The object of this thesis is comparison of business plans of housing construction with passive housing construction in monitoring company. First section summarizes theoretical description of prospectus and passive houses. Another part attends to appreciation of housing construction and surrounding analyse of company. In the third section, there are proposals of realization prospectuses with alternatives of financing this kind of projects. Final part of thesis deals with a question whether realize passive block of flats or common block of flats.

Die Zeit der Hochindustrialisierung veränderte das Gesicht der Städte in Europa und Nordamerika grundlegend. Ein hohes natürliches Bevölkerungswachstum, ausgeprägte Land-Stadt-Wanderungen gepaart mit einer intensiven baulichen Verdichtung nach innen und außen prägten das Geschehen. Das steigende Arbeitsplatzangebot in der Industrie und dem tertiären Sektor griff tief in die traditionellen Arbeits- und Lebenswelten des Einzelnen ein. Von den Veränderungen war Berlin als Hauptstadt des Deutschen Reiches und eines der wichtigsten Wirtschaftszentren im besonderen betroffen. Ein Stadtteil Berlins, der an der ehemaligen nördlichen Stadtgrenze gelegene Wedding, steht im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Dissertation. Dieser Stadtteil zeichnete sich durch eine besonders dynamische Entwicklung aus. Die noch vorhandenen großen Freiflächen wurden innerhalb weniger Jahre in Bauland verwandelt. Großbetriebe der Elektro- und Chemischen Industrie ließen sich im Wedding nieder und bestimmten in zunehmendem Maße den lokalen Arbeitsmarkt. Auf der Grundlage einer Auswertung der Kirchenbücher der lokalen Gemeinden mit insgesamt 95.623 erfaßte Personen konnte für das Untersuchungsgebiet im Zeitraum 1885-1914 der Nachweis erbracht werden, dass selbst innerhalb eines eng umrissenen Stadtgebietes erhebliche sozio-ökonomische und städtebauliche Gegensätze bestanden. Diese Gegensätze werden durch die Zahlen der amtlichen Statistik nur allzu leicht verdeckt, wirken aber in ihrer Konsequenz bis in die Gegenwart nach. Zahlreiche der aktuell zu beobachtenden Problemkomplexe - u.a. eine Arbeitslosenquote von weit über 20 Prozent, Gewerbebrachen und eine überdurchschnittlich starke Konzentration ausländischer Bevölkerungsgruppen - haben demnach ihren Ursprung bereits im Kaiserreich. / The era at the peak of industrialization fundamentally altered the appearance of cities in Europe and North America. A high level of natural population growth and extensive migration movements from rural to urban areas coupled with an intensive architectural expansion to the inside and outside characterized the events. The increasing number of employment opportunities in the industrial and tertiary sectors profoundly interfered with the people’s traditional working and living environments. These changes particularly affected Berlin as the capital city of the German Empire and as one of the most important commercial centers. The Wedding, a city district of Berlin located along the former northern city limit, is at the core of this dissertation. This district stood out through its especially dynamic development. The large undeveloped areas that still existed at the time were transformed into built-up areas within a few years’ time. Large-scale enterprises in the electronic and chemical industries settled down in the Wedding district and took an increasing influence on the local job market. On the basis of an evaluation of church records (from the local Wedding parishes) that altogether contain information on 95,623 people, this study of the time period from 1885 to 1914 demonstrates the existence of significant socio-economic and urban developmental contrasts recognizable even within a narrowly defined city area (such as the Wedding district). These contrasts are all too easily concealed by the numbers of official statistical data, yet their consequences continue to produce an after-effect, even in the presence. An unemployment rate of well above 20 percent, widespread unoccupied commercial infrastructure, and a significantly above-average concentration of foreign population groups is among numerous currently recognizable problem clusters that already originated in the time of the German Empire.

