the staff group, more limited availability and opportunities for continuing education were factors that worked better with a 40-hour work week. The result also showed that the intentions of the social workers to remain in the social service have increased since reduced working hours. The fact that reduced working hours are compatible with family life, commuting and increased well- being caused more social workers to remain in social services. The conclusion that could be drawn was that reduced working hours make work in social services more efficient and improve the balance between work and private life for social workers. In addition, we were able to state that reduced working hours is a necessary investment to increase social workers intentions to stay, as well as attract new employees and thereby overcome the staff flight that prevails within Swedish social services.

Volvo GTO is one of the strongest brands in the truck industry, with a long and proud history of world-leading innovations. The factory in Skövde produces diesel engines of various sizes to Volvo GTO. The project has been carried out on the processing part of grovdel crankshaft. Where the objective was to construct a simulation model that reflects flows 0, 1 and 2 on the crankshaft grovdel order to produce the best driving style for the size of the batches and sequences, focusing on PIA, between the stock and conversion-up times. A theoretical study intervention gave knowledge to the methodology to ensure that the data is collected and processed correctly. The data were collected in an Excel document, which was integrated with the simulation model for an overview and adjustments would be possible. The simulation program, Siemens Plant Simulation 12 used in the construction of the complex model of the three flows, which where verified and validated against the real flows. Optimization on the simulation model was made with a high and a low demand for crankshafts. Several objects were taken into consideration as: minimal waiting processing Findel, minimal setup time and minimal total-PIA from a truly viable perspective. The optimization showed a possible production planning in order to best be able to run such large batches as possible with reduced readjustment time and for delays of production in processing rawflows to not occur in the refined flow. For maximum capacity in the company there are two different optimal solutions one solution focused on reducing setup time and the second solution to minimize the number of additional production hours per week. Discrete simulation of production flows are being used to support production planning and simulation model is created for the continued use of the Volvo GTO, either in simulation group or future researches and theses in collaboration with the University of Skövde. The project objectives were achieved with good results and resulted as a standing basis for future planning of batches and sequences of processing crankshaft Volvo GTO.

Svenskarnas matkonsumtion är inte hållbar utifrån ett klimatperspektiv. För en mer hållbar konsumtion krävs en minskning av animaliska livsmedel. Tidigare studier visar att det är möjligt att äta klimatsmart och fortfarande nå upp till näringsrekommendationerna. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilken klimatpåverkan och näringsinnehåll studenters matvanor har och skillnader mellan olika kosthållningar och kön. Studien har genomförts utifrån en kvantitativ ansats med en tvärsnittsdesign genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet bestod av 21 högskolestudenter, elva män och tio kvinnor med en fördelning på sju deltagare inom varje kosthållning. Metoden som använts är retrospektiva 24-timmarsintervjuer för att få en bild av en grupps matvanor. Resultatet visar att lunch är den måltidsform med högst klimatpåverkan och näringsinnehåll. Lunch har närmare tre gånger så hög klimatpåverkan jämfört med frukost. Allätare har högst klimatpåverkan och proteinintag, medan veganer har högre kolhydrats- och energiintag samt lägst klimatpåverkan. Vegetarianer och veganer har högst intag av vitamin C. Mäns måltider bidrar med högst klimatpåverkan och de har högst intag av protein, energi och kolhydrater, medan kvinnor har ett högre intag av vitamin C. Det teoretiska perspektivet som användes för att diskutera resultatet är social-ekologiska modellen. / The food consumption of Swedish people is not sustainable from a climate perspective. For more sustainable consumption it requires a reduction of meat and dairy products. Previous studies show that it is possible to eat climate smart but still reach nutrition recommendations. The aim of this study is to investigate the students´ eating habits, nutritional content, impact on the climate, and study if there are differences between diets and between men and women. The study is based on quantitative approach with a cross sectional study through semi-structured interviews. The