L’allocation de la ressource de manière optimale, dans un système dynamique étendu, consiste à la répartir et à l’acheminer aux bons endroits, aux bons moments et en bonne quantité. Les flux transportés sont caractérisés par des non-linéarités et sont soumis à des retards lors de leur transfert, mais aussi, à des déformations importantes lorsque la ressource est un fluide. Dans ce travail, nous proposons de prendre en compte, dans la modélisation de ces systèmes, l’ensemble de ces contraintes pour une gestion optimale de transport de fluide. Le système est modélisé par un réseau de transport étendu afin de représenter l’évolution de la ressource au cours du temps et d’intégrer les retards inhérents aux transferts des flux. Afin d’introduire dans le graphe la dynamique des écoulements des fluides à surface libre, nous définissons des sommets de répartition permettant la modélisation des phénomènes de propagation des flux. Les objectifs de gestion sont représentés par des coûts sur les arcs. L’allocation optimale de la ressource est obtenue par la recherche du flot de coût minimal sur le réseau de transport. A cette fin, un algorithme d’optimisation prenant en compte les contraintes additionnelles issues des sommets de répartition est proposé. Les méthodes et algorithmes développés sont appliqués au cas des systèmes hydrographiques et à la problématique de l'allocation de la ressource en eau associée. Cette dernière est devenue cruciale en raison des effets négatifs de l'anthropisation des espaces naturels, du changement climatique et de l’augmentation des besoins. Il s’agit de partager la ressource en eau entre différents usagers, conformément à un ensemble d’objectifs et de priorités. L'allocation de la ressource en eau est réalisée en trois étapes principales : le diagnostic de l'état de la ressource disponible sur le système hydrographique à l'instant initial, incluant la prévision de son évolution sur l'horizon de gestion ; la détermination des actions à réaliser sur le système hydraulique pour allouer la ressource en respectant les contraintes et les objectifs ; la surveillance des données mesurées fournissant des indicateurs reconstitués de l’état du système. Les performances de la démarche proposée sont évaluées sur divers systèmes hydrographiques soumis à de multiples régimes hydrologiques. / Optimal allocation of the resource, in a large scale system, consists in distributing it and delivering it to the right places, at the right time and in the right quantity. The transported flows are characterized by nonlinearities and are subject to delays during their transfer, but also to significant deformations when the resource is a fluid. In this work, we propose to take into account, all these constraints in the modeling of these systems, for an optimal management of fluid transport. The system is modeled by an expanded flow network in order to represent the evolution of the resource over time and to integrate the delays that are inherent in flow transfers. In order to introduce the flow dynamics of open-channel flows into the graph, we define distribution nodes allowing to model the flow propagation phenomena. The water allocation objectives are represented by costs on the network’s arcs. The optimal allocation of the resource is obtained by the search for the minimal cost flow on the network. To this end, an optimization algorithm taking into account the additional constraints resulting from the distribution nodes is proposed. The methods and algorithms developed, are applied to the case of hydrographic systems and to the water resources management problem. The latter has become crucial due to the negative effects of anthropisation of natural areas, climate change and increasing needs. Water allocation consists in sharing the water resource between different users, according to a combination of objectives and priorities. The allocation of the water resource is carried out in three main steps: the diagnosis of the state of the available resource on the hydrographic system at the initial time step, including the forecast of its evolution over the management horizon; the determination of operations to be carried out on the hydraulic system to allocate the resource according to the constraints and objectives; the monitoring of the measured data in order to provide reconstructed indicators of the system’s state. The performances of the proposed approach are evaluated on various hydrographic systems, subjected to multiple hydrological regimes.