There is a series of different types of risk on the housing market and related industries.  The six papers in this doctoral dissertation are about a number of the many dimensions of risk management on the housing market. The main message of this thesis is that it should be possible for different actors in the housing market to improve risk management. Indeed, the last years’ financial turmoil has revealed that it should not only be possible, but also necessary, to improve risk management at all levels of the economy: at household, corporate, regional, national and international level. Although the complexity of the environment in which we live and act makes it very difficult to predict and quantify risk, the development of risk management techniques should make it possible to better indentify, and reduce risk. The first paper provides a systematic overview of a wide selection of methods or strategies used in different countries to expand but also to maintain home ownership among low income households. The second paper further discusses mortgage and home equity insurance instruments discussed in the first paper. This paper also discusses how a rental insurance policy, as an alternative to traditional rent regulation, may be constructed. Paper 3 develops a formula that might be used in order to value the rental insurance option discussed in paper 2. The fourth paper focuses on the housing building sector by discussing potential benefits of strategic alliances that the different actors in the housing construction market may establish in order to pool resources and manage development risks. The challenge of constructing reliable home price indexes has attracted scholars for many years. Paper 5 develops monthly quality-adjusted price indexes for condominiums (housing cooperative apartments) based on a unique dataset covering sales in the whole of Stockholm municipality from January 2005 to June 2009. Finally paper 6 pays attention to the large increase in housing cooperative conversions sine the 1990s, by deriving a closed-form valuation formula that might be used to value the embedded option an owner of a multi-family rental property has to sell it to a housing cooperative. / QC 20100810

Wohnbaulandprognosen werden oft noch sehr normativ aus dem Trend der Bevölkerungsentwicklung und dem steigenden Wohnflächenkonsum der Einwohner erstellt. Unter den Bedingungen des demografischen Wandels gerät diese Praxis jedoch in erhebliche Schwierigkeiten. Warum sind Wohnbaulandausweisungen noch notwendig, wenn sowohl die Einwohnerzahl sinkt als auch die Zahl leer stehender Wohnungen zunimmt? Handelt es sich hier vorrangig um steigende Flächenansprüche der Haushalte oder um Effekte veränderter Lebensweisen? In Schrumpfungsregionen lassen schnelle Einschätzungen zunächst keinen zusätzlichen kommunalen Flächenbedarf für Wohnen erkennen und dennoch nimmt die Flächenneuinanspruchnahme für Wohnzwecke weiter zu. So wird deutlich, dass die herkömmlichen methodischen Ansätze für kommunale Wohnbaulandprognosen nicht mehr ausreichen und weitere Einflussfaktoren der Flächenentwicklung berücksichtigt werden müssen. Neue Modelle, welche die kleinräumigen Nachfrageentwicklungen sowie die Divergenzen zwischen Angebots- und Nachfragestruktur abbilden können, sind noch rar. Der folgende Beitrag zeigt, welche methodischen Stärken und Schwächen kommunale Prognoseansätze haben und stellt wichtige Grundgedanken der kommunalen Wohnungsprognosen des Leibniz-Instituts für ökologische Raumentwicklung (IÖR) vor.

The largest post-war economic crisis, which began spreading to the world in the second half of 2008, hit all sectors negatively. An important lesson from the analysis of the crisis is not its causes, but rather the reference to the drawbacks of globalization, in the form of dismantling the consequences of this crisis. Building industry is a specific branch of the Czech economy, which has responded to the outbreak, the course and the retreat of crisis, in a unique way. Both pre-investment and investment phases of a construction project are time-consuming, resulting in a delayed response - inertia, to changes in the state of the economy that are reflected in aggregate demand from which demand for construction output is derived. The thesis focuses mainly on the development market, where it focuses in detail on evolution of housing construction in the pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis period. The set of incorrect steps, decisions and inactivity of residential developers caused a unique phenomenon - the house-offer crisis. Therefore, the result of the work is methodological recommendations - a set of steps whose observation should reduce the negative effects of the crisis on the construction industry and avoid the re-emergence of the house-offer crisis. Economic cycles give us two assurances: each growth is followed by fall and vice versa. Nowadays it is not possible to predict the causes of the future crisis or its length, but it is important to prepare for it.

