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Many attempts have been made to explain the nature of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) or the phenomenon of “hearing voices”. In the contemporary discussion of auditory verbal hallucinations, the raw material of the voices of AVH is seen as either inner speech, a spontaneously activated auditory experience, or imagined speech. Some contemporary theories of AVH are self-proclaimed self-monitoring theories which claim that AVH are the result of a failure of self-monitoring of some raw material, while other theories claim that AVH are produced without a self-monitoring failure. In this paper, I argue that even the theories that claim to not rely on self-monitoring, are in fact selfmonitoring theories. I argue that any viable theory of AVH will need to be a self-monitoring theory. Further, I argue that Daniel Gregory’s imagined speech self-monitoring theory is the most parsimonious and complete of the explanatory theories of AVH since it is able to explain characteristics that other theories cannot, including AVH that take place in what seem to be the voices of others, perceived spatial location, intensity of sound, multiple voices, and the intermittent nature of AVH. Further, I show that the imagined speech theory can be well integrated into a general understanding of schizophrenia, while still retaining its explanatory power for all populations that experience AVH, not just schizophrenics, and that for these reasons, it is the strongest contemporary explanatory theory of auditory verbal hallucinations. / Många försök har gjorts för att förklara naturen av auditiva verbala hallucinationer (AVH) eller fenomenet att "höra röster". I den samtida diskussionen om auditiva verbala hallucinationer ses råmaterialet till rösterna i AVH som antingen inre tal, en spontant aktiverad auditiv upplevelse, eller inbillat tal. Vissa samtida teorier om AVH är självutnämnda teorier om självövervakning som hävdar att AVH är resultatet av ett misslyckande i självövervakningen av något råmaterial, medan andra teorier hävdar att AVH produceras utan ett misslyckande i självövervakning. I den här uppsatsen hävdar jag att även de teorier som påstår att de inte är beroende av självövervakning i själva verket är det. Jag hävdar att varje användbar teori om AVH måste vara en teori om självövervakning. Vidare argumenterar jag att Daniel Gregorys Imagined Speech Theory är den mest sparsamma och fullständiga av de förklarande teorierna om AVH eftersom den kan förklara egenskaper som andra teorier inte kan förklara, inklusive AVH som äger rum i vad som verkar vara andras röster, upplevd rumslig placering, ljudintensitet, flera röster och AVH:s intermittenta karaktär. Vidare visar jag att The Imagined Speech Theory kan integreras väl i en allmän förståelse av schizofreni, samtidigt som den behåller sin förklaringskraft för alla populationer som upplever AVH, inte bara schizofreniker, och att den av dessa skäl är den starkaste samtida förklaringsteorin för auditiva verbala hallucinationer. / De nombreuses tentatives ont été faites pour expliquer la nature des hallucinations auditives verbales (HAV) ou le phénomène des "voix entendues". Dans la discussion contemporaine sur les hallucinations auditives verbales, la matière première des voix des HAV est considérée comme étant soit un discours intérieur, soit une expérience auditive activée spontanément, soit un discours imaginé. Certaines théories contemporaines de l'HVA sont des théories autoproclamées d'autosurveillance qui prétendent que l’HVA est le résultat d'un échec d'autosurveillance d'une certaine matière première, tandis que d'autres théories prétendent que l’HVA est produite sans échec d'autosurveillance. Dans cet essai, je soutiens que même les théories qui prétendent ne pas reposer sur une autosurveillance, sont en fait des théories d'autosurveillance. Je soutiens que toute théorie viable de l’HAV devra être une théorie d'autosurveillance. En outre, je soutiens que la théorie de l'autosurveillance de la parole imaginée (The Imagined Speech Theory) de Daniel Gregory est la plus parcimonieuse et la plus complète des théories explicatives de l’HAV puisqu'elle est capable d'expliquer des caractéristiques que les autres théories ne peuvent pas expliquer, y compris les HAV qui a lieu dans ce qui semble être la voix des autres, la localisation spatiale perçue, l'intensité du son, les voix multiples et la nature intermittente. En outre, je montre que la théorie de la parole imaginée peut être bien intégrée dans une compréhension générale de la schizophrénie, tout en conservant son pouvoir explicatif pour toutes les populations qui font l'expérience des HAV, pas seulement les schizophrènes, et que pour ces raisons, c'est la théorie explicative contemporaine la plus solide des hallucinations auditives verbales.

