The theoretical part of the diploma thesis lists the functions of reading books and textbooks generally, formulates the criteria of their assessment, which serves as a basis for identification of the essential dilemmas in the creation of new reading books. The practical part of the thesis develops two chapters of a secondary school reading book. These chapters are compiled thematically according to the principle of so-called "grand ideas". Two approaches to text selection were employed - a literary-historical and a literary-theoretical approach. Both approaches aim at improvement of students' reading literacy: on one hand they deliver to students the necessary field background, on the other hand they open a space for comparison of reading texts across historical periods or literary forms. These advances rely on the interlinkages between texts emergent from the present underlying "grand idea". The reading texts are supplemented by sections of questions and tasks, which ought to assist in interpretation of the reading texts. The methodical comments describe which abilities and skills of students are to be developed in the respective exercise.

The diploma thesis, which is called Building of the State amd national culture in Carpathian Ruthenia, deals mainly with federal activities in the east of the Republic. It focuses mainly on the operation of Czech teachers and their contribution to creating the new state . The work is divided into five chapters.The first expands on the influence of teachers on the development of the national idea of single state of newly annexed Ruthenia. The second part describes the activities of the Czechoslovak organizations that were created since 1919. The third section describes the activities of such organizations that were not focused on the national idea, but were created solely for the joy of their members. The fourth chapter describes the Ruthenian societies as a counterweight to those of Czechoslovakia, also including examples of their way of thinking. The last section lists additional organizations, which were based on Ruthenia, but it did not prove to be important within the whole concept of this work. KEYWORDS association, culture, national idea, bulding of the state, teachers, adult education, Czechoslovak republic, Carpathian Ruthenia

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o debate sobre o ensino de Geografia durante os anos 80 no Brasil, usando a noção de programa do filósofo francês Alain Badiou. Com isso, pretendemos identificar os pontos de discussão do ensino, entendendo-os como imperativos da pauta política concreta que a Educação experimentava durante aquela década. Nossa intenção com isso é apresentar uma outra narrativa do ensino da Geografia, além da que aparece na maioria dos trabalhos acadêmicos, durante o movimento de Renovação Crítica, em que este tema apareça como questão prioritária mediante as políticas de Estado como os Estudos Sociais, a questão curricular e o papel da escola na construção da sociedade brasileira. Para isso, foram feitas consultas ao acervo documental da Associação dos Geógrafos Brasileiros (AGB) na busca de fontes primárias. Partimos dos referenciais da história social das ideias, usando os conceitos de ideia pedagógica e ideia educacional, do educador Demerval Saviani, e de ideologia, dos sociólogos marxistas Henri Lefebvre e Michael Lowy. Como resultados, verificamos que a década de 80 pode ser distinguida em dois momentos: de 1980 a 1986, encontramos um grande movimento de debates e articulações com a categoria docente da escola básica via ação institucional da AGB e a militância de área da Geografia. Esse conjunto de discussões ganha acúmulo e maior sistematização teórica na segunda metade da década, ao mesmo tempo que surge como fórum nacional privilegiado dos professores de Geografia, o encontro denominado Fala Professor. / The aim of this work is to present the debate about the teaching of geography during the 80s in Brazil, using the French philosopher Alain Badiou\'s notion of program. Thereby, we intend to identify the points of discussion of teaching, understanding them as imperatives of the concrete political agenda that Education experimented during that decade. Our intention is to present another narrative of the teaching of Geography, in addition to the one that appears in most academic works, during the Critical Renewal movement in which this theme appears as a priority issue through State policies such as Social Studies, curriculum and the role of school in the construction of Brazilian society. For this, we inquire the documentary collection of the Associação dos Geógrafos Brasileiros (AGB) in search for primary sources. We start from references of the social history of ideas, using the concepts of pedagogical idea and educational idea from the educator Demerval Saviani, and ideology from the Marxist sociologists Henri Lefebvre and Michael Lowy. As a result, we show that the 1980s distinguishes itself into two moments: from 1980 to 1986, we find a great movement of debates and articulations with the basic schoolteachers category through AGB\'s institutional action and Geography\'s militancy. This set of discussions builds up and acquires greater theoretical systematizing during the second half of the decade, while at the same time emerges as a privileged national forum for teachers of Geography, the meeting called Fala Professor.

