O presente trabalho tem por objetivo, inicialmente, investigar os modos como Horácio organiza seus poemas e livros e como faz a passagem de um poema a outro, buscando seus antecedentes, seja na poesia grega, seja na latina. Concentra-se, depois, no livro de Epodos, que apresenta duas partes muito claras: a primeira do epod. 1 ao 10 e a segunda do epod. 11 ao 17. Tal divisão é a base da tese que se propõe a distinguir iambo de epodo na obra invectiva de Horácio, que se serviu não só dos modelos gregos, arcaicos e helenísticos, mas também de modelo latino. Do estudo que se fez decorrem alguns critérios da tradução proposta em verso: é a primeira tradução poética em português de todo livro dos Epodos. Recolhem-se, por fim, todas as traduções poéticas em português que foram encontradas, apresentadas por pequena introdução. / The initial objective of the present work is to investigate how Horace organizes his poems and books and how he operates the transition from one poem to the next. In order to accomplish that, his predecessors both in Greek as in Latin poetry were studied. Subsequently, it focuses on the Book of Epodes, which can be clearly be divided into two parts: the first, from epod. 1 to 10, and the second from epod. 11 to 17. Such division is the basis of this thesis, which proposes a distinction between iambus and epodes in Horaces invective work. Horace made use not only of Archaic Greek and Hellenistic but also of Latin models. From this study, some criteria for the proposed translation in verse were derived: this is the first poetic translation into Portuguese of the whole Book of Epodes. Finally, all the poetic translations into Portuguese that could be found were gathered and they are preceded by a brief introduction.

This dissertation challenges the standard view that fifteenth-century poets wrote irregular meters in artless imitation of Chaucer. On the contrary, I argue that Chaucer’s followers deliberately misread his meter in order to challenge his authority as a laureate. Rather than reproduce that meter, they reformed it, creating three distinct meters that vied for dominance in the first decades of the fifteenth century. In my analysis of 40,655 decasyllables written by poets other than Chaucer, I show that the fifteenth century was not the metrical wasteland so often depicted by editors and critics but an age of radical experimentation, nuance, and prosodic cunning. In Chapter One I present evidence against the two standard explanations for a fifteenth-century metrical collapse: cultural depression and linguistic instability. Chapter Two outlines an alternative framework to the statistical and linguistic methods that have come to dominate metrical studies. In their place I propose an interdisciplinary approach that combines the two techniques with cognitive science, using a reader-oriented, brain-based model of metrical competence to reframe irregular rhythms as problems that readers solve. Chapter Three applies this framework to Chaucer’s meter to show that the poets who inherited his long line exploited its soft structure in order to build competing meters; in that chapter I also argue that Chaucer did not write in iambic pentameter, as is generally assumed, but in a “footless” decasyllabic line modeled on the Italian endecasillibo. Chapter Four explores metrical reception; by probing scribal responses to Chaucer’s meter we can gain insight into how fifteenth-century readers heard it. Chapters Five through Seven investigate three specific acts of reception by poets: those of John Walton, Thomas Hoccleve, and John Lydgate. I conclude the dissertation by tracing the influence of Hoccleve and Lydgate on the later fifteenth-century poets George Ashby, Osbern Bokenham, and John Metham, and by identifying the eclipse of fifteenth-century meter with the Tudor poets Stephen Hawes and Alexander Barclay, who replaced a misreading of Chaucer’s meter with a misreading of Lydgate’s, inadvertently returning sixteenth-century poets to an alternating decasyllable reminiscent of Chaucer’s own meter. / text

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo, inicialmente, investigar os modos como Horácio organiza seus poemas e livros e como faz a passagem de um poema a outro, buscando seus antecedentes, seja na poesia grega, seja na latina. Concentra-se, depois, no livro de Epodos, que apresenta duas partes muito claras: a primeira do epod. 1 ao 10 e a segunda do epod. 11 ao 17. Tal divisão é a base da tese que se propõe a distinguir iambo de epodo na obra invectiva de Horácio, que se serviu não só dos modelos gregos, arcaicos e helenísticos, mas também de modelo latino. Do estudo que se fez decorrem alguns critérios da tradução proposta em verso: é a primeira tradução poética em português de todo livro dos Epodos. Recolhem-se, por fim, todas as traduções poéticas em português que foram encontradas, apresentadas por pequena introdução. / The initial objective of the present work is to investigate how Horace organizes his poems and books and how he operates the transition from one poem to the next. In order to accomplish that, his predecessors both in Greek as in Latin poetry were studied. Subsequently, it focuses on the Book of Epodes, which can be clearly be divided into two parts: the first, from epod. 1 to 10, and the second from epod. 11 to 17. Such division is the basis of this thesis, which proposes a distinction between iambus and epodes in Horaces invective work. Horace made use not only of Archaic Greek and Hellenistic but also of Latin models. From this study, some criteria for the proposed translation in verse were derived: this is the first poetic translation into Portuguese of the whole Book of Epodes. Finally, all the poetic translations into Portuguese that could be found were gathered and they are preceded by a brief introduction.