This study is an interpretive analysis of Zimbabwean political auto/biographical narratives in contexts of changing culture, race, ethnicity and gender identity images of the self and nation. I used eclectic theories of postcolonialism to explore the fractured nature of both the processes of identity construction and narration, and the contradictions inherent in identity categories of nation and self. The problem of using autobiographical memory to recall the momentous events that formed the contradictory identities of self and nation in the creative imagination of the lives of Ian Smith, Maurice Nyagumbo, Abel Muzorewa, Joshua Nkomo, Doris Lessing, Fay Chung, Judith Garfield Todd, Tendai Westerhof and Lutanga Shaba have been highlighted. The study concluded that there are narrative and ideological disjunctures between experiencing life and narrating those experiences to create approximations of coherent identities of individual selves and those of the nation. The study argued that each of the stories analyzed in this study contributed a version of the multiple Zimbabwean narratives that no one story could ever tell without being contested by others. Thus the study explores how white Rhodesian auto/biographies depend on the imperial repertoire to construct varying, even contradicting, images of white identities and the Rhodesian nation, which are also contested by black nationalist life narratives. The narratives by women writers, both white and black, introduced further instabilities to the male authored narratives by moving beyond the conventional understanding of what is ‘political’ in political auto/biographies. The HIV and AIDS narratives by black women thrust into the public sphere personalized versions of self so that the political consequence of their inclusion was not only to image Zimbabwe as a diseased society, but one desperately in need of political solutions to confront the different pathologies inherited from colonialism and which also have continued in the post-independence period. / English Studies / (D. Litt. et Phil. (English))

This PhD examines the role of the transnational media in articulating and mobilizing different political and identity positions for migrants. It explores the complex linkages between Kurdish and Turkish transnational ethnic media and migrant communities. It is based on 74 in-depth interviews and 6 focus groups with Kurdish and Turkish migrants of diverse age, gender, political affiliation, occupation and length of migration in London, Berlin and Stockholm. Drawing upon the concepts of “imagined community” (Anderson 1991) and “banal nationalism” (Billig 1995), it seeks to understand how migrants make sense of the media representations of the ethno-national conflict between the Turkish state and the Kurds and how they position themselves in relation to these media texts. The thesis explores how the media impact differentially on migrants’ views and ethnic identities in the three countries. This study argues that transnational media speak on behalf of the nation to the nation, even if the members of these imagined national communities live in different places, connecting people across different geographical spaces and thus building transnational imagined communities. They create a sense of belonging to a meaningful imagined community defined as “our” nation. The mediated Turkish-Kurdish ethno-national conflict has contributed to this transnational imagined community. The analysis of interviews found that the mediated conflict has hardened ethnic-based divisions and differentiation between Kurdish and Turkish migrants in Europe. Transnational media have contributed to deterritorialization, differentiation and division among migrants. Kurds and Turks have developed distinct identities in Europe and cannot be viewed any longer as a homogeneous group. The thesis concludes by suggesting a three-way framework for the analysis of ethno-national identities of migrants, taking into account firstly the country of settlement, secondly Turkish and thirdly Kurdish media as significant in constructing imagined national communities.

The main goal of this thesis was an investigation into the ways in which whiteness is constructed and positioned in the South African soap opera, 7de Laan, and the Flemish soap opera, Thuis, with the emphasis on the possible implications of these constructions for local as well as global discourses on whiteness in the media. In conjunction with the above, this thesis endeavoured to answer a number of subquestions relating to the origin and history of the construct of “whiteness” and Critical Whiteness Studies (CWS) as a theoretical approach and its relevance in the South African and Flemish contexts, specifically as it pertains to the analysis of mass media texts like 7de Laan and Thuis. It, moreover, sought to explore if and how whiteness functions as an organising principle in the narratives and representations of these soap operas with the emphasis on potential similarities, differences and the kinds of whiteness constructed in these texts. Finally, the goal was to draw conclusions on the possible implications of these differences and similarities in the wider context of the way in which whiteness functions in the media. To that end I conducted a controlled case comparison of a sample from these two community soap opera texts, which was informed by a literature review and deep description of each context as part of the qualitative approach I chose to take. Despite a number of similarities between the two contexts, they still differ significantly, and this afforded me an opportunity to highlight both the consistencies and particularities in the ideological patterning of representations of whiteness, across seemingly unrelated domains, to illustrate its pervasiveness. Added to the emergence of three shared rhetorical devices perpetuating whiteness in both texts, I was also able to draw conclusions about the unique way in which whiteness functions in 7de Laan in particular, since South Africa remains the primary context of the study. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil.(Communication)

