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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
541

Chemical, Physical, and Biological Factors Influencing Nutrient Availability and Plant Growth in a Pine Tree Substrate

Jackson, Brian Eugene 17 November 2008 (has links)
Pine tree substrate (PTS) produced from freshly harvested loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees has potential for replacing or reducing the use of aged pine bark (PB) and peat moss as container substrates for horticulture crop production. The objective of this work was to determine the factors influencing nutrient availability in PTS compared to PB or peat substrates. Chapter two reports data on the response of japanese holly and azalea to fertilizer rate when grown in PTS and PB. This study demonstrated that an additional 2.4 kg·m-3 of Osmocote Plus (15N-3.9P-10K) controlled release fertilizer is required for both species when grown in PTS compared to PB. Data are reported in chapter three on the effects of fertilizer rate, substrate particle size, and peat amendment on growth and floral quality, and on post-production time-to-wilting of poinsettias. Data from this work show that PTS requires an additional 100 mg·L-1 N to grow poinsettias comparable to plants grown in peat unless the particle size of PTS was decreased or 25% peat was added, in which case no additional fertilizer was needed. Results also indicated that PTS shrinkage was similar to that of peat, and that post-production time-to-wilting in PTS plants was similar as plants grown in peat. Data in chapter four compares nitrogen (N) immobilization rates, substrate carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux levels, and nutrient leaching in peat, PB, and PTS over time. Data from these studies indicated that more N immobilization occurs in PTS than in PB or peat and that the substrate CO₂ efflux levels (estimate of microbial activity) corresponds to N immobilization in all substrates. Nutrient availability, changes in physical and chemical properties, substrate shrinkage, and microbial activity in PTS compared to PB during long-term nursery production are reported in chapter five. Results showed that substrate nutrient levels remain lower in PTS and that pH levels of PTS decrease considerably over two growing seasons compared to PB. Results also indicate that PTS does decompose over time in containers, but substrate shrinkage of PTS is similar to that of PL and PB during crop production. / Ph. D.
542

Conception et évaluation de phases stationnaires chirales pour l'emploi en électrochromatographie capillaire ( Tubes ouverts et colonnes monolithes ) / Non-covalent and covalent chiral stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography based on β-cyclodextrins (OT-CEC and m-CEC)