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la mendicité et la figure du mendiant dans la littérature grecque, d’Homère jusqu’au philosophes cyniques. Quatre familles de mots servent de point de départ à cette étude : πτωχός « le mendiant », ἀγύρτης « le prêtre mendiant », ἀλήτης « vagabond », πλάνης « le rôdeur » et la triade ἐπαίτης, προσαίτης, μεταίτης « le quémandeur ». Le hasard de la conservation veut que les attestations de la mendicité dans la littérature grecque se cantonnent au corpus poétique. Or, par sa dimension pragmatique, la poésie grecque reste liée à son contexte d’origine, en traitant toujours de problématiques sociales qui lui sont contemporaines. Notre travail se propose d’étudier dans quelle mesure les représentations littéraires et esthétiques de la mendicité sont investies d’une fonction sociale. Notre thèse adopte trois perspectives méthodologiques : une étude lexicale de la mendicité examinant les jeux de synonymie et les connotations, un examen des fonctions littéraires et dramatiques du personnage, tantôt catalyseur de l'action, tantôt vecteur d'émotions, et une analyse sur son rôle argumentatif dans les réflexions politiques et morales sur la pauvreté au IVème siècle. Le motif de la mendicité permet aux Grecs d’envisager un certain type d’exclusion civique, et en contre-point, d’appréhender la nature du lien social. Une étude chronologique montre que ce personnage, initialement contre-modèle du parfait citoyen, devient aux moments de grands bouleversements économiques un personnage attachant, permettant à la cité de réintégrer symboliquement les pauvres et de prôner indirectement la solidarité collective. / This study/PhD thesis is focused on the beggary and the beggar in Greek literature, from Homer to the cynicism. At the beggining, I am dealing with the study of four word groups : πτωχός ‟beggar”, ἀγύρτης ‟begging priest”, ἀλήτης ‟vagabond”, πλάνης ‟wanderer” and ἐπαίτης, προσαίτης, μεταίτης ‟almsman”. The preserved corpus of Greek literature with mention of the beggary is fortuitously restricted to poetry. By her pragmatic function, ancient Greek poetry remains connected with contemporary social problems. My work's aim is to investigate how literary and aesthetic representations of the beggary have a social function. I adopted three methodological perspectives: a semantic study of the beggary (synonyms and connotations), an study of the literary and dramatic functions of that character (sometimes action accelerator, sometimes factor of emotions), and an analysis of his argumentative role in political and moral reflexions about poverty during the fourth century B.C. The motive of the beggary enabled Greek people to consider a type of civic exclusion, and in parallel, to apprehend the nature of the social cohesion. A chronological approach shows that this character, previously a counter-model of the perfect citizen, becomes - when big economical changes arrive - an endearing character, who symbolically reinstates excluded people in the city and indirectly promote public solidarity.