used method is retrospective 24-hour recall interviews to get at picture of the groups eating habits. The participants comprised of 21 students from Mälardalen University, eleven men and ten women with a distribution of seven participants in each diet. The result shows that lunch is the meal with the highest climate impact and nutritional content and that lunch has almost three times higher climate impact compared to breakfast. Individuals who eat both meat and dairy have the highest climate impact and protein intake, while vegans have the lowest climate impact and highest carbohydrate and energy intake. Vegetarians and vegans have the highest intake of vitamin C. Mens´ meals have the highest climate impact and nutritional content of protein, energy and carbohydrate, while women have a higher intake of vitamin C. The social ecological model is the theoretical perspective used to discuss the result.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:59:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Spinelli.pdf: 620338 bytes, checksum: 71c7fd7169ba0a299d3233095c6e382c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main purpose of this Master's Degree thesis, in which the object of investigation is Clarice Lispector s The Hour of the Star, is to analyse the relationship between Rodrigo S.M. and Macabéa, respectively the narrator and the protagonist of this novel. In light of the established criticism of this piece of literature, we attempt to uncover what innovative ideas the story of Macabéa brings to the Clarice Lispector literary project. The Hour of the Star re-calibrated the literary form developed by the writer the moment the misery of Macabéa became the central theme of the novel. Through careful examination of the events of Macabéa s life, a Young woman, orignally from the northeast of Brazil, that works as typist despite being semi-illiterate, who later lives in Rio de Janeiro, we attempt to better comprehend the perspective of Rodrigo S.M., narrator/character of the novel. Following this examination it becomes evident that the narrator is committed to material issues such as class, culture and his profession as a writer. One issue faced by Clarice Lispector, as with other writers, is to find a literary form with which to represent this historic time in Brazilian history that was marked by a military dictatorship. Far from only being a discussion centered on the representation of material content, The Hour of the Star is the moment in Clarice Lispector s body of literary work where her writing gains weight and density in a mature and conscience way. In this context, it is necessary to analyse Rodrigo S.M. as a formal solution of a novel that accomplished a settlement with its time and its social experience. The reader of the novel, cannot forget that the caracters of The Hour of the Star, as well the narrator are, for Clarice Lispector, figures of a piece of literarture that eagerly desire to respond to its time and to the social experience that inspired her / Esta dissertação de mestrado, cujo objeto de investigação é A Hora da Estrela, de Clarice Lispector, visa analisar as relações entre Rodrigo S.M. e Macabéa, respectivamente narrador e protagonista desse romance. À luz da fortuna crítica dessa literatura, pretende-se analisar qual a novidade que a história de Macabéa apresenta para o projeto literário de Clarice Lispector. O romance A Hora da Estrela parece redimensionar as pesquisas formais desenvolvidas pela escritora ao longo de sua obra, a partir do instante em que a miséria, à qual Macabéa está destinada, se torna o tema central da figuração. Apoiados na análise da história desta jovem nordestina, datilógrafa semi-analfabeta, habitante do Rio de Janeiro, ambicionamos avaliar de que maneira os acontecimentos vivenciados por Macabéa fornecem subsídios para que compreendamos a posição de Rodrigo S.M., narrador/personagem do romance. Narrador que vê o seu relato comprometido com questões materiais evidentes como: classe social, cultura e profissão. O problema desloca-se para o exame das relações entre matéria histórica e forma literária. Longe de ser uma discussão centrada na representação dos conteúdos materiais, A Hora da Estrela é o espaço literário em que a pesquisa formal, na produção literária de Clarice Lispector, ganha corpo e densidade, de modo maduro e consciente. O leitor do romance não pode esquecer que não só as personagens de A Hora da Estrela, mas também o seu narrador são, para Clarice Lispector, figurações de uma literatura que deseja responder ao seu tempo e à experiência social que a motivou

