This master's thesis deals with alkaline battery characteristics and it has special consideration of nickel-cadmium cells. There are three main experimental parts in this paper. First one is concerned with positive electrode materials properties and is aimed to investigate impact of magnesium ions formed into nickel hydroxide electrode structure. Second part deals with battery charging/discharging and response measurement tool design. National Instruments hardware PXI modules for data acquisition was used and program in LabView environment was made. Last one is concerned with nickel-cadmium cell properties changes during increased temperature stressing. Investigation of cell self-charge changes during lithium hydroxide addition into electrolyte was made.

MCur / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Background: In South Africa the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 direct district hospitals to render 72-hour assessment of the MHCU’s. In Vhembe district 72- hour assessment is implemented in public general hospital. Purpose: The study determined the experiences of family members regarding 72-hour assessment admission of MHCU’s at selected hospital in Vhembe District. Methodology: The research design was qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual in nature. The study population consisted of the family members of the MHCU’s admitted for 72-hour assessment. Purposive sampling was used to select 10 family members. This study used in-depth individual interviews to collect data until data saturation was reached and analysed using Tesch’s steps. Ethical consideration and measures to ensure trustworthiness were given attention to throughout the study. Results: Three themes emerged from analysed data which is negative experiences of family’s members, family member’s experience on coping mechanism and structural constraints. Recommendations: This study recommends further research study on the development of a model to support the family members in their caregiving role The study recommends further research study on the experiences of the health care professional regarding 72-hour assessment of a MHCU’s / NRF

[pt] O presente estudo tem como objetivo a análise discursiva de narrativas geradas na interação entre mulheres migrantes e a obra literária A hora da estrela, de Clarice Lispector, que possui como temática central a migração. O ambiente de geração dos dados, assim, é contextualizado pela literatura, que é pano de fundo para as interações; e pela temática da migração, que tangencia as histórias de vida dessas mulheres – Cássia, Taís, eu mesma e Macabéa – protagonista da obra literária escolhida. O foco da pesquisa está voltado para o acontece na interação entre as participantes e para a (re)elaboração de experiências nas narrativas, quando temas ligados à construção de identidades, estigmas e instituições emergiram de forma recorrente. Sendo assim, de forma mais específica, os objetivos são: (i) analisar o discurso narrativo das participantes no que diz respeito às suas experiências migratórias; (ii) analisar como as participantes avaliam suas experiências vividas a partir da interação com a obra literária e (iii) analisar que identidades, estigmas e instituições emergem nessa prática discursiva avaliativa que as participantes elaboram acerca de seu processo migratório. Esta pesquisa insere-se no âmbito da Linguística Aplicada (MOITA LOPES, 2006; 2013) e propõe uma investigação de cunho interdisciplinar entre os Estudos da Linguagem e a Literatura. Para fundamentar as análises, o arcabouço teórico-metodológico dialoga com teorias de linguagem de base social, a saber as áreas de análise de narrativa e os estudos de identidade (BASTOS, 2008); da sociolinguística interacional, a partir de alguns conceitos cunhados por Goffman (1961; 1963; 1979); e da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (HALLIDAY, 1994; GOUVEIA, 2009; NÓBREGA, 2009), especialmente, o Sistema de Avaliatividade (MARTIN; WHITE, 2005). No âmbito dos Estudos Literários, recorro à estética da recepção à teoria do efeito estético, principalmente aos postulados de Jaus (1994 (1969)) e de Iser (1996 (1976)), que se preocupam com a relação entre texto e leitor. Dessa forma, o alinhamento metodológico se dá com a pesquisa qualitativa (DENZIN; LINCOLN, 2006), por ser uma investigação situada em teorias de bases sociais. A pesquisa