Lakhlifi, Mourad 27 November 2017 (has links)
Suite à la première thèse sur le greffage et l’adsorption physique successives de sélecteurs chiraux dans des tubes ouverts en électrochromatographie capillaire (ECC ou CEC) chirale, menée par le Dr Guillaume Pédéhontaa-Hiaa au sein de l’équipe du laboratoire COBRA (IUT d’Evreux), nous avons développé des phases stationnaires chirales covalentes (CSPs) à base de cyclodextrines (CDs) en tubes ouverts et des CSPs sur supports monolithiques pour l’emploi en CEC. Nous avons ainsi évalué les paramètres électrochromatographiques et la stabilité de ces CSPs en séparant une variété de racémiques neutres et chargés. L’influence de la température d’analyse, le potentiel appliqué ainsi que la nature et le pH des électrolytes sur la qualité des électrochromatogrammes ont été étudié en CEC chirale. Cette étude se divise en deux grandes parties. La première concerne les CSPs élaborées sur colonnes à tubes ouverts pour l’OT-CEC. Il s’agit initialement de graver la surface interne d’un capillaire de silice de 50 μm de diamètre interne à l’aide d’une solution de bifluorure d’ammonium dans le but premier d’augmenter considérablement sa surface spécifique et d’immobiliser en surface une grande quantité de sélecteurs chiraux à base de β-CD. Nous avons alors décrit des greffages covalents de CDs anioniques (Scc-β-CD et CM-β-CD) et d’un polymère anionique de CDs (p-CM-β-CD-) en surface de capillaire de gel de silice gravée et modifiée chimiquement par l’aminopropyltriéthoxysilane (APTEOS). Les greffages des sélecteurs ont été reproduits dans les mêmes conditions que dans la thèse rapportée précédemment en électrophorèse. L’originalité de la construction de ces CSPs réside dans la rapidité et la simplicité du couplage dit péptidique à température ambiante, des sélecteurs carboxylés sur des colonnes préalablement gravées. Ce greffage nécessite des agents de couplage peptidique solubles dans l’eau tels que 1-Ethyl-3-(diméthylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) et le N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Il peut aussi être obtenu de manière moins efficace avec d’autres agents solubles en milieu organique tels que le O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N’,N’-tétraméthyluronium tétrafluoroborate et la triéthylamine (TBTU/TEA). Chaque étape menant aux CSPs a été caractérisée par une étude de flux électroosmotique (FEO) en OT-CEC. Des analyses en AFM et en MEB nous renseignent d’avantage sur le succès du procédé « etching » de nos capillaires. La deuxième grande partie de cette étude traite de la synthèse in-situ de CSPs sur des colonnes de type polymères monolithes organiques et un monolithe hybride à base de sol gel. Des post modifications de surface de ces supports monolithiques nous ont permis d’immobiliser de façon covalente et non covalente des sélecteurs de β-CD en surface des volumes macroporeux. Deux collaborations ont vu le jour pour atteindre ces objectifs. La première eut lieu avec le Dr Thuy Tran et le Pr Myriam Taverna de la Faculté de Pharmacie de Chatenay Malabry (UMR 8612), durant laquelle nous avons reproduit une colonne monolithe organique de type méthacrylate, porteuse de groupements phosphate dans l’optique d’adsorber physiquement en surface le polymère cationique de CDs (p-CD+) que nous a transféré le Pr Benjamin Carbonnier et d’évaluer les capacités de discrimination chirale de cette nouvelle CSP en m-CEC. La seconde collaboration a eu lieu avec le Dr Mohamed Guerrouache et le Pr Benjamin Carbonnier au sein du laboratoire ICMPE de Thiais, où nous avons synthétisé des colonnes monolithiques organiques à base d’acrylates dans le but de greffer en surface de façon covalente et non covalente les CDs et polymères de CDs et d’évaluer ces nouvelles CSPs en m-CEC. La troisième phase stationnaire monolithique employée est celle décrite par le Dr Huihui Yang qui décrit un monolithe hybride porteur de groupements sulfonates nous permettant par la suite d’immobiliser électrostatiquement le p-CD+ sur le réseau poreux et d’évaluer cette nouvelle CSP en m-CEC. / New chiral stationary phases have been prepared for Open Tubular and monolithic columns used in electrochromatography capillary. In order to separate racemic mixtures such as flavonoïd, Hidantoïn derivatives, Binaphtalene-2, 2-hydrogenophosphate and others chiral solutes, we use the β-cyclodextrin forms as chiral selector. Besides, β-cyclodextrin seems to be the most efficient chiral selector in chromatography since it is able to complex and dissolve optical organic isomers in an aqueous media, this chiral selector is able to dissolve even lipophilic molecule with high weight. The complexation is based on interactions with β-cyclodextrin. This study aims to elaborate new chiral stationary phase for CEC using β-cyclodextrin polymers and β-cyclodextrin derivatives. Two approaches were used: Firstly, covalent stationary phases coating with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin polymers and oligomers containing carboxyl’s group had been experimented for open tubular and monolithic column in CEC. Then a non-covalent coating cationic polymer of β-cyclodextrin’s derivatives was immobilized (polytrimethyl ammonium β-CD) on continuous organic monoliths bearing anionic’s group. Prior to the covalent coating of the CD’s chiral selector for OT-CEC and m-CEC, we needed to modify the silicate surface and the monolithic surface with a primary amine silicate1,2 (aminopropyltriethoxysilane) and EDA, an amino-organic moiety (Ethylene diamine). The stability of the bonded organic moiety (APTEOS, EDA) were studied by CEC at different pH with constant ionic strength’s buffer. In this way, graft of carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin polymer on silica inner surface modified by APTEOS and on NAS-co-EDMA surface modified by EDA succeeded in activating and covalently coupling reagent as EDC and NHS (1-ethyl-3(-3-dimethtylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide, respectively3) with carboxymethyl’s group of carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin . The resultant stationary phase lead to stable chiral stationary phases, easier to prepare starting by coupling the selector to the amine’s group using EDC and NHS. In order to optimize enantio-separations by increasing the specific surface of open tubular columns, we reproduce the etching process to bared capillaries with ammonium bifluoride solution, referred to Pesek’s process4. By this mean, we increase dramatically the specific surface of bared capillaries before anchoring CDs polymers to silicate surfaces modified by APTEOS. Finally due to etching process, we obtain a covalent bonded Chiral Stationary Phase (CSP) which led to more efficient and resolvent enantio-separations by CEC. To describe, in another way, the non-covalent coating of CSP, we immobilised a cationic polymer (polytrimethyl ammonium β-CD+) on two kind of continuous organic and silica hybrid monoliths bearing sulfonate5 and phosphate’s groups. Based on precedent results for OT-CEC enantio-separation with LbL stationary phase7, using successive layers charged polymers to separate racemic mixture in CEC, we decided to adsorb a polycationic polymer hydrosoluble onto the silica hybrid monolith column to form chiral stationary phase (CSP) polytrimethyl ammonium β-cyclodextrin. This way of modification for monolithic surface by chiral selectors is nowadays highly efficient and attractive for CEC. The effect of the matrix and the coating’s nature are discussed by comparing the chromatographic parameters.
543