本論文的研究目的在探討影響電視新聞編輯編排的因素，以及24小時新聞台編輯因應這些因素發展出來的編排策略。依照Shoemaker〈1991〉所提的影響守門人因素的五個層次，包括個人層面、常規層面、組織層面、媒介外層面以及社會文化層面，作為分析架構，藉此了解電視編輯對於各層面的因素對其影響的程度，問卷調查總計訪問了127位新聞台的編輯人員，再針對問卷調查的分析結果，以深度訪談的方式訪問7位編輯人員。研究結果發現個人層面對新聞台編輯的影響主要包括：編輯在新聞價值判斷上偏重新聞的話題性及畫面的精采度；而越年輕、職務越低的編輯再編排新聞時越容易受到個人喜好影響；另外「獨家新聞」無論其新聞價值性如何，編輯普遍都盡量會排播。 常規層面部分，最主要影響的因素是「時間」面向，包括到帶時間及新聞播出的時間篇幅限制；而編輯負責的編排時段也會影響新聞的選擇，如是「黃金時段」新聞選擇較多樣化，「一般時段」就會考量「消化」新聞；而編輯一次負責編排的時數也會影響新聞的重複率；另外，晚夜時段編輯較早午時段編輯不偏愛SNG連線。編輯通常會選播做新聞品質較有口碑的記者的新聞；另外，編輯普遍認為一則普通新聞長度最好不要超過90秒；而平衡報導的操作模式已內化在編輯的操作模式中。 組織層面部分，部份編輯認為電視台屬性確實會影響其編排；而年紀輕、資歷淺、職務低的編輯也較會受到長官指示編排新聞；在「以編領採」的新聞室內，其新聞製作及編排方向越會以收視率為導向；而組織文化會影響編輯對於新聞品質的要求；本研究也發現組織獎懲對於編輯編排的影響不大。 媒介外層面部分，有93.7%的編輯認為其編排時會考量收視率，而且教育程度越高、年資越久的編輯影響越高，顯示收視率已逐漸內化成編輯判斷新聞的實考模式，而且前一天的收視率對於新聞規模及擺放位置有關鍵性指標；在禁止「每分鐘收視率」之後，編輯通常是以新聞區塊或新聞節奏思考觀眾喜好的趨向。另外被要求編排「業配新聞」對編輯而言是習以為常的事，通常編輯會將之排在新聞的最後，或依照業配新聞的性質隱藏在其他新聞之間。另外年紀越輕、資歷越淺、職務越低的編輯越容易受到其他媒體議題設定的影響；而本研究也發現，編輯是電視新聞「跟報風」的推手之一。 在社會文化層面，編輯認為若社會環境趨勢也是影響其編排的重大指標。另外編輯也認為馬賽克、消音等製播限制有逐漸增加趨勢，甚至在編播上有自我更加限縮的情況。本研究也發現，媒體自律隱隱成形，對於暴力、色情、自殺新聞的選擇並沒有放寬，尤其是自殺新聞基本上不選用。 比較五個層面的影響程度，編輯普遍認為媒介外層面是最主要的原因，其次為個人層面、接續是社會層面、組織層面及常規層面。 關於編輯編排策略上，研究發現編排模式會融合固定新聞模式及議題分散模式為主；編排節奏也趨於緊湊；新聞編排的重複率降低。除了TVBS恢復「整點開播」之外，其他新聞台仍是提早開播，因TVBS「整點開播」模式對其他台的收視率無明顯受衝擊，因此其他台均認為沒有跟進的必要。「短廣告」策略出現，其目的是為了減低觀眾廣告轉台機率，並且分散每段廣告時間的廣告量；此策略目前僅TVBS使用，其他台為跟進的原因是考量其觀眾的收視習慣不同。本研究也發現監看友台而調動新聞順序的頻率減少；並且插播新聞也已非隨到隨播；另外「假連線」已成目前新聞台的製播常態。 / This thesis aims to investigate the factors affecting TV news editing and the responsive strategy developed by editors in 24-hour news channel. It adopts Shoemaker’s (1991) five levels of gatekeeping decisions and forces, including individual, communication routines, organizational, extramedia, and social system level. Based on this analytical framework, the research was conducted by survey of 127 editors which was followed by in-depth interview of 7 editors. The research findings can be summarized into the five levels respectively. On individual level, editors preferred to evaluate news with the extent of controversy and excitement; the younger and lower-positioned editors were more easily to be subjective in editing news. Furthermore, “exclusive news” enjoyed higher priority to be broadcast regardless of its news value. On communication routine level, the influential factors are “time-related”. First, editors were concerned about the timing of videotape arriving and limited length of broadcasting time. Second, the session for which editors were responsible was also important. The news was more diversified in “prime time”, but more repetitive in “general session”. Third, editors of morning and noon sessions were more likely to conduct SNG connection than editors of late night session. Fourth, editors preferred to broadcast the news reported by reporters with fine reputation. Moreover, the consensus among editors was that general news should not be longer than ninety seconds; the principle of balanced report has been internalized in editors’ operational model. On organizational level, interviewees agreed that attributes of the channel and organizational culture were more consequential than reward system in news editing. The younger, lower-positioned, and junior editors were more likely to follow instructions from supervisors. Generally, the producing and editing of news were rating-oriented. On extramedia level, 93.7 per cent of interviewees would consider rating in news editing, especially the more educated and senior editors. This result indicated that rating has been internalized as the standard of editing. Specifically, the pridian rating is critical in deciding the length and placement of news in the following day. However, after the “rating per minute” was prohibited, editors inferred audience preference from news zone or news rhythm. Furthermore, “product placement” was placed in the end of or among other news according to its characteristics. This study also found that editors partook in promoting the trend of “follow suit” TV news. On social system level, editors thought that the social trend was critical in editing news. Some editors considered that constraints of broadcast such as blurring and muting were increasing which made editors more self-limited. This study also found that media self-regulation was in shape. The news about violence, pornography, and suicide were highly restricted or even abandoned. Based on interviewees’ response, the five levels can be listed in order of the extent of influence. The primary factors were on extramedia level which followed individual level, social system level, organizational level, and the communication routine level. This study found that editing strategies include: combination of fixed news model and issue diffusion model, tighter schedule, lower rate of repetition, and “short advertisement”. The last one was only used by TVBS channel in order to keep audience stay tune and to dilute quantity of advertisement in every intervals. TVBS was the only channel resuming “on the hour” news. Since this broadcast model had no significant impact on TV rating, other channels remained broadcasting a few minutes earlier. Last but not least, this study also found that “fake connection” has been commonly used and emergency news would not be broadcast on time. Fewer changes of broadcasting order due to monitoring news of other channels.