Nous vivons dans une époque où la mobilité internationale est une pratique très courante; ainsi, de plus en plus de partenaires doivent maintenir leurs relations à distance. Le phénomène va de pair avec le développement des nouvelles technologies, qui introduisent de nouvelles formes et de pratiques pour maintenir l’intimité. Cela soulève des questions sur les pratiques de connexion (ou déconnexion) lorsque les couples sont séparés par la distance et le temps. Ce mémoire propose d’explorer comment les femmes dans des relations amoureuses à distance utilisent divers modes d’expression (visuels, textuels, oraux et tactiles) ainsi que plusieurs sens à travers de multiples technologies mobiles, qui lui permettent de reconstruire la présence et l’intimité avec l’autre. Inspiré par le new mobilities paradigm (Sheller & Urry, 2006), ainsi que les concepts de mobile intimacy (Hjorth & Lim, 2012; Elliott & Urry, 2010) et la présence imaginée (Chayko, 2002; Elliott & Urry, 2010), je propose les notions de (dé) connectivité virtuelle, le lieu virtuel, ainsi que la présence/absence technologique. Utilisant une approche méthodologique mixte, venant des données d’entrevues semi-dirigées, de l’autoethnographie, de la recherche création et de journaux de bord multimédias, certaines pratiques de contrôle et de surveillance, des formes émergentes de travail, l’immédiateté et la réciprocité émergent dans une époque d’interconnectivité. / Globally speaking, an increasing amount of people are on the move for many reasons; whether for work, studies, travel, emigration or exile (Elliott and Urry, 2010). These movements, or lack thereof, along with the development of communication technologies raise important questions around the ways people are able to connect, as well as disconnect, when they are apart. This thesis aims to understand women’s perspectives and practices of intimacy and presence with their partners when they are separated by distance for extended periods of time. This thesis examines various practices of connection, through old and new technologies (mobile technologies), as well as the bodily senses that participate in intimacy and a sense of presence. Informed by the new mobilities paradigm (Sheller & Urry, 2006) as well as the emerging literature on mobile intimacy (Hjorth & Lim, 2012; Elliott & Urry, 2010) and imagined presence (Chayko, 2002; Elliott and Urry, 2010), I propose the notions of virtual (dis)connectivity, virtual place, and technological absence and presence to frame and analyze the practices engaged in by my study’s participants. Through a combination of methods, including semi-structured interviews, multimedia diaries, autoethnography, and research creation, questions of the sensory practices of mobile intimacy, control and monitoring, emerging forms of affective labor, immediacy, and reciprocity are examined in an age of global interconnectedness.

Nos travaux portent sur les mécanismes nerveux qui sous-tendent la perception de notre corps en mouvement. Chacune de nos actions est caractérisée par l'intention motrice qui en est à l'origine et par le feedback multi-modalitaire que son exécution évoque. Dans ce cadre, nous avons formalisé le codage proprioceptif du mouvement et nous avons exploré deux types d'images motrices et leur interaction perceptive à travers l'étude des mouvements imaginés et des illusions kinesthésiques.Sur la base de données neurosensorielles, nous avons contribué à développer une méthode « propriomimétique » inspirée du modèle vectoriel de population permettant de prédire les patterns proprioceptifs afférents évoqués lors de mouvements complexes. Ces patterns modélisés ont ensuite été utilisés pour activer les voies de la proprioception musculaire chez des sujets immobiles grâce à la méthode des vibrations tendineuses. / This thesis deals with the neural mechanisms involved in body movement perception. We contributed to developing a "propriomimetic" method based on neurosensory data and drawn from the population vector model for predicting the afferent proprioceptive patterns evoked during complex movements.The main contribution of this work is that it extends the scope of the method to include the whole set of possible human actions by showing that it can be used to accurately predict the proprioceptive patterns and to generate the kinaesthetic experiences associated with movements involving one or more joints, performed in 2- or 3-dimensional space, regardless of which muscles are involved.Other motor images were intentionally generated by the subjects in subsequent experiments and combined with those imposed by the vibratory stimulation. The results obtained here show that the images of both kinds were completely integrated when evoked simultaneously and that they gave rise to a unique and original perceptual experience, in which their spatio-temporal characteristics were combined. From the theoretical point of view, these findings confirm that proprioceptive afferents play an important role, along with the motor intention itself, in the elaboration of kinaesthetic perception. From the clinical point of view, the possibility of evoking motor images quite "naturally" using the method presented here to activate the peripheral receptors and/or the command centers, and thus the whole sensorimotor loop in the absence of any real movements, opens some promising perspectives for rehabilitation purposes.