Beyond Java, new programming languages running on the Java virtual machine (JVM) have been developed, such as Kotlin, Scala, JRuby and Clojure amongst others. Since all those languages compile to Java bytecode, they should theoretically be able to be used together in a project. This paper investigates if it is possible and what benefits it gives using those programming languages together in a project. The languages chosen to be used together were Jython, Scala and Kotlin. An experiment was conducted where in a single project, each programming language was assigned a problem to be solved. The experiment was then conducted in two iterations where in each iteration, the problems to be solved was assigned to a different programming language. From the experiment it was shown that using those languages together in a project was possible but resulted in some complications needed to be solved. It was also shown that the following division amongst the languages worked best in the present use case: Jython for graphical handling, Scala for calculating and computing and Kotlin for data-handling.

The aim of this study is to describe and interpret Anders Sunna's painting "30 km constraint" from a sami and cultural political perspective. In the study, the financial culture support for Sami culture is described and compared via Sweden’s cultural policy, the regions in north Sweden, as well as the Sami Parliament. The study examines which cultural concept one uses when discussing support for the Sami art. The study applies a hermeneutic approach in which the purpose is to see more perspectives and understanding of the Sami culture and art. The method is based on a qualitative approach with content-based idea analysis with the analysis tools ideal types and dimensions. Ideal types are Dorte Skot-Hansen’s three legitimacy grounds and the dimensions “anthropological-wide” and “artistic-narrow”. Through the study it emerges that support for the Sami culture is under-financed, partly because of lack of knowledge of the Sami culture, and that both the national cultural policy and the regions use mainly sociological and instrumental motivations and the artistic-narrow culture concept.

Esta tese investiga a Ideia e o modo como ela se realiza na obra de arte segundo a Estética de Hegel. No primeiro capítulo, o conceito de Ideia é apresentado nas três formas em que o mesmo se realiza segundo a Lógica enquanto Ciência do Conceito em Hegel. No segundo capítulo, procura-se estabelecer alguns pressupostos históricos da analogia entre belo e organismo e como esta mesma analogia pode ser reencontrada na Estética de Hegel. No terceiro capítulo, mostra-se como a ação também pode ser outra forma de interpretação e elemento estruturador da Ideia realizada na obra de arte. No quarto capítulo, apresenta-se o silogismo (e o juízo) como possível forma de explicação das diversas formas de arte. No quinto capítulo, as duas formas de realização da Ideia, enquanto vida e ação, são apresentadas como duas formas diferentes de expressão da Ideia realizadas respectivamente nas obras de arte das formas particulares de arte clássica e romântica. / This thesis investigates the idea and the way it is realized in the work of art according to Hegel\'s Aesthetics. In the first chapter the concept of idea is presented in three forms as it realizes itself according to the Logic as the Science of Concept in Hegel. In the second chapter, we try to establish some historical presuppositions of the analogy between beauty and organism and how this same analogy can be rediscovered in Hegel\'s Aesthetics. In the third chapter, it is shown how the action could also be another form of interpretation and structuring element of the idea realized in the artwork. The fourth chapter presents the syllogism (and judgment) as a possible form of explanation of the different particular forms of art. In the fifth and concluding chapter, the two forms of realization of the idea, as life or action, are presented as two different forms of expression of the idea realized respectively in the particular forms of art of classical and romantic arts.