L'objectif de cette thèse était d'explorer la perception de la prosodie linguistique à différents niveaux de traitement (d'un processus de bas niveau purement acoustique, à un processus de haut niveau linguistique), dans trois populations : une population neurotypique, et deux populations atypiques que sont le Trouble du Spectre Autistique et le syndrome de Williams-Beuren. La prosodie contient des informations lexicales, morphosyntaxiques et/ou pragmatiques dans toutes les langues du monde. Les manifestations acoustiques de la prosodie (variations de durée, d'intensité, de pitch) sont facilement disponibles dans le flux de parole, contrairement à certaines des propriétés structurelles plus abstraites qui lui sont corrélées. De ce fait, le traitement de la prosodie joue un rôle crucial durant l'acquisition du langage, en amorçant l'acquisition de ces propriétés abstraites. La perception de la prosodie et son rôle dans l'acquisition du langage est de mieux en mieux comprise dans développement typique. En revanche, on en sait très peu concernant le développement atypique. Deux groupes sont particulièrement intéressants car ils présentent des profils linguistiques relativement opposés : le trouble du spectre autistique (TSA) et le syndrome de Williams (SW). Les individus TSA sont connus pour avoir une altération qualitative de la communication (pouvant aller jusqu'à l'absence quasi-totale de langage) et des interactions sociales. Au contraire, les personnes SW présentent un langage assez développé et de bonnes capacités de communication sociale : leurs aptitudes langagières (la phonologie, la morphologie, la syntaxe) sont relativement préservées, bien que leur perception et production apparaissent souvent comme atypiques. De ce fait, comparer ces deux populations permet d'une part de tester des prédictions contrastées, et d'autre part de poser des questions de spécificité de déficit. Le but de cette thèse était donc de tracer l'intégralité du territoire entre la perception acoustique de bas niveau et les fonctions linguistiques de la prosodie. Ce projet s'articulait en trois axes. D'une part, nous avons mesuré les seuils de discrimination auditive (Exp.1). Dans un second temps, nous avons testé la préférence pour le pattern prosodique de la langue maternelle (loi iambo-trochaïque, iambic-trochaic law, ITL) (Exp.2&3). Enfin, nous avons examiné les capacités de discrimination et la préférence dans le domaine syntagmatique (mécanisme de bootstrapping) (Exp.4). Pour ce faire, nous avons rencontré plus de 470 participants (dont plus de 170 participants TSA et 17 participants SW), âgés de 3 à 60 ans. Les résultats obtenus corroborent et complètent la littérature pour le développement typique : nous confirmons d'une part le pattern développemental des seuils de discrimination auditive et leur amélioration avec l'âge chez des participants francophones (Exp.1), et d'autre part que les enfants, adolescents et adultes francophones sont sensibles à l'ITL (Exp.2&3). Par ailleurs, nous mettons en évidence un mécanisme de bootstrapping sensible à la langue maternelle, en montrant une discrimination des syntagmes basée sur la fréquence des syllabes plus que sur la prosodie des mots (Exp.4). De plus, nos résultats mettent en évidence une perception différente de la prosodie dans nos deux populations atypiques. En effet, les participants TSA ayant un autisme autre que le syndrome d'Asperger semblent avoir des seuils de discrimination moins bons que les typiques (Exp.1). De plus, seuls les individus ayant le syndrome d'Asperger semblent être sensibles à l'ITL pour l'indice prosodique de durée (indice le plus pertinent pour l'apprentissage du français chez les bébés), contrairement aux autres participants TSA et aux participants SW. Cette thèse apporte de nouvelles données concernant le développement typique, sur un large échantillon d'âge, et contribue à la compréhension de l'origine du développement atypique du langage de certaines populations. / The purpose of this thesis was to explore the linguistic prosody perception at different processing levels (from a purely acoustic low-level processing to a more abstract and linguistic level), in three different populations: neurotypical participants, participants with Autism Spectrum Disorders and participants with Williams-Beuren syndrome. Linguistic prosody carries lexical, morphosyntactic and pragmatic informations in all languages of the worlds. The acoustical prosody properties (duration, intensity, and pitch variations) are easily available in the speech input, unless other more abstract structural properties that are related to it. For this reason, prosody processing plays a crucial role during language acquisition, by bootstrapping the acquisition of those abstract properties. Prosody perception and its role during language acquisition is more and more understood in typical development. By contrast, very little is known about atypical development. Two