<p>In this essay, Kate Chopin's portraits of women in three short stories, 'The Story of an Hour', 'A Respectable Woman', Athénaïse and the novel <em>The Awakening</em> are studied. It is argued that the outcomes depicted can be seen as increasingly provocative and extreme and that the main conflict and ending of <em>The Awakening </em>is a development and combination of the conflicts and resolutions in the three short stories.</p> / <p>I uppsatsen studeras Kate Chopins kvinnoporträtt i tre noveller, 'The Story of an Hour', 'A Respectable Woman', Athénaïse och i romanen <em>The Awakening.</em> Syftet är att visa att huvudhandlingen och slutet på <em>The Awakening</em> är en utveckling och kombination av de alltmer provokativa och extrema handlingarna och upplösningarna i novellerna.</p>

<p>Under 2000-talet har begrepp som E-Government och 24-timmarsmyndighet kommit att förändra offentliga myndigheters sätt att erbjuda tjänster och interagera med medborgare. Att genom e-tjänster erbjuda medborgare alternativ till de traditionella kanalerna är något som de flesta svenska myndigheter och kommuner strävar mot. Skellefteå Kommun tog redan i början av 2000-talet initiativ att erbjuda service inom ramen för begreppet 24- timmarsmyndighet och erbjuder i nuläget en rad e-tjänster riktade mot kommunens medborgare. Syftet med vår undersökning är att ta reda på vilka hinder, identifierade i tidigare forskning, som kan komma att påverka användningsfrekvensen av en nyutvecklad e- tjänst för Bygglov som under sommaren 2010 skall lanseras. Utifrån en litteraturstudie har vi identifierat en rad hinder som i tidigare forskning anses påverka användningen av offentliga e-tjänster. En kategorisering av identifierade hinder har legat till grund för en fallstudie bestående av ett användbarhetstest och intervjuer. Resultatet av vår undersökning bekräftar att ett antal av de hinder som identifierats i den tidigare forskningen kan komma att påverka användningen av e-tjänsten för Bygglov. Undersökningens resultat indikerar att hinder främst finns att finna i sådant som rör användbarhet och Skellefteå Kommuns tillgängliggörande och marknadsföring av e-tjänsterna.</p> / <p>In the 2000’s, concepts such as E-Government and 24-hour government have changed the way public authorities provide services and interact with citizens. Through e-services public authorities offer an alternative to the traditional channels. This is something that most of the Swedish authorities and municipalities nowadays are striving for. In the early 2000’s Skellefteå Kommun took initiative to provide services under the concept of 24-hour government and currently offers a range of e-service to the citizens of Skellefteå Kommun. The aim of our study is to determine what barriers, identified in previous research, which may affect the frequency of use of a newly developed e-service for building permits, which is being launched during the summer of 2010. Based on a literature review, we have identified a number of barriers in previous research that claims to be affecting the use of public e- services. A categorization of identified barriers has been our basis for a case study consisting of a usability test and interviews. The results of our study confirm that a number of barriers identified by earlier conducted research may affect the use of the e-service for building permits. The survey results indicate that the main barriers concerns usability and the municipality strategies in making e-services available as well as the marketing of these.</p>

The thesis explores the factors affecting the availability and utilization of work-life balance programs in Canadian workplaces and how employee involvement and participation programs can help employees balance their work and life. The introductory chapter provides background information on the importance of balancing work and life. It outlines chapters two, three, and four and reveals the overarching theme that unites them. Chapter Two explores how business strategy affects the availability of work-life balance programs. This chapter uses the 2003 and 2004 Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey to demonstrate that product leadership business strategy is positively related to the likelihood of adopting work-life balance programs (i.e. employee assistance programs, fitness and recreation centers). Cost leadership strategy is shown to be negatively correlated to the adoption of these programs. This study also finds that high performance work systems mediate the relationship between business strategy and employer responsiveness to work-life balance issues. Chapter Three investigates how a company’s family-friendly culture affects the likelihood of an employee’s use of parental leave. Using a national representative and linked employer and employee survey, this study finds that a long-hour organizational culture, which is revealed through managers’ work hours, discourages new parents from taking parental leave. This study also finds that when managers work long hours, it has a greater negative effect on the probability of male employees taking parental leave than female employees. Chapter Four discusses how participation in decision making (PDM) can help employees balance the demands from work and life. Using Karasek’s (1979) job demand-job control model, this study finds that PDM can reduce work-life conflict, but the reduction only works for employees who work long hours. For those employees who work short hours, PDM increases their work-life conflict. Chapter Five summarizes the empirical results. Implications for employers, labour unions, and policy makers are discussed.