O presente trabalho faz uma análise do movimento do software livre, um importante movimento de conotação mundial criado para superar as barreiras impostas ao fluxo do conhecimento pela propriedade privada das idéias. O nosso foco não é a luta entre as duas formas de tecnologia de software, livre e proprietária, mas compreender melhor a dinâmica do movimento que foi criado por Richard Stallman. Assim, o objetivo é mostrar que apesar de sua globalidade, o software livre não é recebido e desenvolvido da mesma forma, ao contrário, em cada país ele é recriado a partir das práticas e concepções políticas acerca do papel da tecnologia para o desenvolvimento social e econômico. Para justificar nossa hipótese, escolhemos analisar a América Latina, um continente que enxergou no software quando livre, através de seus governantes, a ferramenta capaz de proporcionar o desenvolvimento e até a independência nacional frente aos países desenvolvidos. Como contraponto de análise, discorremos também sobre o impacto da tecnologia livre, ou melhor, de código aberto, no país ícone da sociedade informacional, os Estados Unidos, onde as empresas privadas (em especial Apple e Google) e as universidades impulsionam a criação e a inovação tecnológica. No confronto analítico entre o poder de criação estatal x privado ou livre x aberto, a junção privado/aberto foi mais incisiva na criação de um terceiro modo de produção de software, que chamamos de híbrido - meio fechado, meio aberto. Esse software híbrido parece ser o modelo que manterá os países hegemônicos na liderança da corrida tecnológica. / The present work performs an analysis of the free software movement, an important movement worldwide developed to overcome the barriers imposed to the knowledge flow by the idea private property. Our focus is not the fight between the two software technology forms, free and proprietary, but to understand in a better way the dynamic of the movement created by Richard Stallman. Thus, the purpose is to show that, despite its globality, the free software is not received and developed the same way, on the contrary, in every country it is recreated from the practices and political conceptions about the technology role for the social and economical development. In order to justify our hypothesis, we chose to analyze Latin America, a continent which saw in the free software, by means of its governors, a tool capable of providing the development and even the national independence before the developed countries. As an analysis counterpoint, we also approached the free technology impact, that is, the open source, in the informational society icon country, the United States, where the private companies (especially Apple and Google) and the universities trigger the technological development and innovation. In the analytical confrontation between the state vs. private or free x open development power, the private/open junction has been more assertive at a third software production means, which we call \"hybrid\" - half closed, half open. Such hybrid software seems to be the model which will keep the hegemonic countries in the technological race leadership.

In dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich der Autor mit der deutschen Anwaltsorganisation in Form des traditionsreichen Kammermodells. Die anwaltliche Selbstverwaltung durch Rechtsanwaltskammern stellt hierzulande eine besondere Untergliederungsform des Staates dar und verkörpert eine freiheitliche Traditionslinie in der über weite Strecken hierarchisch geprägten Staats- und Verwaltungsorganisation. Dennoch sieht sich das anwaltliche Kammermodell in der Vergangenheit zunehmender Kritik ausgesetzt. Sind die Rechtsanwaltskammern daher möglicherweise als tradierte Relikte deutscher Staatsorganisation zu verstehen? Besteht für die deutsche Anwaltsorganisation ein Modernisierungsbedarf, worin genau liegt dieser und wie ist dies in der Praxis umsetzbar? Hierzu geht der Autor zunächst rechtsvergleichend auf die britische Anwaltsorganisation ein, welche durch den „Legal Services Act 2007“ eine grundlegende Neuordnung erfahren hat und die für die Anwaltsorganisation in den europäischen Mitgliedstaaten insoweit eine Vorreiterstellung einnimmt. Die Anwaltstätigkeit der Solicitors und Barristers ist mittlerweile zur juristischen Dienstleistung in einer „Legal Services Industry“ geworden und die privaten Berufsverbände Law Society und Bar Council haben ihre Regulierungsbefugnisse an den neu eingeführten „Legal Services Board“ verloren, weshalb ihnen fortan originär nur noch die Aufgabe der Interessenvertretung verbleibt. Der Autor unternimmt anschließend den Versuch, praxisnahe Vorschläge für die Modernisierung der Rechtsanwaltskammern zu unterbreiten. Hierzu wird der den britischen Reformen innewohnende „britische Dienstleistungsgedanke“ fruchtbar gemacht und in das anwaltliche Kammersystem implementiert. Im Ergebnis werden die Rechtsanwaltskammern vom Autor als moderne staatliche Dienstleister qualifiziert, denen