Résumé : Dans les maladies respiratoires chroniques, les propriétés biochimiques et mécaniques des muscles lisses des voies respiratoires (MLVR) ont été analysées, mais les modes d’action des médiateurs lipidiques endogènes dérivés des oméga-3 (époxy- ou polyhydroxy- éicosanoïdes) restent à clarifier. Mon travail de recherche a pour but de caractériser le rôle potentiel de monoacyglycéride de l’acide éicosapentaénoϊque (MAG-EPA) et de monoacylglycéride de l’acide docosahexaénoϊque (MAG-DHA) ainsi que leurs métabolites (acide 17,18-époxyéicosatétraénoϊque : 17,18-EpETE, résolvine D1 : RvD1), sur le statut inflammatoire et l’activité contractile des voies respiratoires mises en culture organoϊde avec des cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Sur des trachées de cobayes (TC) natives précontractées au U-46619 (agoniste du récepteur thromboxane prostanoϊde), le 17,18-EpETE relaxe les tissus de manière plus importante que son précurseur, le MAG-EPA. Dans les TC mises en culture pendant 3 jours, les niveaux de TNF-α ont augmenté dans les fractions microsomales par rapport aux trachées natives. Sur ces tissues cultivés et traités avec 0.3 µM 17,18-EpETE, une réduction de la sensibilité au Ca2+ a été démontrée. De plus, une diminution de niveaux de détection des P-p65-NFκB, c-fos et c-Jun a été quantifiée en présence de 17,18-EpETE et des inhibiteurs de PKC ou Rho kinase lorsque les TC sont préalablement traités par 10 ng/ml TNF-α. Les cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-13 et TNF-α, etc…) jouent un rôle majeur dans la physiopathologie de l’asthme. Le projet de bronchioles humaines évalue l’effet de la RvD1 et de ses précurseurs (MAG-DHA, MAG-DPA et 17(S)-HpDoHE) sur le statut inflammatoire et la bronchoréactivité, in vitro. Dans les bronchioles stimulées par l’IL-13 pendant 48 h, le MAG-DHA ainsi que ces métabolites diminuent l’activation de la voie TNF-α/NFκB et la sensibilité au Ca2+ des tissus prétraités avec l’IL-13 vers des niveaux proches des conditions contrôles. Dans les bronchioles prétraitées par le TNF-α, l’inflammation et l’hypersensibilité au Ca2+ sont abolies par 1 µM MAG-DPA. De plus, l’aspirine combinée au MAG-oméga-3 potentialise les effets inhibiteurs de ce dernier sur l’inflammation et l’hyperréactivité bronchique induite par les cytokines, tout en régulant à la hausse les niveaux de détection du GPR-32 (le récepteur de RvD1). En conclusion, les dérivés des oméga-3 à longue chaîne pourraient résoudre l’inflammation et contrer les causes de l’hyperréactivité bronchique (HRB). / Abstract : In chronic respiratory diseases, the biochemical and mechanical properties of airway smooth muscle were analyzed, but the mode of action of omega-3 derivatives (epoxy or polyhydroxy-eicosanoids) remains to be clarified. My research work aims to characterize the potential role of eicosapentaenoic acid monoacyglyceride (MAG-EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid monoacylglyceride (MAGDHA) and their bioactive metabolites (17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid: 17 18-EpETE, resolvin D1: RvD1) on the inflammatory status and the contractile activity of organcultured airway explants with pro-inflammatory cytokines. On 30 nM U-46619 (Thromboxane prostanoid receptor agonist) pre-contracted fresh guinea pig trachea, 17,18 EpETE displays a greater ability than its precursor, MAG-EPA to relax airways. In 72-h-cultured tracheal rings, TNF-α levels increase in the microsomal fractions when compared to native trachea. In cultured and pre-treated tracheal rings with 0.3 µM 17,18-EpETE, the Ca2+ hypersensitivity is alleviated in comparaison to 3 day cultured tracheal rings. In addition, the detection levels of P-NFκB, c-fos and c-Jun were abolished in the presence of 17,18-EpETE and PKC or Rho kinase inhibitors in short term-TNF-α- incubated tracheal rings. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-13, TNF-α, etc…) play a major role in asthma pathophysiology. The human bronchi project evaluates the effect of RvD1 and its precursors (MAG-DHA, MAG-DPA and 17 (S)-HpDoHE) on the inflammatory status and bronchial reactivity, in vitro. In IL-13 stimulated human bronchi for 48 h, the MAG-DHA and its metabolites decrease the activation of TNF-α / NFκB pathway and blunt the Ca2+ hypersensitivity triggered by IL-13. In TNF-α-pretreated human bronchi, airway inflammation and Ca2+ hypersensitivity are reversed by 1 µM MAG-DPA. Hence, aspirin combined with MAG-omega-3 potentiate the inhibitory effects of MAG-DHA on inflammation and bronchial hyperrresponsiveness triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines, while upregulating the GPR-32 detection levels (RvD1 receptor). In conclusion, omega-3 derivatives could counteract the causes of airway hyperrresponsiveness (AHR).