<p dir="ltr">As a new spaceborne laser remote sensing system, the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation, or GEDI, is being widely used for monitoring forest ecosystems. However, its measurements are subject to uncertainties that will affect the calculation of ground elevation and vegetation height. This research intends to investigate the quality of the GEDI elevation data and its relevance to topography and land cover.</p><p dir="ltr">In this study, the elevation of the GEDI data is compared to 3DEP DEM, which has a higher resolution and accuracy. All the experiments in this study are conducted for two locations with vastly different terrain and land cover conditions, namely Tippecanoe County in Indiana and Mendocino County in California. Through this investigation we expect to gain a comprehensive understanding of GEDI’s elevation quality in various terrain and land cover conditions.</p><p dir="ltr">The results show that GEDI data in Tippecanoe County has better elevation accuracy than the GEDI data in Mendocino County. GEDI in Tippecanoe County is almost four times more accurate than in Mendocino County. Regarding land cover, GEDI have better accuracy in low vegetation areas than in forest areas. The ratio can be around three times better in Tippecanoe County and around one and half times better in Mendocino County. In terms of slope, GEDI data shows a clear positive correlation between RMSE and slope. The trend indicates as slope increases, the RMSE increases concurrently. In other words, slope and GEDI elevation accuracy are inversely related. In the experiment involving slope and land cover, the results show that slope is the most influential factor to GEDI elevation accuracy.</p><p dir="ltr">This study informs GEDI users of the factors they must consider for forest biomass calculation and topographic mapping applications. When high terrain slope and/or high vegetation is present, the GEDI data should be checked with other data sources like 3DEP DEM or any ground truth measurements to assure its quality. We expect these findings can help worldwide users understand that the quality of GEDI data is variable and dependent on terrain relief and land cover.</p>

La tesi aborda, des d'una perspectiva territorial i històrica, el paper que han jugat les grans infraestructures hidràuliques en dues conques fluvials mediterrànies catalanes: la Muga i el Fluvià (província de Girona). Així, s'efectua una reconstrucció retrospectiva del conjunt de projectes de gran obra hidràulica (preses, embassaments, canals complementaris) que, als últims 150 anys, han estat ideats i, en el seu cas executats, a ambdues conques. En aquest procés s'atorga una atenció especial a les justificacions, finalitats, discursos i agents socials que han inspirat la seva concepció i les causes que han conduït al seu èxit o al seu fracàs. Tot plegat es contextualitza dins dels plans, les polítiques i la legislació hidràulica estatals. L'elecció de dos rius veïns proporciona clars elements per a establir una anàlisi evolutiva comparada entre ells. Aquí s'afegirà la influencia del proper riu Ter des del moment en que es decideix l'abastament parcial amb els seus cabals a Barcelona. / The aim of the thesis is to know the paper that the great hydraulic works have been in two mediterranean river basins called Muga and Fluvià located in Catalonia (province of Girona, Spain). The perspective of the study will be historical and territorial. The thesis realizes a retrospective reconstruction of the projects of great hydraulic works (dams/reservoirs + complementary channels) that have been conceived or built in both river basins during the last 150 years. In this process the study gives a special attention to their justifications, their aims, their peculiarities, their promoters, and the reasons of their issue or of their failure. All this is framed in the planification, policies, and hydraulic legislation pertaining to the state.The election of two neighbouring rivers provides the elements to establish an evolutional comparative analysis between both. Here we add the effects of the influence of the nearing Ter river, when is decided the partial supply with their waters to the city of Barcelona.