L'objectif de ce travail est d'appréhender l'émergence et l'affirmation du territoire des Vallées occitanes d'Italie et le processus de construction identitaire qui le sous-tend. En partant d'une « protohistoire » de la revendication d'oc jusqu'à une ethnographie du présent, cette enquête prend en compte les représentations revendiquées et/ou visibles de la culture, de l'identité et du territoire et donc les discours et les pratiques des « entrepreneurs identitaires », que sont en premier lieu les occitanistes. La délimitation des frontières ethno-linguistiques, la création et la diffusion de symboles, la construction d'un patrimoine musico-chorégraphique, d'une architecture occitane et d'un « occitan imaginé », constituent les principaux procédés mis en œuvre à cet effet. L'institutionnalisation de la revendication au cours des années 1990, qui aboutit à la promulgation d'une loi reconnaissant une « minorité occitane » dont l'État italien protège « la langue et la culture » (1999), a impliqué aussi l'analyse des usages sociaux et politiques du « fonds patrimonial » élaboré par les militants à l'extérieur des groupes revendicatifs. Celui-ci est dès lors mis au service du développement du territoire en un double souci identitaire et économique à travers la réalisation d'une politique culturelle et linguistique institutionnelle, la création de produits et labels à connotation occitane et la mise en tourisme d'un territoire jusqu'alors dépourvu d'éléments d'attractivité et de différenciation conséquents. / The purpose of this work is to understand the emergence and affirmation of the Italian Occitan Valleys territory and the identity construction process that underlies it. Starting from a “proto-history” of the oc claim to a present ethnography, this research considers the claimed and / or visible representations of culture, identity and territory, and therefore the speeches and the practices of “identity entrepreneurs” that are primarily the occitanists. The demarcation of ethno-linguistic border, the creation and diffusion of symbols, the construction of a musical-choreographic heritage, as well as an Occitan architecture and an “imagined Occitan” language, are some of the processes implemented by the occitanists to this end. The institutionalization of the claim in the 1990s, which resulted in the enactment of a national law officially recognizing the “Occitan minority” (1999), also involved to lead the analysis of social and political uses of “heritage fund” developed by activists outside the protest groups. This last one has been therefore dedicated to territory development with a double identity and economic concern, through the implementation of a cultural and linguistic institutional policy, the creation of economic activities and labels with Occitan patterning, and the launching for tourism of a territory devoid of substantial elements of attractiveness and differentiation.

[pt] A proposta da dissertação é uma comparação da idéia de identidade nacional no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos do final do século XIX, com enfoque nas obras de Oliveira Lima no Brasil e de Jackson Turner nos Estados Unidos. O conceito analítico utilizado na questão da identidade nacional é o de comunidades imaginadas, de Benedict Anderson, em que os membros de uma sociedade, desconhecidos uns dos outros na sua maioria, se sentem ligados entre si por símbolos, referências e experiências em comum. Na obra de Oliveira Lima, a comunidade imaginada é construída pelo Estado-Monarquia (instalado com a vinda de D. João VI), num sincretismo com a natureza local e os grupos raciais presentes (índios e negros). A centralização política e a criação de uma matriz institucional de cunho nacional possibilitam ao Brasil sua consolidação como Nação, principalmente pelo viés das artes e da ciência. Na obra de Jackson Turner, a comunidade imaginada é construída pelas bases da sociedade: homens comuns e livres enfrentam a natureza selvagem num embate em que tanto homem como meio ambiente são transformados. A interação homem-meio ambiente, que se caracteriza como a experiência da Fronteira, gera um produto cultural distintamente americano, rompendo assim os laços com a Europa e criando uma sociedade caracterizada pelo movimento, atrito e a eterna busca do melhoramento e do Progresso. / [en] This dissertation aims to compare two distinct ideas of national identity in Brazil and the United States in the late 19th century. The focus is on the works of Oliveira Lima in Brazil and Jackson Turner in the United States. The idea of national identity is analyzed in terms of the concept of imagined communities proposed by Benedict Anderson, in which members of a society, unknown to each other, feel bound together by common symbols, references and experiences. In the work of Oliveira Lima, the imagined community is constructed by the State - in this case the Monarchy, which came to Brazil with D. João VI in the early 19th century. It is an idea of identity characterized by the fusion of European symbols and institutions with local elements - the natural environment and racial groups (Indians and Blacks). Political centralization and the creation of a national institutional network made it possible for Brazil to be consolidated and conceived of as a Nation, especially through the intellectual efforts of artists and scientists. In the work of Jackson Turner, the imagined community is constructed from the grassroots, through the efforts of free, common men in their confrontation with the natural environment. The duel between Man and Nature, in which each element transforms and is transformed by the other, creates a uniquely American product. It is a new cultural type distinct from its European counterpart. This idea of identity is characterized by the Frontier experience and creates a society marked by movement, conflict and the eternal pursuit of material improvement and Progress.