A asma é uma doença inflamatória crônica, predominantemente das vias aéreas, mas também envolve o sistema vascular e parênquima pulmonar, na qual as células inflamatórias, a musculatura lisa e o epitélio brônquico têm um papel fundamental na fase inicial, progressão e perpetuação da doença. O treinamento físico aeróbio tem sido indicado como uma relevante forma de auxílio no tratamento de pacientes asmáticos por melhorar a qualidade de vida e reduzir sintomas e o uso de medicamentos. No entanto, não existe um consenso a respeito sobre a intensidade de treinamento ideal para esses pacientes assim como também existem pouquíssimos estudos a respeito dos possíveis mecanismos da atividade física aeróbia para esses pacientes. Por esses motivos, os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar os efeitos de duas intensidades de atividade física aeróbia (leve e moderada) sobre um modelo de inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica em camundongos. Os animais foram sensibilizados com ovalbumina por 51 dias. A atividade física aeróbia teve início no dia 21 e perdurou por 30 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que ambas as intensidades de atividade aeróbia inibiram o desenvolvimento da inflamação predominantemente eosinofílica no lavado broncoalveolar, nos compartimentos peribrônquico, perivascular e no parênquima pulmonar, a expressão de interleucina 4 e 5 pelas células inflamatórias nestes três compartimentos pulmonares. Ambas intensidades de atividade física aeróbia também inibiram significativamente a deposição de fibras colágenas e elásticas (nas vias aéreas e vasos pulmonares) e também o espessamento da musculatura lisa brônquica e vascular assim como da camada epitelial brônquica. Por outro lado, ambas intensidades de atividade física aeróbia não inibiram a síntese de anticorpos anafiláticos IgE e IgG1 e a hiperresponsividade brônquica. Portanto, concluímos que a atividade física aeróbia de intensidade leve e moderada são capazes de inibir o desenvolvimento da inflamação e do remodelamento pulmonar, mas não a hiperresponsividade num modelo experimental de inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica em camundongos. / Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, predominantly involving the airways, but also involving the pulmonary vessels and parenchyma, in which the inflammatory cells, bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium have a central role in the initial phase, progression and perpetuation of the disease. The low and moderate intensity of aerobic physical training have been indicated as a relevant mean to help in the treatment of asthmatic patients, improving life quality, decreasing symptoms and the use of medicines. However, there is not a consensus about the best intensity of training to these patients and also there are few studies about the possible mechanisms of aerobic physical training for asthmatic patients. Therefore, the aims of this study was to evaluate the effects of two intensities of aerobic physical training (low and moderate) on an experimental model of chronic allergic lung inflamattion in mice. The animals were sensitizes with ovalbuim during 51 days. The aerobic physical training started to 21st day and endures for 30 days. The results showed that as low as moderate intensities of aerobic physical training inhibited the eosinophilic inflammation in the bronchoalveolar lavage, peribronchial, perivascular and in the pulmonary parenchyma, as well as the expression of interleukin 4 and 5 by inflammatory cells in these three pulmonary compartments. Both intensities of aerobic physical training also inhibited the collagen and elastic fibers deposition (in the airways and in the pulmonary vessels) and also the thickness of smooth muscle in the airways and vessels, as well as of the airway epithelial layer. On other hand, both intensities of aerobic physical training did not inhibit the synthesis of anaphylactic antibodies IgE and IgG1 and the hyperresponsiveness. Therefore, we conclude that aerobic physical training, to both intensities, were capable of inhibit the development of pulmonary inflammation and remodeling, but not of hyperresponsiveness in an experimental model of allergic lung inflammation in mice.

Erkrankungen das allergischen Formenkreises (Asthma bronchiale, Atopische Dermatitis, Allergische Rhino-Konjunktivitis) sind in ständiger Zunahme begriffen. Für den in der Klinik tätigen Pädiater stellt das allergische Asthma bronchiale die wichtigste Erkrankung aus dieser Gruppe dar. Asthma ist die häufigste chronische Atemwegs-Erkrankung im Kindesalter und verursacht durch Medikation und Hospitalisation enorme volkswirtschaftliche Kosten. Kardinale Symptome von Asthma sind reversibler Bronchospasmus nach Exposition mit z.B. Allergenen (Atemwegs-Obstruktion), eine funktionell abnorme glatte Atemwegsmuskulatur, die durch eine verstärkte Kontraktilität nach unspezifischer Stimulation gekennzeichnet ist (Bronchiale Hyperreagibilität oder Atemwegs-Hyperreaktivität, AHR), und das Vorliegen einer chronischen Entzündung der kleinen und mittleren Atemwege (Atemwegs-Inflammation, AI). Derzeitig finden für die Behandlung von Asthma bronchiale lediglich die symptomatische Therapie der Obstruktion mit muskelrelaxierenden Medikamenten (Bedarfstherapie) und die unspezifische anti-entzündliche Therapie mit steroidalen Antiphlogistika (Dauertherapie) regelmäßige und breite Anwendung. Während die Mehrzahl der Patienten hiermit relativ beschwerdefrei eingestellt werden kann, gibt es aber auch Asthmatiker, die unter den Nebenwirkungen einer hochdosierten, systemischen Steroid-Dauertherapie leiden (steroid-pflichtiges Asthma), oder trotz der intensiven Anwendung von Kortikoiden nicht symptomfrei bleiben (steroid-resistentes Asthma). Für diese Patientengruppe fehlt bislang eine effektive, nebenwirkungsarme und spezifisch anti-asthmatische Therapie. Grundlage für die Etablierung innovativer Strategien für die Behandlung von Asthma kann jedoch nur die genaue Kenntnis der pathophysiologischen Mechanismen sein, die zur Ausbildung der klinischen Symptome führen. Allergischen Erkrankungen liegt eine fehlgeleitete Immunreaktion gegen Umweltstoffe, wie z.B. Tierhaarepithelien, Blütenpollen oder Lebensmittel zugrunde. Mittlerweile gilt als gesichert, dass ein Ungleichgewicht in der Antwort von T-Lymphozyten auf diese Antigene die wesentliche Grundlage für die Ausbildung des allergischen Phänotyps darstellt. Bei allergischen Patienten