também possui um cunho autoetnográfico (ELLIS, ADAMS; BOCHNER, 2010), visto que se desenvolve em um contexto familiar, em que uma das participantes possui uma relação direta de parentesco com a pesquisadora. Os resultados das análises sugerem que as interlocutoras, por meio de suas histórias de vida, (re)constroem identidades e afetos pela diferenciação de Macabéa, personagem da obra literária. Os momentos avaliativos se mostram fundamentais para (re)construção das narrativas, que dialogam com o contexto de leitura da obra de Clarice. Sendo assim, Cássia e Taís (co)constroem e (re)constroem identidades para migrante nordestina, recontextualizando uma mulher crédula e ingênua na figura de uma mulher batalhadora, estudiosa, que busca e conquista sua ascensão social apesar dos estigmas sofridos e das vivências de abuso nas chamadas casas de famílias, entendidas como instituições totais. Esta tese pode contribuir de forma original para a área de Linguística Aplicada, que incentiva pesquisas de caráter inter/transdisciplinar. Além disso, mostra-se um ato de (re)existência – e de resistência – de tantas histórias de mulheres nordestinas e migrantes. / [en] The present study aims at analyzing narratives generated in the interaction between migrant women and the literary work The hour of the star, by Clarice Lispector, whose main theme is migration. Thus, the environment of data generation is contextualized by the literature, which is the background for interactions; and by migration, topic that touches the life stories of these women – Cassia, Taís, myself and Macabéa – protagonist of the chosen literary work. The focus of the research is on what happens in the interaction between the participants and the (re)elaboration of narrative experiences, when themes related to the construction of identities, stigmas and institutions emerged in a recurrent way. Hence the objectives are: (i) to analyze the narrative discourse of the participants regarding their migratory experiences; (ii) to investigate how the participants evaluate their lived experiences in the interaction with the literary work and (iii) to observe which identities, stigmas and institutions emerge in this evaluative discursive practice that the participants made about their migratory process. This research is developed within the scope of Applied Linguistics (MOITA LOPES, 2006; 2013) and proposes an interdisciplinary investigation between Language Studies and Literature. To support the analysis, the theoretical-methodological framework dialogues with socially based language theories, namely the areas of Narrative Analysis and Identity Studies (BASTOS, 2008); of Sociointeractional Perspective of Discourse, based on some concepts from Goffman (1961; 1963; 1979); and of SFL (HALLIDAY, 1994; GOUVEIA, 2009; NÓBREGA, 2009), especially the Appraisal Theory (MARTIN; WHITE, 2005). In the context of Literary Studies, I refer to the Aesthetic of Reception and the Theory of Aesthetic Effect, especially to the postulates of Jauss ((1969) 1994) and Iser ((1976) 1996), that concern with the relationship between text and reader. The methodological framework aligns with qualitative research (DENZIN; LINCOLN, 2006), as it is an investigation situated on socially based theories. The research also has an auto-ethnographic aspect (ELLIS, ADAMS; BOCHNER, 2010), since it is carried out in a familiar context, in which one of the participants has a direct relationship with the researcher. Results suggest that interlocutors, through their life stories, (re)construct identities and emotions through the differentiation of Macabéa, character of the literary work. The evaluative moments are fundamental for the (re)construction of narratives, which dialogues with the reading context of Clarice s work. Cassia and Taís (co)construct and (re)construct identities for the migrant from northeastern of Brazil, recontextualizing a gullible and naive woman in the figure of a struggling, studious woman who seeks and conquers her social ascension despite the stigmas suffered and experiences of abuse in the so-called family homes, understood here as total institutions. This thesis may contribute in an original way to the area of Applied Linguistics, encouraging inter and transdisciplinary research. Moreover, it is shown an act of (re)existence – and resistance – of so many stories of migrant women from northeastern of Brazil.