Nanostructured polymer brushes and protein density gradients on diamond by carbon templating

Hutter, Naima A., Steenackers, Marin, Reitinger, Andreas, Williams, Oliver A., Garrido, Jose A., Jordan, Rainer 03 April 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Micro- and nanostructured polymer brushes on diamond can be directly prepared by carbon templating and amplification of the latent structures by photografting of a broad variety of vinyl monomers such as styrenes, acrylates and methacrylates. Even template structures with lateral dimensions as small as 5 nm can be selectively amplified and defined polymer brush gradients of a variety of functional polymers are realizable by this technique. Furthermore, conjugation with a model protein (GFP) results in protein density gradients of high loading and improved chemical stability. The effective functionalization of chemically and biologically inert diamond surfaces with stable functional polymer brushes, the possibility of structuring by the carbon templating technique and the direct biofunctionalization are crucial steps for the development of diamond based biosensors. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
544

Association entre la sclérose en plaques et le syndrome des impatiences musculaires de l'éveil : caractérisation par des études de sommeil

Proulx-Therrien, Joëlle 10 1900 (has links)
Le syndrome des impatiences musculaires de l’éveil (SIME) est un trouble sensitivo-moteur causant des perturbations du sommeil. Il fut décrit que ce syndrome est plus fréquent chez les sujets vivant avec la sclérose en plaques (SEP) que dans la population générale. L’objectif principal de ce travail est de décrire l’impact du SIME sur le sommeil des sujets avec la sclérose en plaques, comparé au sommeil de sujets avec la SEP, mais sans SIME. Des questionnaires validés et des études de polysomnographie seront utilisés pour réaliser nos objectifs. Les études de PSG de nos 49 sujets révèlent qu’indépendamment de la présence ou de l’absence du SIME, le sommeil des sujets avec la SEP est grandement perturbé. De plus, même en l’absence du SIME, les sujets avec la SEP présentent des mouvements périodiques des jambes. Cette étude démontre que le SIME se manifeste différemment dans la SEP. De plus amples recherches sont nécessaires pour mieux caractériser le SIME en SEP. / The Restless legs syndrome is a sleep related movement disorder. It causes sleep disruptions, affecting sleep quality. It has been described as being more frequent in an MS population than in the general population. Our main objective was to evaluate its impact on MS subjects’ sleep in comparison to MS subjects without RLS Validated questionnaires and polysomnography was used to achieve our objective. PSG studies of our 49 subjects revealed that independently of RLS status, MS subjects experience bad sleep quality, based on various sleep quality markers. Moreover, MS subjects without RLS also have periodic leg movements. This study reveals that RLS in MS manifests itself differently. Further research is needed to characterise RLS in MS.
545