überwiegt die Produktion von sog. Th2-Zytokinen. Diese sind von T-Zellen produzierte Botenstoffe, die für die Induktion und Regulierung der wesentlichen pathognomonischen Mechanismen bei der allergischen Immunreaktion verantwortlich sind. Durch Interleukin (IL)-4 und IL-13 kommt es zur gesteigerten Produktion von allergen-spezifischen IgE-Antikörpern, die Grundlage für die Aktivierung von Mastzellen und die Entwicklung der allergischen Frühreaktion (early asthmatic reaction). Durch IL-5, IL-3 und GM-CSF werden eosinophile Zellen aktiviert und wandern in die Atemwege ein. Hier entwickelt sich das Bild einer chronischen Atemwegs-Entzündung, und die Folge ist die allergische Spätreaktion (late asthmatic reaction). Der genaue Mechanismus und die Interaktion von T-Zell-Zytokinen, IgE-Produktion und eosinophiler AI ist nicht völlig geklärt und Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit. Für die immunologischen Untersuchungen von AI und AHR wurde die Maus als Modell gewählt, die durch ihre gut definierte Immunologie und die Vielzahl von verfügbaren immunologischen "Werkzeugen" wie z.B. Antikörper und genetisch homogenen Stämmen entscheidende Vorteile bietet. Die in jüngerer Zeit entwickelten genetisch manipulierten Mausstämme ermöglichen darüber hinaus die genaue Analyse der Rolle einzelner Faktoren in der Pathogenese einer Erkrankung, da ihr vollständiges Fehlen (Defizienz) oder ihre Überexpression (Transgenität) direkte Rückschlüsse auf ihre Funktion erlauben. Zunächst wurden unterschiedliche Modelle der allergischen Sensibilisierung und Atemwegs-Provokation mit Allergen etabliert und miteinander verglichen. Das erste Modell, die Atemwegs-Sensibilisierung mit ausschließlicher Gabe von Allergen als Aerosol, imitiert den natürlichen Sensibilisierungsweg über die inhalative Route beim asthmatischen Patienten. Dieser Modus führt zu geringer allergen-spezifischer IgE-Produktion, einer marginalen inflammatorischen Reaktion in den Atemwegen und zu unspezifischer AHR, messbar in vitro durch elektrische Feldstimulation von trachealen Segmenten. Eine ausgeprägte inflammatorische Komponente oder die Ausbildung von in vivo AHR wie bei asthmatischen Patienten fehlen jedoch in diesem Modell. Als zweites wurde das Modell der passiven Sensibilisierung mit allergen-spezifischem IgE gefolgt von Allergen-Provokationen der Atemwege etabliert. Dieses Modell erlaubt im Gegensatz zum vorherigen die Unterscheidung des Einflusses von IgE und Allergen-Provokation der Atemwege. Auch hier entwickelt sich eine nur geringe, aber für die Ausbildung der AHR erforderliche eosinophile AI, die über die in vitro Bestimmung messbar ist. Als drittes Modell wurde die systemische Sensibilisierung mit Allergen gefolgt von Allergen-Provokationen der Atemwege etabliert. In diesem Modell kommt es zu hoher IgE-Produktion, und es herrscht eine ausgeprägte, eosinophile AI vor, die durch spezifische Immunohistochemie darstellbar und quantifizierbar ist. Für die Messung der AHR wurden zwei unterschiedliche in vivo Methoden entwickelt, die invasive Bestimmung des Atemwegswiderstandes und die Ganzkörper-Plethysmographie am nicht narkotisierten Tier. Durch den Einsatz von monoklonalen Antikörpern und genetisch alterierten Mausstämmen wurden in den drei unterschiedlichen Modellen der Einfluss und die Interaktion der wesentlichen Parameter der allergischen Immunreaktion für die Entwicklung von AI und AHR definiert. In den ersten beiden Modellen (Atemwegs- und passive Sensibilisierung) wurde anhand von T-Zell- und B-Zell-defizienten Mausstämmen und durch Einsatz von Antikörpern gegen T-Zellen oder Zytokine gezeigt, dass für die Entwicklung von eosinophiler AI die T-Zell-vermittelte Produktion von IL-5, für die Entwicklung von in vitro AHR das Zusammenspiel von allergen-spezifischer IgE-Produktion und eosinophiler AI notwendig ist. Im Modell der systemischen Sensibilisierung konnte in Mäusen, die genetisch defizient für B-Zellen oder Mastzellen oder mit anti-IgE Antikörpern behandelt waren, eine eosinophile AI und in vivo AHR wie bei normalen Tieren ausgelöst werden. Im Gegensatz hierzu kam es bei IL-4- oder IL-5-defizienten Mäusen oder nach Behandlung mit anti-IL-5 Antikörpern weder zu inflammatorischen Reaktionen noch zu funktionellen Veränderungen in den Atemwegen. Es kann hieraus gefolgert werden, dass bei allergen-induzierter AHR mit nur gering ausgeprägter AI ein gegen das erhöhte IgE gerichteter Ansatz (z.B. anti-IgE Antikörper) erfolgreich bei der Behandlung von Asthma sein kann. Bei Vorliegen von massiver AI scheint eine gegen die eosinophile Infiltration gerichtete Strategie (z.B. anti-IL-4/5 Antikörper) jedoch erfolgversprechender zu sein. / Allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhino-conjunctivitis are steadily increasing. Asthma is the most common chronic airway disease in childhood, and leads to enormous socio-economic problems due to medication and hospitalisation. Cardinal symptoms of asthma are reversible bronchospasm after exposure with allergen (Airway Obstruction), a functional abnormality of the smooth muscles of the airways, that is characterized by increased contractility following unspecific stimulation (Bronchial Hyperreagibility or Airway Hyperreactivity, AHR), and the presence of a chronic inflammation in the small and middle-sized airways (Airway Inflammation, AI). Currently, treatment of asthma includes symptomatic therapy of airway obstruction with muscle relaxing medications (reliever) and unspecific anti-inflammatory therapy with cortico steroids (controller). Whereas the majority of patients lifes relatively safe and uncompromitted with this kind of treatment, a minority of asthmatic patients suffer either under the side-effects of continuous systemic high-dose steroids (steroid-dependent asthma), or stay symptomatic despite intensive treatment with steroids (steroid-resistent asthma). For this subgroup of patients, an efective, specific and safe mode of anti-asthmatic therapy is still missing. Imperative for the formulation of any innovative strategies for the treatment of asthma is the thorough knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of the disease. Allergic diseases are the consequence of aberrant immune reactions against common environmental antigens, such as pollen, food proteins or animal fur. It is commonly accepted by now that a dysregualtion of the T cell responses against these antigens are the main reason for the development of an allergic disease. In the case of allergic patients, production