Bevölkerungsschrumpfung und entspannte Wohnungsmärkte tragen dazu bei, dass die nachfragenden Haushalte ihre differenzierten Wohnwünsche zunehmend besser realisieren können. Dabei gewinnen regionale Wohnungsmarktanalysen und ‑prognosen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Gerade kleinräumige Wohnungsprognosen können entscheidend dazu beitragen, dass realistischere Abschätzungen der regionalen Wohnbauland-, Wohnungsneubau- und Leerstandsentwicklungen besser gelingen, da die Rahmenbedingungen auf den kommunalen und regionalen Wohnungsmärkten spezifischer erfasst werden können. Im Leibniz-Institut für ökologische Raumentwicklung (IÖR) wurde dafür ein spezifischer Prognoseansatz entwickelt, der in diesem Beitrag kurz umrissen wird und dessen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in der Kommunal- und Regionalplanung anhand von Anwenderbeispielen gezeigt werden.

Sveriges befolkning ökar och koncentreras allt mer till storstäderna. Detta har lett till en kraftigt ökad efterfrågan på bostäder och ett högre tryck på den svenska bostadsmarknaden. Några av konsekvenserna är en marknad med kraftigt stigande priser, långa bostadsköer och stora svårigheter för särskilt utsatta grupper att hitta en bostad till rimligt pris. Hushållens genomsnittliga ekonomiska standard har haft en god utveckling och stigit med 35 % sedan 2005. Vid uppdelning av Sveriges totala disponibla inkomst i tiondelar framgår det att 27 % av Sveriges befolkning har en inkomst motsvarande den högsta tiondelen. I denna grupp har en ökning med tre procentenheter skett sedan 2005. Samtidigt har 30 % av befolkningen en inkomst motsvarande de fem lägsta tiondelarna. Sedan 2005 har denna andel sjunkit med två procentenheter. Detta indikerar att inkomstklyftorna ökar. Nyproduktion av bostäder har länge byggts för hushåll med högst inkomster medan inkomstsvaga grupper är utlämnade till den befintliga bostadsmarknaden med höga hyror, priser och långa kötider för hyresrätter. Behovet av nya bostäder med lägre nyproduktionshyror är stort och det finns idag ett fåtal aktörer med en uttalad strategi att bygga prisvärda hyresrätter. Denna kvalitativa fallstudie har som målsättning att svara på följande frågor rörande prisvärda hyresrätter: 1. Hur stämmer studiens resultat överens med relevant teori? 2. Varför har bolagen valt att bygga eller utveckla mer prisvärda hyresrätter? 3. Hur arbetar bolagen för att minska produktionskostnaderna? 4. Blir de bostäder som bolagen bygger och utvecklar tillgängliga för de grupper som är mest utsatta på bostadsmarknaden? Det vill säga blir de tillräckligt prisvärda? Fördjupade intervjuer med bolagen Bonava, Botrygg, KlaraBo, BoKlok samt K-fastigheter har genomförts för att kunna besvara frågorna. Likheterna i bolagens produktionsprocesser är hög. För samtliga är målet att skapa sig kunskap och kontroll över så många skeden av projekten som möjligt. Detta för att skapa en effektiv process som möjliggör lägre kostnader och minskade ledtider. Återupprepningseffekten är mycket viktig för att hela tiden utvecklas. Standardisering av komponenter, husmoduler och byggsystem kortar ledtiderna vilket också sparar både tid och pengar. Den produkt som bolagen i studien bygger är billigare än den genomsnittliga nyproducerade hyresrätten i Sverige och bolagens mindre lägenheter blir tillgängliga för de mest utsatta grupperna på bostadsmarknaden. Statens investeringsstöd gör samtliga bostäder tillgängliga för grupper med lägre inkomster. Trots detta finns det ett stort behov av att bygga fler, framför allt större, lägenheter utan investeringsstöd eller subventioner med lägre nyproduktionshyror för de grupper i samhället med lägst inkomster. / Sweden's population is increasing and gets more and more concentrated to the metropolitan areas. This has lead to a sharply increased demand for housing and a higher pressure on the Swedish housing market. One of the consequences is a market with rising prices, long housing queues and difficulties for particularly vulnerable income groups to find an affordable home. The average development of the economic standard of the Swedish households has been good and has increased by 35 % since 2005. When dividing Sweden’s total disposable income into tenths it shows that 27 % of Sweden’s population has an income responding to the highest tenth. This is an increase by three percent since 2005. At the same time 30 % of the population has an income corresponding to the five lowest tenth of the total disposable income. Since 2005 this part has decreased with two percent. These differences indicate that the income gap has increased. New construction of housing has long been built for households with the highest incomes while lower income households are dependant on the existing housing stock with high rents, prices and long housing ques. The need of new construction of housing with lower rents is great and today there are a few companies in the market with a strategy to build more affordable rental apartments. This qualitative case study aims to answer the following research questions regarding affordable rental apartments: 1. How well does the result of the study correlate with relevant theories? 