Syftet med denna studie var att analysera förändringsprocesserna i samband med de nya bestämmelserna för dygns- och veckovila samt att se hur detta har påverkat medarbetarnas arbetssituation och deras syn på sitt arbete i de aktuella LLS-organisationerna. Inledningsvis presenterar vi en inledning till ämnet och studiens bakgrund. Därefter presenteras studiens syfte, frågeställningar, avgränsning och disposition. Vidare presenteras de teorier som använts som verktyg för att analysera det empiriska materialet. Dessa är motstånd, vårt offentliga etos, förändringsprocesser och förändringsagenter. Studiens metodologi beskrivs sedan tillsammans med insamlingen av empirin genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med de tolv intervjupersonerna. Därefter presenteras analysen och resultatet av empirin, som visar att genomförandet skett på ett sätt som inte fullt ut har skapat en känsla av delaktighet och förståelse hos medarbetarna. Detta har lett till konflikter kopplat till deras offentliga etos och ansvar som tjänstemän gentemot organisationen, kollegorna och brukarna som yttrar sig iform av olika typer av motstånd. Avslutningsvis presenteras studiens slutsats tillsammans med en reflektion samt förslag på fortsatt forskning. / The purpose of this study was to analyze the change processes in connection with the new regulations for 24-hour and weekly rest and how this has affected the employees' work situation and their view of their work in the LSS-organizations in question. Initially, we present an introduction to the subject and the background of the study. Then the study's purpose, questions, delimitation and outline are presented. Furthermore, the theories used as tools to analyze the empirical material are presented. These are resistance, our public ethos, change processes and change agents. The study's methodology is then described together with the collection of empirical evidence through semi-structured interviews with the twelve interviewees. Then the analysis and the results of the empirical work are presented, which show that the implementation took place in a way that has not fully created a feeling of participation and understanding among the employees. This has led to conflicts linked to their public ethos and responsibilities as officials towards the organization, colleagues and users who express themselves in the form of various types of resistance. Finally, the study's conclusion is presented together with a reflection and suggestions for further research.

The creation of an instructional genius hour framework for classroom implementation is an objective of this study. Currently, genius hour educators use a wide variety of frameworks. Some genius hour educators do not follow a set framework, yet others continually modify their genius hour frameworks. This study draws attention to the need to create an instructional framework for classroom implementation. This study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with five of the most respected genius hour educators. For the purposes of this study, each individual educator was treated as a separate case study. During the semi-structured interviews, genius hour educators shared their personal experience with implementing genius hour, their personal philosophies and ideas related to genius hour, their recommendations regarding genius hour implementation, and their recommendations regarding genius hour frameworks for classroom implementation. Moreover, this study also conducted two observations of genius hour classrooms in action. These classroom observations offered data related to genius hour educational philosophy and the need for a genius hour framework. This study recommends that educators use an instructional framework when implementing genius hour. A framework will have a positive effect on the performance of genius hour because of the added structure and clarity it provides for students and educators. It is recommended that educators choose a framework, and modify it in order to best serve the academic needs of their particular genius hour programme. This study moves beyond the genius hour framework by identifying major themes that genius hour educators should consider when implementing genius hour in the classrooms. Alongside the importance of the framework model, the common themes of front-loading, learning from failure, developing passion, and mentoring emerged from the interviews and observations. In essence, this study developed a framework model, game time, based around the importance of incorporating the aforementioned themes. The findings within this study offer an understanding of the importance of using a genius hour framework for classroom implementation. This study envisions that educators can use the research gathered in order to create an optimal genius hour framework for classroom implementation. This offers a framework for classroom implementation, which should be individualized in order to best suit the classroom specific needs. / Hierdie studie het die skepping van ʼn genie-uur-onderrigraamwerk vir klaskamer-implementering ten doel. Tans gebruik genie-uuropvoeders ’n wye verskeidenheid raamwerke. Sommige genie-uuropvoeders volg nie ’n vasgestelde raamwerk nie, terwyl andere voortdurend hul genie-uurraamwerke verander. Hierdie studie vestig aandag op die behoefte om ʼn onderrigraamwerk vir klaskamerimplementering te skep. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer deur middel van halfgestruktureerde onderhoude met vyf van die mees gerespekteerde genie-uuropvoeders. Vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie is elke individuele opvoeder as ’n afsonderlike gevallestudie behandel. Gedurende die halfgestruktureerde onderhoude het genie-uuropvoeders hul persoonlike ervarings van die inwerkingstelling van genie-uur, hul persoonlike filosofieë en idees oor genie-uur, hul aanbevelings vir genie-uurimplementering, en hul aanbevelings vir genie-uurraamwerke vir klaskamerimplementering gedeel. Verder het hierdie stude ook twee waarnemings van genie-uurklaskamers-in-aksie uitgevoer. Hierdie klaskamerwaarnemings het data in verband met genie-uuronderwysfilosofie en die behoefte aan ’n genie-uurraamwerk opgelewer. Hierdie studie beveel aan dat opvoeders ʼn onderrigraamwerk gebruik wanneer hulle genie-uur in werking stel. ’n Raamwerk sal ’n positiewe uitwerking op die uitvoering van genie-uur hê as gevolg van die bykomende struktuur en duidelikheid wat dit aan studente en opvoeders bied. Daar word aanbeveel dat opvoeders ’n raamwerk kies en dit aanpas ten einde die beste in die akademiese behoeftes van hul betrokke genie-uurprogram te voorsien. Hierdie studie beweeg verder as die genie-uurraamwerk deur belangrike temas te identifiseer wat genie-uuropvoeders kan oorweeg wanneer hulle genie-uur in die klaskamers in werking stel. Afgesien van die belangrikheid van die raamwerkmodel het die algemene temas van voorkantlading, leer uit mislukking, ontwikkeling van passie en leidinggewing uit die onderhoude en waarnemings na vore gekom. Hierdie studie het wesenlik ’n raamwerkmodel ontwikkel, genaamd speeltyd, wat gebaseer is op die belangrikheid daarvan om die voorgenoemde temas te inkorporeer. Die bevindings van hierdie studie bied ʼn begrip van die belangrikheid daarvan om ’n genie-uurraamwerk vir klaskamerimplementering te gebruik. Hierdie studie stel in die vooruitsig dat opvoeders die navorsing sal gebruik wat ingesamel is om ʼn optimale genie-uurraamwerk vir klaskamerimplementering te skep. Dit bied ’n raamwerk vir klaskamerimplementering, wat geïndividualiseer behoort te word om die beste in die spesifieke behoeftes van elke klaskamer te voorsien. / Ukwakhiwa kohlaka lokufundisa ngendlela ye-genius hour oluzosetshenziswa ekilasini yiyona njongo yalolu cwaningo. Njengamanje, othisha abalandela indlela yegenius hour basebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlaka. Abanye othisha abalandela indlela yegenius hour abasebenzisi izinhlaka ezibekiwe, kodwa abanye bayaqhubeka nokulungisa izinhlaka zabo zegenius hour. Lolu cwaningo luveza isidingo sokwakhiwa kohlaka lokufundisa oluzosetshenziswa ekilasini. Lolu cwaningo lwaluqhutshwa ngokuxoxisana okuhleliwe nothisha abahlanu abahlonishwa kakhulu begenius hour. Ngokwenjongo yalolu cwaningo, uthisha ngamunye wayethathwa njengowahlukile kwabanye abasetshenziswe ocwaningweni. Ngenkathi kuqhubeka izingxoxo ezihleliwe, othisha begenius hour baxoxa ngabahlangabezana nakho uma beqalisa ukusebenzisa igenius hour, imigomo abayilandelayo kanye namasu ahambisana negenius hour, izincomo zabo mayelana negenius hour kanye nezincomo zabo ngezinhlaka zegenius hour ezizosetshenziswa ekilasini. Phezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo luphinde lwabuka kusetshenziswa igenius hour kabili emakilasini ngenkathi eqhubeka. Lokhu kubhekwa kwamakilasi kwaveza imininingwane eqondene nemigomo yezemfundo yegenius hour kanye nesidingo sohlaka lwegenius hour. Lolu cwaningo luncoma ukuba othisha basebenzise uhlaka lokufundisa uma beqala ukusebenzisa igenius hour. Uhlaka luzoba nomphumela omuhle ekusebenzeni kwegenius hour, ngenxa yokwakheka okwengeziwe kanye nokucacisa, ihlinzekela abafundi nothisha. Kunconywa ukuba othisha bakhethe uhlaka, balulungise kahle ukuze luhambisane nezidingo zezemfundo zohlelo lwabo oluthile lwegenius hour. Lolu cwaningo luhamba ludlulele ngale kohlaka lwegenius hour ngokuhlonza izingqikithi okufanele othisha begenius hour bacabange ngazo uma beqala ukusebenzisa igenius hour emakilasini. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwesimo sohlaka, izingqikithi ezejwayelekile zokufundisa ngokuhlahla indlela, ukufunda ngokwehluleka kuqala, ukukhula kothando kanye nokwalusa kwavela ezingxoxweni nasekubukeni. Empeleni. lolu cwaningo selwakhe isimo sohlaka, isikhathi semidlalo, okuncike ekubalulekeni kokuhlanganisa lezi zingqikithi ezibaliwe. Okutholakele kulolu cwaningo kunikeza ukuqonda kokubaluleka kokusebenzisa uhlaka lwegenius hour ekilasini. Lolu cwaningo lubona ukuthi othisha bangasebenzisa imininingwane etholakale ocwaningweni ukwakha uhlaka lwegenius hour olusebenza kahle oluzosetshenziswa ekilasini. Lokhu kuhlinzeka uhlaka oluzosetshenziswa ekilasini, okumele lwenziwe lusebenzele umuntu ngamunye ukuze luhambisane kahle nezidingo zekilasi ngalinye. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum and Instructional Studies)

This Diploma work is concerned with the design of project documentation for discharging shakeout machine electric installation. This work continues in the Semestral project 2 in which the background of a new machine was made. Then, this work deals with the replacement of a switch room with required devices including the design of a new connecting cables and power streams. In the first part, the work deals with the control part of the device and the design of control and signal cables including the product documentation of the device. In the second part, the work deals with the proposal of building electro installation in which a new lighting and its use is described. The last part focuses on the coordination during the realization of a suggested device. In this part, all problems coming from the particular working procedures including a proposal of possible solutions are described. According to the project documentation and following realization, the documentation of final concept reflecting the real status of the device is described.