neben den klassischen Aufgabenbereichen „Regulierung“ und „Interessenvertretung“ unter dem Gesichtspunkt der „Förderung des Berufsstandes“ und im Rahmen des verfassungsrechtlich Zulässigen verstärkt die Aufgabe eines Dienstleisters zugunsten der eigenen Mitglieder zukommen sollte, um deren Zukunfts- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit in einem sich stetig anglisierenden Rechtsberatungsmarkt gewährleisten zu können. / In this work, the author deals with the german lawyers'' organisation in the form of the traditional chamber model. The lawyers'' self-regulation by Bar Associations (“Rechtsanwaltskammern”) in Germany thereby represents a special subdivision of the state and embodies a liberal tradition dominated by authoritarian state structures and administrative organisation. Nevertheless, in the last years the german chamber model has been encountered to an increasing criticism. Have the German Bar Associations therefore to be regarded as traditional relicts of german government organisation? Is there a need to modernise the german lawyer´s organisation, what exactly is this and how is this implemented in practice? According to this, the author processes on comparative law, namely by analising the british lawyer´s organisation, which has been completely reorganised by the "Legal Services Act 2007" and therefore captures a pioneer role according to lawyer´s organisation in the European Member States. Law practice of solicitors and barristers has now become a part of numerous legal services in a "Legal Services Industry" and the lawyer´s associations Law Society and Bar Council have lost their regulatory powers to the newly established "Legal Services Board", meaning that they are from now on only originally responsible for the representation of lawyers´ interests. The author then attempts to submit practical proposals for the modernisation of the German Bar Associations. For this, the british reforms inherent the "british service idea" which is fructified for and implemented in the german chamber system. As a result, the author qualifies the German Bar Associations as modern service providers, which should get strengthened in addition to their traditional mission areas "regulation" and "representation" from the point of "promotion of the profession", meaning to strengthen their task of providing services for their own members within the constitutionally permissible in order to ensure their future and competitiveness in an ever-anglicised German legal services market.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-05-09T11:58:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA SILVA SANTOS KROGH.pdf: 11659753 bytes, checksum: 86f9f5e903c8c2415e31bebd8d504018 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T11:58:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA SILVA SANTOS KROGH.pdf: 11659753 bytes, checksum: 86f9f5e903c8c2415e31bebd8d504018 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This research aims to investigate the debate about the city planning in Campinas, when, from the late 1920?s, the need to remodel the city was posed. The start point of the urban planning debate in Campinas is the year 1928, when Mayor Orosimbo Maia hired the engineers Jorge de Macedo Vieira and Carl A. Oelsnner to elaborate the Campinas city Cadastral Plan, delivered in 1929, which would be the basis for the technical work for a town-planning plan. In 1929, the councilman Waldemar Rangel Belfort de Mattos, resumed the debate in the City Hall, stating that the city should hire an urban planner to carry out a plan to remodel its urban area, indicating the renowned professor of urbanism at the Polythechnica School of S?o Paulo, Luiz I.R. de Anhaia Mello. After understanding between the mayor of Campinas, Orosimbo Maia and Anhaia Mello, the urban planner presented a report on October 12, 1929, published both in the local press and in the city of S?o Paulo. Anhaia Mello, although he presented an initial proposal, he did not elaborate a plan for the remodeling of Campinas. The political events of the period, with the coup of 1930, and the armed conflict of 1932, emptied the debate on city planning in the city. In 1933, a new proposal for road remodeling was presented by engineer Carlos W. Stevenson and in 1934, the engineer-architect Francisco Prestes Maia was contracted to prepare the plan, approved by the municipality in 1938, which was called Urban Improvement Plan. The approved plan was set up as a reduced version of the Anhaia Mello proposal, limited to a road plan, with the opening of major central avenues, and the destruction of the architectural heritage, whose implementation was coordinated by the Commission for Urban Improvements, represented by local technicians. These proposals are part of the international debate in the field of urban planning, as the references to the international ideology are present both in the Anhaia Mello Report of 1929 and in the proposals of Prestes Maia in 1934. It also presents a case study on the plan drawn up for the city of Marseille (France) in 1931, by the architect and professor of the Institute of Urbanism of the Paris University, Jacques Greber. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar e analisar o debate sobre o urbanismo em Campinas, quando, a partir do final da d?cada de 1920, foi colocada quest?o sobre a necessidade de remodela??o da cidade. O marco do in?cio do debate sobre o urbanismo em Campinas ? o ano de 1928, quando o prefeito Orosimbo Maia contratou os engenheiros Jorge de Macedo Vieira e Carl A. Oelsner para elaborar a Planta Cadastral de Campinas, entregue em 1929, que seria a base para os trabalhos t?cnicos para um plano de urbanismo. No ano de 1929, o ent?o vereador Waldemar Rangel Belfort de Mattos retomou o debate na C?mara Municipal, afirmando que a cidade deveria contratar um urbanista para realizar um plano de remodela??o de sua ?rea urbana, indicando o ent?o renomado professor de urbanismo da Escola Polythechnica de S?o Paulo, Luiz I. R. de Anhaia Mello. Ap?s entendimento entre o ent?o prefeito de Campinas, Orosimbo Maia e Anhaia Mello, o urbanista apresentou um relat?rio em 12 de outubro de 1929, veiculado tanto na imprensa local, como na paulistana. Anhaia Mello, embora tenha apresentado uma proposta inicial, n?o chegou a elaborar um plano para a remodela??o de Campinas. Os acontecimentos pol?ticos do per?odo, com o golpe de 1930, e o conflito armado de 1932, esvaziaram o debate sobre o urbanismo na cidade. Em 1933, uma nova proposta de remodela??o vi?ria foi apresentada pelo engenheiro Carlos W. Stevenson e, em 1934, decidiu-se pela contrata??o do engenheiro-arquiteto Francisco Prestes Maia para elabora??o do plano, aprovado pela municipalidade em 1938, o qual denominou-se Plano de Melhoramentos Urbanos. O plano aprovado configurou-se como uma vers?o reduzida da proposta de Anhaia Mello, limitando-se a um plano vi?rio, com a abertura de grandes avenidas centrais, e a destrui??o do patrim?nio arquitet?nico, cuja implanta??o foi coordenada pela Comiss?o de Melhoramentos Urbanos, representado pelos t?cnicos locais. Estas propostas se inserem no debate internacional no campo do urbanismo, na medida em que as refer?ncias ao ide?rio internacional est?o presentes tanto no Relat?rio Anhaia Mello, de 1929, e nas propostas de Prestes Maia, de 1934. Ainda, apresenta um estudo de caso sobre o plano elaborado para a cidade de Marselha (Fran?a) em 1931, pelo arquiteto e professor do Instituto de Urbanismo da Universidade de Paris, Jacques Greber.

La thèse de doctorat Bien et principe chez Platon, écrite par Begoña Ramón et dirigée par les Professeurs Tomás Calvo et Francis Wolff, vise à combler une lacune dans les études sur l’Idée du Bien chez Platon. En fait, bien qu’on ait beaucoup écrit sur le Bien chez Platon, cette question d’intérêt constant n’a jamais été étudiée de manière adéquate et suffisante. Le présent travail tente d’apporter pour la première fois une définition du contenu et du sens du Bien claire, précise et systématique, qui permette d’expliquer la fonction fondatrice de cette Idée dans la philosophie de Platon tant pour l’éthique, la politique, la théorie de la connaissance que pour l’ontologie. Selon la méthode suivie dans ce travail, cette définition doit être inférée des textes mêmes de Platon plutôt que d’une spéculation sur ce qu’on appelle « les doctrines non écrites » du philosophe. En ce sens, on trouvera dans ce travail une interprétation de toute la philosophie de Platon — comprise comme un système unitaire et cohérent — basée sur une étude détaillée de dix dialogues fondamentaux pour le problème du Bien qui couvrent toutes les phases de la pensée platonicienne, à savoir, le Lysis, le Gorgias, le Phédon, le Banquet, la République, le Parménide, le Politique, le Philèbe, le Timée et les Lois. / The doctoral thesis Good and Principle in Plato, written by Begoña Ramón and supervised by Prof. Tomás Calvo and Prof. Francis Wolff, fills a gap in the studies on the Idea of Good in Plato. Although a great deal has been written about the Good in Plato, this topic of permanent interest has never been studied in an adequate and sufficient way. The present work tries to provide for the first time a clear, precise and systematic definition of the content and meaning of Good that can explain the function that this Idea fulfills in Plato’s philosophy as the foundation of ethics, politics, theory of knowledge and ontology. According to the method followed in this work, that definition must be inferred from Plato’s texts themselves rather than from his so-called “unwritten doctrines”. Therefore, this dissertation offers an interpretation of Plato’s philosophy—understood as a unified and coherent system—based on a detailed study of ten dialogues that are essential for the problem of Good and that encompass all the phases of Plato’s thought, i. e., Lysis, Gorgias, Phaedo, Symposium, Republic, Parmenides, Statesman, Philebus, Timaeus, and Laws.