[pt] O estudo sobre a evolução da legislação ambiental e da ocupação de margens de cursos d água localizados em áreas urbanas respalda a presente pesquisa, sobre a aplicação do instituto da Área de Preservação Permanente Ripária em ambiente urbano, através do estudo de caso do Rio Rainha, no Município do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa propõe delimitar a APP Ripária através da utilização de Sistema de Informação Geográfico (SIG) e levantamento de campo, para posterior avaliação quanto à conformidade da situação da área em estudo e à proteção legal vigente. Inicialmente foram elaboradas as cartas de identificação dos braços do Rio Rainha, da APP Ripária de acordo com os parâmetros previstos no Código Florestal e da APP Ripária de acordo com os parâmetros previstos na legislação estadual vigente. Em seguida, foi elaborada a carta com a representação da justaposição das referidas APPs Ripárias com as edificações localizadas às margens do rio, quantificando o percentual de APP Ripária do Rio Rainha ocupada por construções com as considerações sobre o passivo ambiental gerado. / [en] The evolution of the environmental legislation and the occupancy of river banks located in urban áreas supports the research based in the case study of the River Rainha, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, with the delimitation of the riparian zone with the use of the Geographic Information System (GIS) and field survey. Initially, maps were elaborated with the identification of the Rainha River, the legally protected riparian áreas applicable in accordance with the parameters set in the Brazilian Forest Code, and the legally protected riparian áreas applicable according to the parameters set out in Rio de Janeiro State Legislation. Finally, a map was elaborated with the representation of the juxtaposition of the legally protected riparian area and the buildings along the banks of Rainha River, showing the average of legally protected riparian area along the Rainha River occupied with buildings along with a analyses of this situation.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El manejo sostenible del agua se ha convertido en una prioridad en todo el mundo, particularmente en aquellos territorios que sufren escasez. En el litoral mediterráneo, la proliferación del turismo y el desarrollo urbanístico, junto al resto de actividades económicas han contribuido a la sobreexplotación de los recursos hídricos naturales. Las Islas Baleares no están exentas de esta problemática. El incremento de la población flotante ha ocasionado que la máxima demanda se produzca en la época estival, coincidente con el periodo de menor recarga natural. Frente a este escenario es básico fijar acciones directas que favorezcan la recuperación y la conservación del agua. Más aún, en el actual contexto de cambio climático. La investigación aborda puntos fundamentales de la gobernanza del agua analizando el marco normativo, económico y social. Su objetivo principal es establecer el diagnóstico actual de los recursos hídricos en las Islas Baleares y, aportar medidas para avanzar hacia un buen estado ecológico, químico y cuantitativo de las masas de agua. Para ello, la tesis da respuesta a los siguientes objetivos específicos: -Analizar los mecanismos de la legislación vigente y la viabilidad de los objetivos planteados de inicio en la Directiva Marco del Agua. En segundo lugar, reflexionar sobre sus logros y carencias y, por último, determinar los retos futuros a los que se enfrenta. -Valorar el manejo y el estado de las masas de agua en la Demarcación Hidrográfica de las Islas Baleares. -Evaluar los resultados de la implementación de una acción concreta de gestión de la demanda. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las aspiraciones iniciales de la Directiva Marco del Agua no se han cumplido y su progreso ha sido lento. No obstante, se han producido grandes esfuerzos entre ciclos de planificación y la calidad de las masas de agua ha mejorado desde su puesta en vigor. En segundo lugar, se concluye que, el uso de indicadores causa-efecto se erige como un instrumento válido de ayuda a la planificación y la administración del agua. Los resultados del trabajo manifiestan que, en las estaciones desaladoras de agua marina de Palma e Ibiza se reduce la producción de desaladas en los años con una mayor recarga natural de los acuíferos. Dicha gestión del recurso no convencional obstaculiza la recuperación de las masas de agua naturales del entorno. Finalmente, en la investigación se evalúa la implementación de una medida directa de la gestión de la demanda. Se analiza la puesta en marcha de sistemas descentralizados de aprovechamiento de aguas pluviales y de reutilización de aguas grises tratadas, para usos no potables, en edificios a escala municipal. Los resultados confirman distintos valores de disminución de la demanda de agua potable en función del uso y de la tipología del edificio. En conclusión, la Directiva Marco del Agua debe adaptarse a la especificidad hídrica de cada territorio y, por otro lado, es importante dar continuidad a la senda inversionista iniciada asegurando el balance adecuado entre las políticas de la oferta y la demanda. Además, el sector del agua debe apostar por la mejora del conocimiento, el fomento de las nuevas tecnologías y la inserción de los recursos digitales disponibles. En definitiva, en las Islas Baleares a pesar de registrarse periodos de escasez, hasta