För småhusägare finns ekonomiska incitament till att sänka det årliga energibehovet för värme och tappvarmvattenberedning, då det utgör huvudparten av det totala årliga energibehovet för bostäder i Sverige. Valet av värmesystem är därför ett viktigt då det kan medföra mer eller mindre gynnsamma ekonomiska konsekvenser sett över längre tidsperioder,då den mängd köpt energi som systemet kräver kan medföra besparingar som viktas mot den ekonomiska investeringen av systemet.Syftet med denna studie har därför varit att skapa ett referensunderlag över fyra olika värmesystem med jämförelser mot småhus av olika storlek, geografisk placering samt olikaisoleringsstandard, där det eller de mest ekonomiskt gynnsamma värmesystemen, sett över en 50-årsperiod, kan utläsas utifrån dessa parametrar.De småhus som studien har jämfört har bestått av enplanshus med tre antagna areor, 89,7/120/150,3 m2. Dessa har jämförts för Malmö, Stockholm, Sundsvall samt Luleå, varpå varje area har innefattat tre olika antagna genomsnittliga värmegenomgångskoefficienter, Umedelvärden. Studien har genomförts med energiberäkningar enligt gradtimmemetoden, och den ekonomiska analysen genom beräknade livscykelkostnader, LCC, för de olika systemkonstellationerna. Fyra värmesystem har undersökts: Fjärrvärme, bergvärmepump, luft-vattenvärmepump samt frånluftsvärmepump. Frånluftsvärmepumpen har inkorporerats som ett FX-ventilationssystem, frånluftsventilation med värmeåtervinning. De övriga tre systemen har för studien kombinerats med ett FTX-ventilationssystem, från- och tilluftsventilation med värmeåtervinning.Resultaten har påvisat att FTX-system, i jämförelse med FX-system, sänker för samtliga studerade byggnader i Malmö det årliga värmeenergibehovet, den energi som måste tillsättas byggnaden, med 36–71%, medan det i Luleå sänks med 32–61%. Den årliga energianskaffningen, den energi som måste köpas för att värmesystemen skall generera erfordrad värmeenergi och tappvarmvattenberedning, är genomgående lägst för systemkonstellationen bergvärmepump i kombination med FTX. Den systemkonstellationenmed studiens genomgående högsta andel köpt energi, är fjärrvärme i kombination med FTX.Vid jämförelse av livscykelkostnader, LCC, har påvisats att fjärrvärme i kombination med FTX är mest ekonomiskt gynnsam endast då det årliga behovet av köpt energi är mycket litet, och att det vid högre behov istället blir det dyraste alternativet. Frånluftsvärmepump utgör ett ekonomiskt gynnsamt alternativ vid majoriteten av analyserade fall, tack vare lägre investeringskostnader som väger upp de högre värmeenergibehov som ventilationstypen medför. Bergvärme i kombination med FTX, utgör det dyraste alternativet i de flesta fall därdet årliga behovet av köpt energi är lågt, men påvisar ekonomisk gynnsamhet vid höga energibehov. Luft-vattenvärmepump i kombination med FTX, är relativt likvärdig bergvärmepump men har ej påvisats vara det billigaste alternativet i något studerat fall. Vid jämförelse mellan frånluftsvärmepump och bergvärmepump i kombination med FTX, har påvisats att för studiens samtliga analyserade objekt är den största prisskillnaden, utslaget på 50 år, mindre än 1.800 kr/år.Utifrån de parametrar som presenterats, har påvisats genomförbarhet i att skapa ett referensunderlag över optimal gynnsamhet för värme- och ventilationssystem hos småhus, vilket avläses utifrån husets storlek, U-medelvärde samt geografiska placering. / For homeowners, there are economic incentives to reduce the annual energy demand for heating and domestic hot water preparation, as these constitute the main part of the total annual energy demand for houses in Sweden. The choice of heating system is therefore important as it can have more or less favorable economic consequences over longer periods of time, as the amount of purchased energy required by the system can lead to savings that weigh against the economic investment in the system. The purpose of this study has therefore been to create a reference framework for four different heating systems, comparing them across houses of different