of so-called Th2-cytokines is increased, whereas Th1-cytokine production is relatively low. Production of the Th2-cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 induces increased production of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, resulting in immediate type of hypersensitivity reactions (early asthmatic reaction). Th2-cytokines IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF activate and recruit eosinophilic cells in the airways, leading to chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation and AHR (late asthmatic reaction). The exact mechanisms and the interaction of T cell cytokine production, IgE-production and eosinophilic AI is not fully understood and objective of the present presentation. For the immunological characterization of the basic mechanisms leading to the development of allergen-induced AI and AHR, the mouse was chosen as a model animal. Different modes of allergic sensitization and airway allergen challenge were established and compared to one another: sensitization with exclusive delivery of allergen via the airways, mimicking the natural way of sensitization and leading to moderate IgE-production, marginal AI and unspecifc AHR that is detectable in vitro by elektric field stimulation of tracheal segments; passive sensitization with allergen-specific IgE followed by allergen airway challenges, allowing the careful studies of IgE-dependent effects on AI and AHR; and systemic sensitization with allergen followed by repeated airway allergen challenges, leading to high IgE production and a profound eosinophilic AI. For detection of AHR following this mode of sensitization, two different in vivo methods were developed, invasive measurement of airway resistance and whole-body plethysmography of non-anesthesized animals. In the first two protocols (airway and passive sensitization), it was shown utilizing T-cell- and B-cell-deficient mouse strains and monoclonal antibodies against T cells or T cell cytokines, that for the development of AI and AHR the combined interaction of T-cell-mediated production of IL-5 and allergen-specific IgE-production was required. In contrast, in the mode of systemic sensitization, development of eosinophilic AI and in vivo AHR was independent of any Ig production or the presence of B cells, whereas IL-4- or IL-5-deficient mice or mice treated with anti-IL-5 antibodies prior to airway challenges did not develop any functional or structural abnormalities of the airways. In conclusion, these data show that treatment strategies aiming against increased IgE production (anti-IgE antibodies) may be effective in clinical situations with only limited airway inflammatory responses. In contrast, in patients with massive and predominant eosinophilic AI, approaches against the inflammatory component of the disease (anti-IL-4, anti-IL-5 antibodies) may be more promising for more specific treatment of bronchial asthma.

Neste estudo, foram realizados três experimentos distintos (1) analisando os efeitos da administração de material particulado em camundongos BALB/c com inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica induzida por ovalbumina; (2) comparando camundongos AIRmax e AIRmin com inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica induzida por ovalbumina; (3) comparando camundongos AIRmax e AIRmin que receberam material particulado (resíduo da queima de óleo diesel - ROFA) por via intranasal. Para a indução da inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica, os camundongos foram sensibilizados com ovalbumina (OVA) através de duas injeções intraperitoneais de alérgeno com o adjuvante hidróxido de alumínio (dias 0 e 14) e quatro inalações de OVA 1% (dias 22, 24, 26 e 28). Os animais que foram expostos ao material particulado, receberam ROFA (60 ?g) nos dias 0, 2, 4 e 6 no experimento do efeito do material particulado ou nos dias dos desafios com OVA no experimento do efeito da administração de material particulado em animais com inflamação pulmonar induzida pela OVA. Os grupos controle foram tratados com solução salina 0,9 % seguindo o mesmo protocolo. Quarenta e oito horas após o último desafio, a responsividade pulmonar foi medida por broncoprovocação àr metacolina através da pletismografia de corpo inteiro, após a qual os animais foram sacrificados e tiveram os pulmões removidos para analise histológica. O estudo realizado com animais BALB/c para análise dos efeitos do material particulado sobre a resposta inflamatória induzida pela ovalbumina mostrou um aumento de responsividade nos animais inflamados e co-expostos ao material particulado, sem efeito sobre a inflamação ou remodelamento epitelial induzidos pela OVA. A exposição ao material particulado por si só levou a uma diminuição da área ocupada por células ciliadas e a um aumento da responsividade pulmonar. O experimento realizado com camundongos das linhagens AIRmax e AIRmin para estudar eventuais diferenças entre a resposta destas linhagens à inflamação pulmonar crônica induzida pela OVA mostrou uma maior susceptibilidade dos animais AIRmin, com maior infiltrado eosinofílico nas vias aéreas e responsividade pulmonar. Por outro lado, o estudo realizado para verificar a ação do material particulado nas linhagens AIRmax e AIRmin mostrou um intenso remodelamento epitelial, com infiltrado macrofágico ao redor das vias aéreas de ambas as linhagens, porém os animais AIRmin apresentaram maior responsividade pulmonar que os AIRmax quando expostos ao material particulado. Assim pudemos concluir que (1) a exposição ao material particulado na presença de inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica amplifica o remodelamento epitelial e a responsividade pulmonar; o background genético influencia (2) a inflamação eosinofílica e a responsividade pulmonar induzidas pela inflamação alérgica crônica bem como (3) a responsividade pulmonar induzida pela exposição ao material particulado. / In this study, three distinct experiments were performed (1) examining the effects of administration of particulate matter in BALB/c mice with chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation induced by ovalbumin; (2) comparing AIRmax and AIRmin mice with chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation induced by ovalbumin; (3) comparing AIRmax and AIRmin mice receiving particulate matter (residue from the burning of diesel oil - ROFA) intranasally. For the induction of chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation, the mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) through two intraperitoneal injections of allergen with adjuvant aluminum hydroxide (days 0 and 14) and four inhalations of OVA 1% (days 22, 24, 26 and 28). The animals that were exposed to particulate matter received ROFA (60 ?g) on days 0, 2, 4 and 6 in the study of the effect of the particulate matter or after the challenges with OVA in experiment of the effect of administration of particulate matter in animals with pulmonary inflammation induced by OVA. The control groups were treated with saline 0.9% following the same protocol. Forty eight hours after the last challenge, pulmonary responsiveness was measured through broncoprovocation to methacholine by whole body plethysmography, after which the animals were sacrificed and the lungs were removed for histologic analysis. The study conducted on animals BALB/c for analysis of the effects of particulate matter on the inflammatory response induced by ovalbumin showed an increase of responsiveness in animals with allergic inflammation and exposed to the particulate matter, without effects on inflammation or epithelial remodeling induced by OVA. Exposure to particulate matter led to a reduction in the area occupied by ciliated cells and increased lung responsiveness. The experiment in AIRmax AIRmin mice to study possible differences in the response of these strains to chronic lung inflammation induced by OVA showed greater susceptibility of AIRmin, with more eosinophilic infiltration in airway and greater lung responsiveness. The study to check the action of particulate matter in the lines AIRmax and AIRmin showed an intense epithelial remodeling, with macrophagic infiltrate around the airways of both strains. However, AIRmin mice had higher pulmonary responsiveness than AIRmax when exposed to particulate matter. We conclude that (1) exposure to particulate matter in the presence of chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation amplifies the epithelial remodeling and pulmonary responsiveness; the genetic background influences (2) the pulmonary responsiveness and eosinophilic inflammation induced by chronic allergic inflammation and (3) the pulmonary responsiveness induced by exposure to particulate matter.

A asma é uma doença inflamatória crônica, predominantemente das vias aéreas, mas também envolve o sistema vascular e parênquima pulmonar, na qual as células inflamatórias, a musculatura lisa e o epitélio brônquico têm um papel fundamental na fase inicial, progressão e perpetuação da doença. O treinamento físico aeróbio tem sido indicado como uma relevante forma de auxílio no tratamento de pacientes asmáticos por melhorar a qualidade de vida e reduzir sintomas e o uso de medicamentos. No entanto, não existe um consenso a respeito sobre a intensidade de treinamento ideal para esses pacientes assim como também existem pouquíssimos estudos a respeito dos possíveis mecanismos da atividade física aeróbia para esses pacientes. Por esses motivos, os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar os efeitos de duas intensidades de atividade física aeróbia (leve e moderada) sobre um modelo de inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica em camundongos. Os animais foram sensibilizados com ovalbumina por 51 dias. A atividade física aeróbia teve início no dia 21 e perdurou por 30 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que ambas as intensidades de atividade aeróbia inibiram o desenvolvimento da inflamação predominantemente eosinofílica no lavado broncoalveolar, nos compartimentos peribrônquico, perivascular e no parênquima pulmonar, a expressão de interleucina 4 e 5 pelas células inflamatórias nestes três compartimentos pulmonares. Ambas intensidades de atividade física aeróbia também inibiram significativamente a deposição de fibras colágenas e elásticas (nas vias aéreas e vasos pulmonares) e também o espessamento da musculatura lisa brônquica e vascular assim como da camada epitelial brônquica. Por outro lado, ambas intensidades de atividade física aeróbia não inibiram a síntese de anticorpos anafiláticos IgE e IgG1 e a hiperresponsividade brônquica. Portanto, concluímos que a atividade física aeróbia de intensidade leve e moderada são capazes de inibir o desenvolvimento da inflamação e do remodelamento pulmonar, mas não a hiperresponsividade num modelo experimental de inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica em camundongos. / Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, predominantly involving the airways, but also involving the pulmonary vessels and parenchyma, in which the inflammatory cells, bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium have a central role in the initial phase, progression and perpetuation of the disease. The low and moderate intensity of aerobic physical training have been indicated as a relevant mean to help in the treatment of asthmatic patients, improving life quality, decreasing symptoms and the use of medicines. However, there is not a consensus about the best intensity of training to these patients and also there are few studies about the possible mechanisms of aerobic physical training for asthmatic patients. Therefore, the aims of this study was to evaluate the effects of two intensities of aerobic physical training (low and moderate) on an experimental model of chronic allergic lung inflamattion in mice. The animals were sensitizes with ovalbuim during 51 days. The aerobic physical training started to 21st day and endures for 30 days. The results showed that as low as moderate intensities of aerobic physical training inhibited the eosinophilic inflammation in the bronchoalveolar lavage, peribronchial, perivascular and in the pulmonary parenchyma, as well as the expression of interleukin 4 and 5 by inflammatory cells in these three pulmonary compartments. Both intensities of aerobic physical training also inhibited the collagen and elastic fibers deposition (in the airways and in the pulmonary vessels) and also the thickness of smooth muscle in the airways and vessels, as well as of the airway epithelial layer. On other hand, both intensities of aerobic physical training did not inhibit the synthesis of anaphylactic antibodies IgE and IgG1 and the hyperresponsiveness. Therefore, we conclude that aerobic physical training, to both intensities, were capable of inhibit the development of pulmonary inflammation and remodeling, but not of hyperresponsiveness in an experimental model of allergic lung inflammation in mice.