2. Why have the companies decided to produce or develop more affordable rental apartments? 3. How does the companies work in order to reduce their production costs? 4. Will the rental apartments that the companies build and develop become available to the groups that are most vulnerable in the housing market? That is, will they be affordable enough? In-depth interviews have been conducted with the companies Bonava, Botrygg, KlaraBo, BoKlok and K-Fastigheter to answer the four research questions.The similarities between the production processes of the companies are many. For all of them the goal is to gain knowledge and control over as many stages of the projects as possible. This in order to create an efficient process that enables lower costs and reduced lead times. The repetition effect is very important for continuous development. Standardization of components, housing modules and building systems reduce lead times, which also saves both time and money. The product that the companies produce has lower rents than the average newly constructed rental apartment in Sweden and the companies’ smaller apartments gets available for the most exposed groups in the housing market. The state's investment subsidy makes all the apartments, independent of their size, available to groups with lower incomes. Despite this there is still a need to build larger apartments without subsidies that has lower rents for the groups in society with the lowest incomes.

Определены основные конструктивные особенности фасадных систем, разработана методика оценки энергоэффективности фасадных систем на основе указанных конструктивных особенностей, проведен сравнительный анализ результатов, определены наиболее эффективные фасадные системы с точки зрения энергосбережения. / The main design features of facade systems are determined, a methodology for assessing the energy efficiency of facade systems based on the indicated design features is developed, a comparative analysis of the results is carried out, and the most effective facade systems are determined from the point of view of energy saving.

Bostadsbristen är ett växande problem i Sveriges storstadsregioner, och har pekats ut som en av Stockholms största utmaningar. Befolkningsmängden ökar snabbt i huvudstaden och den nybyggnation som sker motsvarar inte efterfrågan, vilket orsakat en utveckling med bostadsbrist, höga boendekostnader, längre bostadsköer och ökad trångboddhet som följd. När vi nu går in i en ekonomisk lågkonjunktur som befaras förvärra denna situation är det än mer betydelsefullt att undersöka vilka faktorer som potentiellt hindrar nybyggnation av bostäder för att förstå hur dessa hinder kan överbryggas.Detta arbete syftar till att utforska en av dessa försvårande faktorer: relationen mellan parkeringskrav och nybyggnation av bostäder. Detta utreds i en intervjustudie med byggaktörer och nyckelpersoner från Stockholms tekniska förvaltningar, samt via studier av tre projekt där parkeringsfrågan varit av central betydelse för projektets genomförbarhet. Resultatet kompareras och kontrasteras gentemot tidigare forskning och Stockholms stads egna målsättningar om att öka byggtakten och bygga för alla stadens demografiska grupper, samt stadens vision av vad en hållbar stadsutveckling innebär. Studien föreslår slutligen möjliga förändringar av Stockholms parkeringsreglering som ökar möjligheterna för nybyggnation av bostäder och förtätning i enlighet med den utveckling som efterlyses i Stockholms översiktsplan.Studien indikerar att det finns regelverk och arbetssätt gällande parkeringsfrågan som försvårar den bostadsutveckling som staden efterfrågar. Parkeringskravet är en knäckfråga för bostadsprojekt i Stockholm, vilket grundar sig i att de parkeringslösningar som förespråkas av staden medför stora kostnader för byggaktören, kostnader som inte motsvarar köpviljan hos de boende. Detta är speciellt betydelsefullt då hyresrätter uppförs. Det finns också målkonflikter mellan Stockholms parkeringsreglering och flera av stadens visioner och mål. Stadens tjänstemän uppger att de inte får tillräckligt stöd att hantera dessa konflikter. Studien föreslår att parkeringsregleringen revideras för att bättre hantera dessa konflikter, och för att fylla de kunskapsluckor som finns idag. Ett hinder är att parkeringsfrågan är politiskt känslig, vilket försvårar flera av de förändringar som behöver ske för att lösa dessa målkonflikter. / The housing shortage is a growing problem in Sweden's metropolitan regions, and has been identified as one of Stockholm's