la fecha se ha garantizado la seguridad hídrica. Ahora bien, es necesario que tanto la planificación territorial como el crecimiento económico se ajusten a la cantidad de recurso disponible. El manejo del agua ha de ser capaz de optimizar el nivel de extracción de las reservas hídricas naturales, priorizando el uso complementario con recurso no convencional, anticipándose a la sobreexplotación y procurando lograr un buen estado en las masas de agua. La tesis integra tres artículos científicos publicados. En cada publicación se analizan cuestiones particulares con el fin de dar respuesta al objetivo principal de la investigación. / [CA] El maneig sostenible de l'aigua ha esdevingut una prioritat a tot el món, particularment en aquells territoris que pateixen escassetat. Al litoral mediterrani, la proliferació del turisme i el desenvolupament urbanístic, juntament amb la resta d'activitats econòmiques han contribuït a la sobreexplotació dels recursos hídrics naturals. Les Illes Balears no estan exemptes d'aquesta problemàtica. L'increment de la població flotant ha ocasionat que la màxima demanda es produïsca a l'època estival, coincident amb el període de menor recàrrega natural. Davant d'aquest escenari és bàsic fixar accions directes que afavorisquen la recuperació i la conservació de l'aigua. Encara més, a l'actual context de canvi climàtic. La investigació aborda punts fonamentals de la governança de l'aigua analitzant el marc normatiu, econòmic i social. El seu objectiu principal és establir el diagnòstic actual dels recursos hídrics a les Illes Balears i aportar mesures per avançar cap a un bon estat ecològic, químic i quantitatiu de les masses d'aigua. Per això, la tesi dona resposta als següents objectius específics: -Analitzar els mecanismes de la legislació vigent i la viabilitat dels objectius plantejats d'inici a la Directiva Marc de l'Aigua. En segon lloc, reflexionar sobre els seus èxits i mancances i, finalment, determinar els reptes futurs als quals s'enfronta. -Valorar el maneig i l'estat de les masses d'aigua a la Demarcació Hidrogràfica de les Illes Balears. -Avaluar els resultats de la implementació d'una acció concreta de gestió de la demanda. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que les aspiracions inicials de la Directiva Marc de l'Aigua no s'han complert i el seu progrés ha estat lent. Tot i això, s'han produït grans esforços entre cicles de planificació i la qualitat de les masses d'aigua ha millorat des de la seua posada en vigor. En segon lloc, es conclou que l'ús d'indicadors causa-efecte s'erigeix com un instrument vàlid d'ajuda a la planificació i l'administració de l'aigua. Els resultats del treball manifesten que, a les estacions dessalinitzadores d'aigua marina de Palma i Eivissa es redueix la producció de dessalades als anys amb una major recàrrega natural dels aqüífers. Aquesta gestió del recurs no convencional obstaculitza la recuperació de les masses d'aigua naturals de l'entorn. Finalment, a la investigació s'avalua la implementació d'una mesura directa de la gestió de la demanda. S'analitza la posada en marxa de sistemes descentralitzats d'aprofitament d'aigües pluvials i de reutilització d'aigües grises tractades per a usos no potables, en edificis a escala municipal. Els resultats confirmen diferents valors de disminució de la demanda d'aigua potable en funció de l'ús i de la tipologia de l'edifici. En conclusió, la Directiva Marc de l'Aigua s'ha d'adaptar a l'especificitat hídrica de cada territori i, per altra banda, és important donar continuïtat al camí inversor iniciat assegurant el balanç adequat entre les polítiques de l'oferta i la demanda. A més, el sector de l'aigua ha d'apostar per la millora del coneixement, el foment de les noves tecnologies i la inserció dels recursos digitals disponibles. En definitiva, a les Illes Balears tot i registrar-se períodes d'escassetat, fins ara s'ha garantit la seguretat hídrica. Ara bé, cal que tant la planificació territorial com el creixement econòmic s'ajusten a la quantitat de recurs disponible. El maneig de l'aigua ha de ser capaç d'optimitzar el nivell d'extracció de les reserves hídriques naturals, prioritzant l'ús complementari amb recurs no convencional, anticipant-se a la sobreexplotació i procurant aconseguir un bon estat a les masses d'aigua. La tesi integra tres articles científics publicats. A cada publicació s'analitzen qüestions particulars per tal de donar resposta a l'objectiu principal de la investigació. / [EN] The sustainable management of water has become a priority throughout the world, particularly in those territories that suffer from scarcity. On the Mediterranean coast, the proliferation of tourism and urban development, along with other economic activities have contributed to the overexploitation of natural water resources. The Balearic Islands are not exempt from this problem. The increase in the floating population has caused the maximum demand to occur in the summer season, coinciding with the period of least natural recharge. Faced with this scenario, it is essential to establish direct actions that favor the recovery and conservation of water. Even more so, in the current context of climate change. The research addresses fundamental points of water governance by analyzing the regulatory, economic and social framework. Its main objective is to establish the current diagnosis of water resources in the Balearic Islands and provide measures to move towards a