Neste estudo, foram realizados três experimentos distintos (1) analisando os efeitos da administração de material particulado em camundongos BALB/c com inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica induzida por ovalbumina; (2) comparando camundongos AIRmax e AIRmin com inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica induzida por ovalbumina; (3) comparando camundongos AIRmax e AIRmin que receberam material particulado (resíduo da queima de óleo diesel - ROFA) por via intranasal. Para a indução da inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica, os camundongos foram sensibilizados com ovalbumina (OVA) através de duas injeções intraperitoneais de alérgeno com o adjuvante hidróxido de alumínio (dias 0 e 14) e quatro inalações de OVA 1% (dias 22, 24, 26 e 28). Os animais que foram expostos ao material particulado, receberam ROFA (60 ?g) nos dias 0, 2, 4 e 6 no experimento do efeito do material particulado ou nos dias dos desafios com OVA no experimento do efeito da administração de material particulado em animais com inflamação pulmonar induzida pela OVA. Os grupos controle foram tratados com solução salina 0,9 % seguindo o mesmo protocolo. Quarenta e oito horas após o último desafio, a responsividade pulmonar foi medida por broncoprovocação àr metacolina através da pletismografia de corpo inteiro, após a qual os animais foram sacrificados e tiveram os pulmões removidos para analise histológica. O estudo realizado com animais BALB/c para análise dos efeitos do material particulado sobre a resposta inflamatória induzida pela ovalbumina mostrou um aumento de responsividade nos animais inflamados e co-expostos ao material particulado, sem efeito sobre a inflamação ou remodelamento epitelial induzidos pela OVA. A exposição ao material particulado por si só levou a uma diminuição da área ocupada por células ciliadas e a um aumento da responsividade pulmonar. O experimento realizado com camundongos das linhagens AIRmax e AIRmin para estudar eventuais diferenças entre a resposta destas linhagens à inflamação pulmonar crônica induzida pela OVA mostrou uma maior susceptibilidade dos animais AIRmin, com maior infiltrado eosinofílico nas vias aéreas e responsividade pulmonar. Por outro lado, o estudo realizado para verificar a ação do material particulado nas linhagens AIRmax e AIRmin mostrou um intenso remodelamento epitelial, com infiltrado macrofágico ao redor das vias aéreas de ambas as linhagens, porém os animais AIRmin apresentaram maior responsividade pulmonar que os AIRmax quando expostos ao material particulado. Assim pudemos concluir que (1) a exposição ao material particulado na presença de inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica amplifica o remodelamento epitelial e a responsividade pulmonar; o background genético influencia (2) a inflamação eosinofílica e a responsividade pulmonar induzidas pela inflamação alérgica crônica bem como (3) a responsividade pulmonar induzida pela exposição ao material particulado. / In this study, three distinct experiments were performed (1) examining the effects of administration of particulate matter in BALB/c mice with chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation induced by ovalbumin; (2) comparing AIRmax and AIRmin mice with chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation induced by ovalbumin; (3) comparing AIRmax and AIRmin mice receiving particulate matter (residue from the burning of diesel oil - ROFA) intranasally. For the induction of chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation, the mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) through two intraperitoneal injections of allergen with adjuvant aluminum hydroxide (days 0 and 14) and four inhalations of OVA 1% (days 22, 24, 26 and 28). The animals that were exposed to particulate matter received ROFA (60 ?g) on days 0, 2, 4 and 6 in the study of the effect of the particulate matter or after the challenges with OVA in experiment of the effect of administration of particulate matter in animals with pulmonary inflammation induced by OVA. The control groups were treated with saline 0.9% following the same protocol. Forty eight hours after the last challenge, pulmonary responsiveness was measured through broncoprovocation to methacholine by whole body plethysmography, after which the animals were sacrificed and the lungs were removed for histologic analysis. The study conducted on animals BALB/c for analysis of the effects of particulate matter on the inflammatory response induced by ovalbumin showed an increase of responsiveness in animals with allergic inflammation and exposed to the particulate matter, without effects on inflammation or epithelial remodeling induced by OVA. Exposure to particulate matter led to a reduction in the area occupied by ciliated cells and increased lung responsiveness. The experiment in AIRmax AIRmin mice to study possible differences in the response of these strains to chronic lung inflammation induced by OVA showed greater susceptibility of AIRmin, with more eosinophilic infiltration in airway and greater lung responsiveness. The study to check the action of particulate matter in the lines AIRmax and AIRmin showed an intense epithelial remodeling, with macrophagic infiltrate around the airways of both strains. However, AIRmin mice had higher pulmonary responsiveness than AIRmax when exposed to particulate matter. We conclude that (1) exposure to particulate matter in the presence of chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation amplifies the epithelial remodeling and pulmonary responsiveness; the genetic background influences (2) the pulmonary responsiveness and eosinophilic inflammation induced by chronic allergic inflammation and (3) the pulmonary responsiveness induced by exposure to particulate matter.