biggest challenges. The population is increasing rapidly in the capital, and the rate of which new construction is taking place does not correspond to the existing demand. This has caused a development with housing shortages, high living costs, longer housing queues and increased overcrowding as a result. Now, we are entering an economic recession which is feared to exacerbate this situation. Thus, it is even more important to examine the factors that potentially hinder the construction of new housing in order to understand how these obstacles can be overcome.This work aims to explore one of these aggravating factors: the relationship between parking requirements and residential construction. This is explored in an interview study with the city's technical administrations and building operators and via a case study. The results are contrasted with previous research and the City of Stockholm's own objectives in regard to increase the rate of construction for all demographic groups, as well as the Stockholm’s vision of what a sustainable urban development implies. Lastly, possible changes to the parking requirement are proposed that increase the opportunities for new construction of housing and densification in accordance with the development called for in the Stockholm Comprehensive Plan.The study indicates that there are regulations and working methods regarding the parking issue that impede the housing development that the city requires. The parking requirement is a key issue for housing projects in Stockholm, which is based on the fact that the parking solutions advocated by the city entail large costs for the developer: costs that do not correspond to the willingness of the residents to buy. This is particularly important when rental apartments are built. Furthermore, there are goal conflicts between Stockholm's parking regulations and several of the city's visions and goals. City officials state that they do not receive sufficient support to manage these conflicts. The study suggests that parking regulations should be revised to better manage these conflicts, and to fill the knowledge gaps that exist today. One obstacle is that the parking issue is politically sensitive, which complicates many of the changes that need to be made to resolve these conflicting objectives.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pretextuais.pdf: 645365 bytes, checksum: b569f4b0b3089abd234661a0451cbe18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-09 / Studies carried out by the United Nations (UN) show that a third of the population of the planet is suffering from the lack or inadequacy of dwellings and infra-basic structure. The deficit per dwelling is more serious in underdeveloped countries and developing countries, such as Brazil, and is becoming increasingly difficult to be solved without a great effort of the public, private initiative, financial institutions, education/research and associations on the basis of the various categories of work. As an alternative provision housing, has-if the participative management by mutual assistance, highlighting-if the housing cooperatives of auto-management. This program have presented high performance, where the works housing are being marketed and financed through this modality constructive, reducing the overall cost and increase the quality of the ventures. The mitigation of the overall cost of venture is a preponderant factor of success and survival of housing cooperatives of auto-management. The construction of residential buildings multiple floors enables the ventures housing cooperatives, because the high cost of developed land, usually with areas reduced, requiring increase the number of floors of the product for the better use of sites. The survival and servicing objectives of housing cooperatives of auto-management should consider four fundamental aspects: effectiveness in running (including the projects management), strong partnerships (with highlight to the public power, financial institutions , teaching/research, and other cooperative branches), existence of technical advice (from its constitution) and the target public (associated members with aware and motivated). Several studies identify that is in the projects management of the key to the reduction of waste of inputs and costs, with a gain in productivity and of the quality required to the final product. Considering the gaps in knowledge related to management of the project in the cooperative housing ventures, this study aims to investigate the main factors the quality of the production process, especially the stage of project of residential buildings with multiple floors built by the system of housing cooperatives of auto-management. As a result, the study provides some guidelines and tools for evaluating performance and quality of planning and control of the stage of project, from