On constate que le manque d’affection dont semblent souffrir les individus vivant dans les sociétés modernes les amène à un regain d’intérêt pour la fréquentation des animaux domestiques. Plutôt que de s’abandonner aux fantasmes de la mécanisation, puis de la numérisation, de nombreux individus ont choisi d'animaliser leur quotidien. Il y a un essor de lieux spécifiques de rencontre avec des animaux. Depuis un an, à Montréal, on a vu l'apparition de cafés à animaux qui fonctionnent sur ce modèle, compensant les besoins de contact et d'affection des citadins. Ce nouveau mode de rencontre humain/animal requiert de ses participants des stratégies particulières de communication. Cette thèse en communication s’applique à rendre compte de la manière dont des mythes s’incarnent et s’expriment dans la communication et les relations avec les animaux domestiques dans un Café à chat. Ce travail empirique s’articule autour du concept du mythe, de la communication imaginée et de la grille d’analyse du modèle C.A.P. Le premier, le mythe, se définit comme l’ensemble des constructions sociales ayant le pouvoir de stabiliser la représentation H/A (humain/animal) de l’individu. Le deuxième, la communication imaginée, comme l’ensemble des processus communicationnels qui permettent à l’individu de combler les vides dans les échanges d’informations avec l’animal par des séquences de ce que nous appelons des codes-prothèses. e. Le troisième, le C.A.P, comme une grille d’analyse pour détecter dans le discours les éléments de connaissances, attitudes et pratiques qui témoignent de la présence de ces codes-prothèses soutenus par le recours aux mythes qui se composent de : connaissance, attitude, et pratique caractérisant l’ensemble des comportements des acteurs. Car c’est à partir de ces trois points que le sujet produit de l’action dans une situation donnée. Pour répondre à cette interrogation, nous avons opté pour une démarche empirique avec, comme méthode l’entrevue de terrain. Pour obtenir des informations situées sur les représentations que se font les acteurs de leurs relations avec l’animal. Nous cherchons à comprendre les nouvelles formes affectives que peuvent prendre les mythes de relation à l’animal domestique dans le contexte d’une société moderne de plus en plus détachée du monde animal traditionnellement associé à l’exploitation de la force ou de la chair à de ce dernier. Cette démarche nous amène aussi à comprendre le rôle de la communication imaginée dans la perception des bienfaits du contact animal sur l’humain. / It has been noted that the lack of affection that human beings in modern societies suffer from, leads to a renewal of interest in interacting with pets. Rather than abandoning themselves in the fantasies of the mechanical and digital world, many individuals have chosen to integrate pets into their daily lives. There has been a rise in specific meeting places which provide interactions with animals. In the past year, we have noticed in Montreal the emergence of Cafés with animals that operate on the same model, offsetting the city dwellers' needs for contact and affection. This new way of human/animal meeting requires its participants to have specific communication skills. This thesis in communication focuses on how myths can be embodied and expressed in the communication and relationships with pets in a Café with Cats. This empirical work is based around the concept of the myth, the pictorial communication and the analysis grid of the C.A.P. model. The first concept, the myth, is defined as all social constructions which have the power to stabilize the H/A (human/animal) representation of the individual. The second one, the pictorial communication, is represented by all means of communication that allow the individual to fill in the gaps in the exchange of information with the animal by using what we call prosthesis-codes. The third one, the C.A.P, is an analytical framework for detecting, within the speech, the knowledge elements, the attitudes and practices that demonstrate the presence of these prosthesis codes supported by the use of myths. These codes consist of knowledge, attitude, and practice characterizing all the actors’ behaviors. To answer this question we have opted for an interview process a methodology. This method allows us to obtain all the information that represents the actors' performance from their relationship with the animal. We have been looking to understand the new emotional forms that can put the myths of pet relationship in the context of a modern society - a society that is increasingly detached from the traditional animal world that used to be associated with labor or meat consumption. This approach makes us understand the role of the imagined communication on how we perceive the benefits of animal contact on humans.