Synthèses de nouveaux catalyseurs de ruthénium pour la métathèse des esters méthyliques d’huiles végétales / Synthesis of new ruthenium based catalysts for metathesis of methyl esters derived from vegetable oils

Citadelle, Cécilia 02 July 2009 (has links)
Le développement de catalyseurs efficaces à base de ruthénium a contribué à l’essor de la métathèse des oléfines. Cette réaction catalysée par des complexes à base de tungstène, rhénium ou molybdène, était appliquée, jusqu’à présent, à des oléfines non fonctionnalisées. L’utilisation de précurseurs à base de ruthénium a permis d’élargir les domaines d’applications de la métathèse grâce à leur tolérance élevée à de nombreuses fonctions organiques. En effet, les esters méthyliques d’huiles végétales peuvent être valorisés en bases chimiques par la réaction de métathèse en présence de catalyseurs à base de ruthénium. Nous reportons, ici, l’étude de la réactivité des complexes de ruthénium en éthénolyse de l’oléate de méthyle ainsi que la conception et la caractérisation de nouveaux systèmes. Nous exposerons la synthèse de nouveaux catalyseurs de ruthénium contenant des ligands carbènes aminoalkyle cycliques et l’évaluation de leurs performances. Nous montrerons que ces précatalyseurs présentent des propriétés catalytiques intéressantes pour l’éthénolyse de l’oléate de méthyle. Ces ligands ont l’avantage d’être modulables, ce qui nous offrent de nombreuses possibilités en terme d’originalité, tout comme la fonctionnalisation du ligand isopropoxybenzylidène qui permet l’immobilisation des catalyseurs dans les liquides ioniques. Par ailleurs, des tentatives de coordination d’autres ligands, tels que le fluorénylidène et le silylène, susceptibles de conduire à des complexes de ruthénium efficaces seront abordées. / The development of efficient ruthenium based catalysts has contributed to the development of olefin metathesis. This reaction catalyzed by tungsten, rhenium or molybdenum complexes, was applied, until now, to non-fonctionalized olefins. The use of ruthenium precursors allowed to broaden range of applications of olefin metathesis owing to their high tolerance to various organic functions. Indeed, methyl esters of vegetable oils can be converted into chemical base by metathesis in the presence of ruthenium based catalysts. In this study, we report ruthenium complexes reactivities for ethenolysis of methyl oleate as well as the design and the characterization of new systems. We describe the synthesis of new ruthenium catalysts containing cyclic alkyl(amino)carbenes and the evaluation of their performances. We show that these precatalysts display interesting catalytic properties for the ethenolysis of methyl oleate. Modifications of the carbenes ligands architecture provide the possibility to create novel catalysts as the functionalization of the isopropoxybenzylidene ligand which allowed immobilization of catalysts in ionic liquid. Besides, attempts to coordinate other ligands, such as fluorenylidène and silylene, able to afford active complexes will be discuss.
546

Étude de la lixiviation des Éléments Traces en zone non saturée : application à la réhabilitation des sites contaminés / Trace Elements leaching study in the unsaturated zone : application to the remediation of contaminated sites