Allergic asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and a cellular infiltrate dominated by eosinophils. Numerous epidemiological studies have related the exacerbation of allergic asthma with an increase in ambient inhalable particulate matter from air pollutants. This is because inhalable particles efficiently deliver airborne allergens deep into the airways, where they can aggravate allergic asthma symptoms. However, the cellular mechanisms by which inhalable particulate allergens (pAgs) potentiate asthmatic symptoms remain unknown, in part because most in vivo and in vitro studies exploring the pathogenesis of allergic asthma use soluble allergens (sAgs). Using a mouse model of allergic asthma, we found that, compared with their sAg counterparts, pAgs triggered markedly heightened airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary eosinophilia in allergen-sensitized mice. Mast cells (MCs) were implicated in this divergent response, as the differences in airway inflammatory responses provoked by the physical nature of the allergens were attenuated in MC-deficient mice. The pAgs were found to mediate MC-dependent responses by enhancing retention of pAg/IgE/FcεRI complexes within lipid raft–enriched, CD63(+) endocytic compartments, which prolonged IgE/FcεRI-initiated signaling and resulted in heightened cytokine responses. These results reveal how the physical attributes of allergens can co-opt MC endocytic circuitry and signaling responses to aggravate pathological responses of allergic asthma in mice. / Dissertation

Mais de 60% dos pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) podem apresentar hiper-responsividade brônquica. Entretanto, não se sabe se, além das vias aéreas, o tecido pulmonar periférico também apresenta uma resposta exagerada a um agonista na DPOC. No presente estudo foi investigado o comportamento mecânico in vitro e as alterações estruturais e inflamatórias do tecido pulmonar periférico de 10 pacientes com DPOC comparados com 10 controles não fumantes. Foram realizadas medidas de resistência (R) e elastância (E) de fatias pulmonares em situação basal e após desafio com Acetilcolina. Também foram analisados no tecido alveolar as densidades de neutrófilos, eosinófilos, macrófagos, mastócitos e linfócitos CD8+ e CD4+, além do conteúdo de células positivas para -actina de músculo liso, fibras elásticas e colágenas. Os valores de R após o tratamento com Acetilcolina (RACh) e a porcentagem de aumento de resistência (%R) foram significativamente maiores no grupo DPOC comparado ao grupo controle (p0,03). O grupo DPOC também apresentou densidade de macrófagos (p=0,04) e linfócitos CD8+ (p=0,017) significativamente maior e conteúdo de fibras elásticas significativamente menor (p=0,003) comparado ao grupo controle. Foi observada uma correlação positiva significativa entre a %R e a densidade de eosinófilos e linfócitos CD8+ (r=0,608, p=0,002; e r=0,581, p=0,001, respectivamente), e também uma correlação negativa significativa entre a %R e a relação VEF1/ CVF (r=-0,451, p<0,05). Concluímos que a resposta colinérgica de fatias de parênquima pulmonar está aumentada em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e parece estar relacionada tanto à densidade de eosinófilos e de linfócitos CD8+ no tecido alveolar quanto ao grau de obstrução determinado pela prova de função pulmonar. / Up to 60% of COPD patients can present airway hyperresponsiveness. However, it is not known whether the peripheral lung tissue also presents an exaggerated response to agonists in COPD. In this study we investigated the in vitro mechanical behavior and structural and inflammatory changes of peripheral lung tissue of 10 COPD patients and compared to 10 non-smoking controls. We measured resistance (R) and elastance (E) of lung strips at baseline and after acetylcholine (ACh) challenge. We further assessed the alveolar tissue density of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, mast cells and CD8+ and CD4+ cells, and the content of -smooth muscle actin+ cells, elastic fibers and collagen fibers. Values of R after ACh treatment (RACh) and percent increase of tissue resistance (%R) were significantly higher in COPD group compared to controls (p0.03). There was a significantly higher density of macrophages (p=0.04) and CD8+ cells (p=0.017) and a lower elastic fiber content (p=0.003) in COPD group compared to controls. We observed a significant positive correlation between %R and eosinophil and CD8+ cells density (r=0.608, p=0.002; and r=0.581, p=0.001, respectively), and also a negative correlation between %R and FEV1/FVC (r=-0.451, p<0.05). We conclude that the cholinergic responsiveness of parenchymal lung strips is increased in COPD patients and seems to be related to alveolar tissue eosinophilic and CD8 lymphocytic inflammation and also to the degree of airway obstruction at pulmonary function test.