sizes, geographical locations, and insulation standards, to identify the most economically beneficial heating systems over a 50-year period, that can be interpreted based on these parameters. The houses compared in the study were single-story houses with three assumed sizes: 89.7/120/150.3 m². They have been compared in Malmö, Stockholm, Sundsvall and Luleå, with each size having three different assumed average thermal transmittance values, average U-values. The study was conducted using energy calculations based on the degree-hour method, and the economic analysis was performed using calculated life cycle costs, LCC, for the different system configurations. Four heating systems were investigated: district heating, geothermal heat pump, air-to-water heat pump, and exhaust air heat pump. The exhaust air heat pump was incorporated as an MEVHR ventilation system, mechanical exhaust air ventilation with heat recovery, while the other three systems were combined with an HRVventilation system, mechanical exhaust and supply air ventilation with heat recovery. The results have shown that HRV systems, compared to MEVHR systems, reduce the annual heating energy demand, the amount of energy that must be supplied to the building, for all studied buildings in Malmö by 36-71%, while in Luleå it is reduced by 32-61%. The annual energy procurement, the amount of energy that must be purchased for the heating systems to generate the required heating energy and domestic hot water preparation, is consistently lowest for the geothermal heat pump system combined with the HRV. The system configuration with the highest proportion of purchased energy throughout the study is district heating combined with HRV. When comparing life cycle costs, LCC, it was found that district heating combined with HRVis the most economically beneficial system only when the annual demand for purchased energy is very low, and becomes the most expensive option at higher demands. The exhaust air heat pump is a cost-effective option in the majority of analyzed cases, thanks to lower investment costs that offset the higher heating energy demand induced by this type of ventilation. Geothermal heat pump combined with the HRV is the most expensive option in most cases when the annual demand for purchased energy is low but shows economic advantages at high energy demands. The air-to-water heat pump combined with the HRV is relatively similar to the geothermal heat pump but has not been shown to be the cheapest option in any of the studied cases. When comparing the exhaust air heat pump with the geothermal heat pump combined with the HRV, it is found that for all objects analyzed in the study, the largest price difference is, averaged over 50 years, less than 1,800 SEK/year. Based on the presented parameters, the feasibility of creating a reference framework for the cost-effectiveness of heating and ventilation systems in houses has been demonstrated, which can be assessed based on the house size, U-value, and geographical location.

This thesis is developed as a proposal for heating for a primary school and kindergarten in the region of Brno-countryside. For the insulated building, a combination of heating and air-conditioning is proposed. The concept is designed so that the air-conditioning preheats the exterior air and the heating system warms the incoming air to a comfortable temperature. For the required thermal performance, sources of heat (for gas and pellets) and a layout solution for the boiler room is designed. Drainage of combustion products is proposed for both solutions. The project solution is per the extent of the construction permit. The theoretical part is linked with the practical part through the condensation boilers, their function and division, and drainage of combustion products. The experiment for the given topic was conducted on the drainage of combustion products. The pressure loss of the reverse knob was determined in relation to the flow rate of air in the condensation boilers as this loss is essential in assessing the drainage of combustion products.