Coutelot, Fanny 02 June 2014 (has links)
Ce travail contribue à l'acquisition des connaissances sur les mécanismes et les facteurs contrôlant le transfert des éléments traces dans le système sol-nappes d'eaux souterraines. Le nombre de plus en plus important de sols contaminés par les éléments traces potentiellement toxiques suite aux activités industries a reçu beaucoup d'attention au cours des deux dernières décennies. Les polluants accumulés dans ces sols peuvent alors être transférés dans différents compartiments de l'environnement en fonction de leur origine, leur spéciation et les conditions physico-chimiques et biologiques du milieu. Ainsi, une des problématiques est la pollution des nappes d'eau souterraine par ces éléments traces. Les flux massiques d'éléments traces dans les sols vers les nappes d'eau souterraines sont un paramètre d'entrée important pour prévoir le devenir des pollutions des aquifères et donc à évaluer le potentiel de la contamination des ressources en eau potable. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de proposer une méthode de mesure des flux en laboratoire qui permette de simuler au mieux les conditions naturelles des transferts des éléments traces vers les nappes. Pour cela, nous avons mis au point une colonne de laboratoire non-saturée. Cette colonne a été testée dans différentes conditions de lixiviation, comparée aux méthodes de lixiviations normées et testée en condition d’immobilisation des éléments traces lors de l’apport d’amendements. Dans un premier temps, la colonne de laboratoire permet de diminuer l’erreur sur l’estimation des flux. Elle permet des mettre en évidence des phénomènes de sorption, désorption et complexation des éléments traces sur les substrats, contrôlant ainsi les transferts verticaux.Dans un deuxième temps nous avons évaluer l’effet d’amendements minéraux sur la mobilité des éléments traces sur deux sols contaminés par des extractions chimiques. Nous avons ensuite étudié la lixiviation de ces éléments suite à l’apport d’amendements: de l’hydroxyapatite et de la Grenaille d’acier dans ces deux sols en utilisant les colonnes de sol développés précédemment. L'étude de la localisation des éléments traces sur les minéraux nouvellement formés suite à l'apport de ces amendements minéraux et leur interaction avec les constituants minéraux d'origine des sols (microscopie couplé à des spectromètres de fluorescence X) nous a permis de comprendre et de déterminer les réactions mis en jeu au cours de la lixiviation de ces éléments. Ainsi, l’apport d’hydroxyapatite (HA) et de Grenaille d’acier (GA) ont permis de diminuer significativement les concentrations en Cd, Zn dans les lixiviats. En revanche, l’apport de HA et GA aux sols augmente significativement la libération de As (dans le cas de HA) et Pb suite a l’apport de GA et HA. Les phases minérales porteuses de ces éléments traces, ont pu être caractériser et ainsi les mécanismes responsables de l’immobilisation ou du relargage ont pu être identifiés. / This work contributes to the knowledge of the mechanisms and factors controlling the transfer of trace elements, particularly in the soil- groundwater pathway. Extensive soil contamination with potentially toxic traces elements from various industries has in many industrialized countries received significant attention over the last two decades. Mass fluxes of trace elements in soils to groundwater are important input parameter for predicting the fate of pollution of aquifers and thus to assess the potential for contamination of drinking water resources. The objective of this study was to propose a method for measuring the fluxes in laboratory to simulate the natural conditions. For this, we have developed an unsaturated soil column. This column was then tested in various leaching conditions (compared to standardized leaching methods and tested under conditions of immobilization of trace elements). At first, the laboratory column reduces the error in the estimation of flux. And allows to highlight sorption, desorption and complexation of trace elements on the substrates. In a second step we evaluate the effect of mineral amendments on the mobility of trace elements in two contaminated soils (extraction), the study their location on the newly formed minerals (microscopy coupled with X-ray fluorescence spectrometers) and finally the leaching of these. The addition of hydroxyapatite (HA) and Steel Shot (GA) have significantly reduced the concentrations of Cd, Zn and As (in the case of the contribution of GA). In contrast, the addition of HA and GA in soils significantly increases the release of As (in the case of HA) and Pb following the addition of GA and HA). Mineral phases carrying these trace elements have been well characterized and the mechanisms responsible for the retention or release have been identified.
547

Lipase-catalyzed purification and functionalization of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and production of structured lipids / Purification et fonctionnalisation d’acides gras polyinsaturés Oméga-3 par des lipases et production de lipides structurés