Introdução: A asma é caracterizada por um processo inflamatório crônico que está associado ao desenvolvimento da hiperresponsividade brônquica (HRB). O exercício físico regular proporciona inúmeros benefícios aos pacientes com asma porém, os efeitos do treinamento físico na HRB permanecem pouco compreendidos. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do treinamento físico aeróbio na hiperresponsividade brônquica, inflamação pulmonar, controle clínico e fatores relacionados à qualidade de vida de pacientes adultos com asma persistente moderada a grave. Métodos: Cinquenta e oito adultos com asma moderada a grave foram divididos aleatoriamente, em dois grupos: Controle (GC, n=28) e Treinado (GT, n=30). Os pacientes do GC foram submetidos a um programa educacional e a um programa de exercícios respiratórios, enquanto os pacientes do GT foram submetidos a todos os procedimentos do GC e a um programa de condicionamento físico aeróbio. A hiperresponsividade brônquica foi avaliada através do teste de broncoprovocação inespecífica com histamina antes e após a intervenção. Nestas ocasiões, todos os pacientes também realizaram, análise do escarro induzido e da fração exalada de óxido nítrico, espirometria, teste ergoespirométrico e responderam aos questionários de controle clínico, fatores de saúde relacionados à qualidade de vida (FSRQV) e níveis de depressão. Além disso, foi coletada uma amostra do sangue venoso dos pacientes para quantificação do IgE total e de IgE específica. Resultados: Após três meses de intervenção, os pacientes do GT aumentaram 1 dupla dose de concentração (dd) (1 dd; 0,3-1,7 dd, 95% CI) (p < 0,05) enquanto o GC (0,06 dd; -0,6dd a 0,7 dd, 95% CI) não apresentou mudança significativa na hiperresponsividade brônquica. A inflamação pulmonar reduziu apenas nos pacientes do GT que apresentaram níveis elevados de eosinófilos (> 3%) e FeNO (> 26ppb) (p < 0,05). O condicionamento aeróbio melhorou os FSRQV, controle clínico da asma e níveis de depressão (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Nossos resultados demonstram que o treinamento aeróbio tem um efeito anti-inflamatório importante na asma e deve ser considerado como um tratamento complementar para o manejo da doença / Introduction: Asthma is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process that is associated with the development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). Regular exercise provides numerous benefits in patients with asthma; however, the effects of exercise training on BHR remain poorly understood. Objective: To evaluate the effect an aerobic training on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary inflammation, clinical control and health related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults patients with moderate to severe asthma. Methods: Fifty-eigth patients adults with moderate to severe asthma were randomly assigned into two groups: Control (CG, n = 28) and Trained (TG, n = 30).The GC patients undertake an educational program and performed breathing exercises, while the TG patients underwent the same procedures than CG plus an aerobic training program. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was assessed by nonspecific bronchial provocation test with histamine before and after the intervention. On these occasions, all patients also performed induced sputum analysis and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), spirometry, cardiopulmonary exercise testing and fulfilled questionnaires to evaluate clinical control test, HRQoL and depression levels. In addition, blood samples were collect in order to quantify total serum immunoglobulin (IgE) and specific IgE. Results: After 3 months of intervention, the TG increased 1 double dose of concentration (dd) (0.3 to 1.7 dd, 95% IC) and CG did not change significantly on bronchial hyperresponsiveness 0.06 dd (-0.6 to 0.7 dd, 95% IC) (p < 0.05).The pulmonary inflammation reduced only in the GT patients with high levels of eosinophils (> 3%) and FeNO (> 26ppb) (p < 0.05). Aerobic training also improved HRQoL, clinical control and depression levels (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that aerobic training exercise has a significant anti-inflammatory effect on asthma and should be considered as a complementary treatment for disease management

<p>Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to illuminate how individuals living with SHR, experience its impact on accessibility, financial security and social relationships.</p><p>Method: A qualitative approach was used. The participants were recruited by advertising on the website for “The network for people with odor intolerance”. The data was collected by written descritive texts from the participants and analysed with qualitative content analysis.</p><p>Results: The results showed that the informants experienced an extensive lack of accessibility in society. It was difficult to move around in society, to visit public buildings and facilities and it was almost impossible to find a suitable place to live. Regarding financial security they had a reduced income due to difficulties to earn their living in combination with increased expenses because of the disease and they had difficulties to get the support they needed from authorities. This created an insecure financial situation. Further, the findings showed that their social relationships had been affected. Socializing with others had become hard and troublesome, they had become limited in doing social activities and they got support from some but these persons became limited. Six themes permeated the categories in all three content areas: “Being limited”, “Being forced to behave incompatible with your true personality”, “Experiencing a lack of understanding and respect from others”, “Experiencing insecurity”, “Being dependent on others” and “Being forced to choose between the plague and cholera”. <strong></strong></p> / <p>Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa hur individer som lever med sensorisk hyperreaktivitet (SHR) upplever dess påverkan på tillgänglighet, ekonomisk trygghet och sociala relationer.</p><p>Metod: Kvalitativ metod användes och deltagarna rekryterades via Internet genom annonsering på nätverket för doftöverkänsligas hemsida. Datainsamlingen skedde genom skrivna berättelser från deltagarna och data analyserades sedan med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.</p><p>Resultat: Resultatet visade att informanterna upplevde en omfattande brist på tillgänglighet i samhället. Det var svårt att röra sig i samhället, att besöka offentliga lokaler och inrättningar samt att det var nästan omöjligt att hitta en lämplig bostad. Deras ekonomiska trygghet var påverkad genom att de hade minskad inkomst på grund av svårigheter att försörja sig i kombination med ökade utgifter orsakade av sjukdomen samt att de hade svårigheter att få det stöd de behövde från myndigheter. Detta skapade en otrygg ekonomisk situation. Deras sociala relationer hade blivit påverkade av sjukdomen. Att umgås med andra hade blivit jobbigt och besvärligt, deras sociala aktiviteter hade blivit begränsade och de fick stöd av vissa men dessa personer blev då begränsade. Sex teman genomsyrade kategorierna i alla tre innehållsområdena: "Vara begränsad", "Vara tvungen att bete sig oförenligt med sin rätta personlighet", "Uppleva brist på förståelse och respekt från andra", "Uppleva otrygghet", "Vara beroende av andra" och "Vara tvungen att välja mellan pest eller kolera"</p>