groups are particularly interesting because they present relatively opposite linguistic profiles: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS). Individuals with ASD are known to have qualitative alteration of communication (of up to ¿l¿absence quasi-totale de langage¿) and social interaction. By contrast, people with WS have a relatively well-developed language and good social communication skills: their language abilities (phonology, morphology, syntax) are relatively preserved, although their perception and production often appear to be atypical. For this reason, comparing these two populations allows us on one hand to test contrasted predictions and on the other hand to ask deficit specificities questions. The aim of the thesis was thus to draw the whole area between low-level acoustic perception and prosodic linguistic features. This project was divided into three main parts. First, we measured auditory discrimination thresholds (Exp.1). Second, we tested prosodic pattern preference in contact with native language (iambic-trochaic law, ITL) (Exp.2&3). Third, we investigated discrimination abilities and preference in a phrasal domain (bootstrapping mechanism) (Exp.4). To this end, we met more than 470 participants (of which more than 170 ASD participants and 17 WS participants), aged from 3 to 60 years old. Results support and complete literature for typical development: first we confirm the developmental pattern for discrimination thresholds and their improvement with age, in French-speaking participants (Exp.1); second, we confirm that French-speaking children, adolescents and adults are ITL sensitive (Exp.2&3). Furthermore, we evidence a bootstrapping mechanism language-dependent, showing a frequency-based phrases discrimination more than a prosody-based words discrimination (Exp.4). In addition, our results bring to light a different prosody perception in our two atypical populations. Indeed, individuals with ASD having autism (not Asperger syndrome) seem to have higher discrimination thresholds compared to typical controls (Exp.1). Moreover, only individuals with Asperger syndrome seem to be ITL sensitive for duration (the more relevant prosodic cue for language acquisition in French), unless participants with others ASD and participants with WS. This thesis thus bring new data concerning typical development in a large age sample, and contribute in the understanding of the origin of the atypical language development found in some populations.

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This study contributes to the search for metrical order in the 90,000 extant long lines of the late fourteenth-century Middle English Alliterative Revival. Using the 'Gawain'-poet's 'Patience' and 'Cleanness', it refutes nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholars who mistook rhythmic liveliness for metrical disorganization and additionally corrects troubling missteps that scholars have taken over the last five years. 'Chapter One: Tame the "Gabble of Weaker Syllables"' rehearses the traditional, but mistaken view that long lines are barely patterned at all. It explains the widely-accepted methods for determining which syllables are metrically stressed and which are not: Give metrical stress to the syllables that in everyday Middle English were probably accented. 'Chapter Two: An Environment for Demotion in the B-Verse' introduces the relatively stringent metrical template of the b-verse as a foil for the different kind of meter at work in the a-verse. 'Chapter Three: Rhythmic Consistency in the Middle English Alliterative Long Line' examines the structure of the a-verse and considers the viability of verses with more than the normal two beats. An empirical investigation considers whether rhythmic consistency in the long line depends on three-beat a-verses. 'Chapter Four: Dynamic "Unmetre" and the Proscription against Three Sequential Iambs' posits an explanation for the unusual distributions of metrically unstressed syllables in the long line and finds that the 'Gawain'-poet's rhythms avoid the even alternation of beats and offbeats with uncanny precision. 'Chapter Five: Metrical Promotion, Linguistic Promotion, and False Extra-Long Dips' takes the rest of the dissertation as a foundation for explaining rhythmically puzzling a-verses. A-verses that seem to have excessively long sequences of offbeats and other a-verses that infringe on b-verse meter prove amenable to adjustment through metrical promotion. 'Conclusion: Metrical Regions in the Long Line' synthesizes the findings of the previous chapters in a survey of metrical tension in the long line. It additionally articulates the key theme of the dissertation: Contrary to traditional assumptions, Middle English alliterative long lines have variable, instead of consistent, numbers of beats and highly regulated, instead of liberally variable, arrangements of metrically unstressed syllables. / text