the studies of models, obtained by two aspects of phenomenological research. With the first vector seeks to at the literature national and international, models and tools for assessing the quality of project management, being more appropriate and would be appropriate for housing cooperatives of auto-management. Through the second vector investigated if, with the study of cases, two ventures of residential buildings multiple floors one in the city of Águas Claras DF, and another in the city of Goiânia GO, administered by housing cooperatives of auto-management. In these evaluated if the organizational structure, systems of an exchange of information, the weaknesses present and critical phases, planning and control the quality of the stage of project, the methodologies and tools of quality, in construction companies, design offices and between the intervening agents of the project process. It is concluded that the application management of the project in housing cooperatives of auto-management is a fundamental factor for survival,in implementing its main goal: to produce low cost housing and quality to their members. / Estudos realizados pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) mostram que um terço da população do planeta sofre com a falta ou inadequação de moradia e infra-estrutura básica. O déficit por habitação é mais grave nos países subdesenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, e fica cada vez mais difícil de ser resolvido sem um grande esforço do poder público, iniciativa privada, instituições financeiras, de ensino/pesquisa e associações nas bases das diversas categorias de trabalho. Como uma alternativa de provisão habitacional, tem-se a gestão participativa pela ajuda mútua, destacando-se as cooperativas habitacionais autogestionárias. Este programa tem apresentado elevado desempenho, onde as obras habitacionais estão sendo comercializadas e financiadas através desta modalidade construtiva, com redução do custo global e aumento da qualidade dos empreendimentos. A mitigação do custo global do empreendimento é um fator preponderante do sucesso e sobrevivência das cooperativas habitacionais de autogestão. A construção de edifícios residenciais de múltiplos pavimentos viabiliza os empreendimentos das cooperativas habitacionais, haja vista o alto custo dos terrenos urbanizados, normalmente com áreas reduzidas, exigindo a verticalização do produto para o melhor aproveitamento dos sítios. A sobrevida e atendimento aos objetivos das cooperativas habitacionais autogestionárias deve considerar quatro aspectos fundamentais: eficácia na autogestão (incluindo a gestão do processo de projetos), sólidas parcerias (com destaque para o poder público, instituições financeiras, de ensino/pesquisa e outros ramos cooperativos), existência de assessoria técnica (desde a sua constituição) e o público alvo (associados conscientes e motivados). Várias pesquisas identificam que está na gestão do processo de projetos a chave para a redução dos desperdícios de insumos e custos, com ganho de produtividade e da qualidade requerida ao produto final. Considerando as lacunas de conhecimento relacionadas ao gerenciamento do processo de projeto nos empreendimentos das cooperativas habitacionais, este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar os principais fatores a qualidade do processo de produção, principalmente a etapa de projetos dos edifícios residenciais de múltiplos pavimentos construídos por meio do sistema de cooperativas habitacionais autogestionárias. Como resultado, o trabalho fornece algumas diretrizes e ferramentas de avaliação de desempenho e qualidade do planejamento e controle da etapa de projeto, oriundas dos estudos de modelos, obtidos por meio de duas vertentes fenomenológicas de investigação. Com o primeiro vetor buscou-se, na literatura nacional e internacional, modelos e ferramentas para avaliação da qualidade do gerenciamento de projetos, que fossem mais adequadas e pudessem ser apropriadas para as cooperativas habitacionais de autogestão. Através do segundo vetor, investigou-se, com os estudo de casos, dois empreendimentos de edifícios residenciais de múltiplos pavimentos - um em Águas Claras DF, e outro em Goiânia GO , administrados por cooperativas habitacionais autogestionárias. Nestes, avaliou-se a estrutura organizacional, os sistemas de troca de informações, as falhas presentes e fases críticas, planejamento e controle da qualidade da etapa de projeto, as metodologias e ferramentas da qualidade empregados nas construtoras, escritórios de projeto e entre os agentes intervenientes do processo de projeto. Conclui-se que, a aplicação do gerenciamento de projeto nas cooperativas habitacionais de autogestão é um fator fundamental de sobrevida, para o atendimento do seu principal objetivo: produzir a moradia com baixo custo e qualidade aos seus associados.