good ecological, chemical and quantitative status of the water bodies. To do this, this thesis responds to the following specific objectives: -Analyze the mechanisms of current legislation and the feasibility of the objectives set forth in the Water Framework Directive. Secondly, reflect on its achievements and shortcomings and, finally, determine the future challenges faces. -Assess the management and status of the water bodies in the Hydrographic Demarcation of the Balearic Islands. -Evaluate the results of the implementation of a specific action to manage the demand. The results obtained show that the initial aspirations of the Water Framework Directive have not been fulfilled and its progress has been slow. However, there have been great efforts between planning cycles and the quality of the water bodies has improved since their implementation. Secondly, it is concluded that the use of cause-effect indicators stands as a valid tool to help planning and water management. The results of the work show that, in the seawater desalination plants of Palma and Ibiza, there is a reduction in the production of desalinated water in the years with a greater natural recharge of the aquifers. Said non-conventional resource management hinders the recovery of the natural water bodies of the environment. Finally, the research evaluates the implementation of a direct measure of demand management. The implementation of decentralized systems for the use of rainwater and the reuse of treated gray water, for non-potable uses, in buildings at the municipal level is analysed. The results confirm different values of decrease in the demand for drinking water depending on the use and the type of building. In conclusion, the Water Framework Directive must be adapted to the water specificity of each territory and, on the other hand, it is important to continue the investor path started, ensuring the proper balance between supply and demand policies. In addition, the water sector must commit to improving knowledge, promoting new technologies and inserting the digital resources available. In short, in the Balearic Islands, despite registering periods of scarcity, to date water security has been guaranteed. However, it is necessary that both territorial planning and economic growth adjust to the amount of available resources. Water management must be capable of optimizing the level of extraction from natural water reserves, prioritizing complementary use with unconventional resources, anticipating overexploitation and trying to achieve a good status in the water bodies. The thesis integrates three published scientific articles. In each publication, particular issues are analyzed in order to answer the main objective of the research. / Navarro Sousa, S. (2024). Mecanismos de las políticas públicas para la gestión sostenible del agua: hacia un modelo eficiente en las Islas Baleares [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203170 / Compendio

Although the physical characteristics of surfing breaks are well described in the literature, there is little specific research on surfing and coastal management. Such research is required because coastal engineering has had significant impacts to surfing breaks, both positive and negative. Strategic planning and environmental impact assessment methods, a central tenet of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), are recommended by this thesis to maximise surfing amenities. The research reported here identifies key oceanographic considerations required for ICZM around surfing breaks including: surfing wave parameters; surfing break components; relationship between surfer skill, surfing manoeuvre type and wave parameters; wind effects on waves; currents; geomorphic surfing break categorisation; beach-state and morphology; and offshore wave transformations. Key coastal activities that can have impacts to surfing breaks are identified. Environmental data types to consider during coastal studies around surfing breaks are presented and geographic information systems (GIS) are used to manage and interpret such information. To monitor surfing breaks, a shallow water multibeam echo sounding system was utilised and a RTK GPS water level correction and hydrographic GIS methodology developed. Including surfing in coastal management requires coastal engineering solutions that incorporate surfing. As an example, the efficacy of the artificial surfing reef (ASR) at Mount Maunganui, New Zealand, was evaluated. GIS, multibeam echo soundings, oceanographic measurements, photography, and wave modelling were all applied to monitor sea floor morphology around the reef. Results showed that the beach-state has more cellular circulation since the reef was installed, and a groin effect on the offshore bar was caused by the structure within the monitoring period, trapping sediment updrift and eroding sediment downdrift. No identifiable shoreline salient was observed. Landward of the reef, a scour hole ~3 times the surface area of the reef has formed. The current literature on ASRs has primarily focused on reef shape and its role in creating surfing waves. However, this study suggests that impacts to the offshore bar, beach-state, scour hole and surf zone hydrodynamics should all be included in future surfing reef designs. More real world reef studies, including ongoing monitoring of existing surfing reefs are required to validate theoretical concepts in the published literature.