Casas Godoy, Leticia 14 December 2012 (has links)
Les lipases sont des enzymes présentant un grand intérêt industriel. L’intérêt de ces enzymes a conduit à caractériser ces enzymes, à mieux comprendre leur mécanisme réactionnel et leur cinétique, et à établir des méthodes efficaces de production en système d’expression homologue et hétérologue. Plus récemment, l’ingénierie enzymatique permet d’améliorer les caractéristiques des enzymes. Ce thèse s’est fixé deux objectifs principaux: premièrement, la purification et la fonctionnalisation d’acides gras poly-insaturés de type Omega-3 (PUFAs), et spécialement l’acide cis-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaénoique (DHA) et deuxièmement la production de lipides structurés (SL). Un premier objectif fut de produire une molécule pharmaceutique, le nicotinyl DHA ester. Le co-substrat du DHA est le nicotinol, un alcool qui après absorption, il est rapidement converti en acide nicotinique (Vitamine B3). La trans-esterification enzymatique entre l’ester éthylique du DHA et le nicotinol a été optimisée dans le but de synthétiser un ester présentant les propriétés cumulatives des deux réactants. Après la sélection de l’enzyme optimale (lipase immobilisée de Candida antarctica; Novozyme 435) et le choix du milieu réactionnel (milieu sans solvant), le procédé a été optimisé. Une conversion supérieure à 97 % a été obtenu en 4 heures avec 45 g.L-1 d’enzyme. Dans ces conditions, une productivité de 4.2 g de produit .h-1.g d’enzyme-1 a été obtenue. Ce projet nécessite une haute pureté en DHA. Un procédé de purification enzymatique a été choisi. Les lipases sont capables de discriminer entre les acides gras en fonction de la longueur de chaine et du degré d’insaturation. Les lipases agissent par résolution cinétique, en réagissant plus efficacement avec les acides gras saturés et mono-insaturés qu’avec les PUFAs résistants. La lipase YLL2 de Yarrowia lipolytica apparait comme un bon candidat car elle est homologue à une des lipases les plus efficaces, la lipase de Thermomyces lanuginosus. YLL2 a permis d’obtenir une discrimination très efficace. Les raisons de la sélectivité de l’enzyme ont été identifiées : il s’agit du positionnement de la double liaison la plus proche de la fonction carboxylique. La concentration en DHA la plus élevée a été obtenue avec YLL2 (73%) avec un pourcentage de récupération du DHA-EE de 89%. YLL2 est par conséquent l’enzyme décrite la plus efficace pour la purification du DHA.La mutagénèse ciblée dans le site actif de YLL2 a été utilisée pour améliorer la sélectivité de cette enzyme. L’analyse de la structure 3D et les alignements avec des lipases homologues a permis de choisir les cibles de mutagénèse dirigée. Les acides aminés cibles ont été changés de manière à restreindre ou élargir le site actif. De ce premier screening de variantes deux positions ont permis d’améliorer la spécificité de l’enzyme, les positions I100 et V235. Finalement la saturation de ces 2 positions a été réalisée. Le dernier objectif de la thèse était la production de SL par acidolysis enzymatique entre l'huile d'olive vierge et les acides caprylic ou capric utilisant la lipase YLL2 immobilisé. Le SL obtenu devrait être riche en acide oléique à la position sn-2 tandis que les C8:0 et C10:0 devraient être principalement estérifiés aux positions sn-1,3. YLL2 immobilisé sur Accurel 1000 a été testé dans un système sans solvant. La réaction d’acidolysis d'huile d'olive avec C8:0 ou C10:0 a été optimisée avec la méthodologie de surface de réponse (RSM). / Lipases are enzymes with applications extended to a wide variety of industries. The variety of lipases applications led to increased research to characterize them and better understand their kinetics and reaction mechanisms and to establish methods for lipase production in homologous and heterologous expression systems. Lately enzymatic engineering allowed the improvement of lipase characteristics. This thesis project studies the use of lipases for two main objectives: lipase-catalyzed purification and functionalization of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially cis-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and production of structured lipids (SL). DHA was used for the synthesis of a pharmaceutical molecule, the nicotinyl DHA ester. The co-substrate of the reaction was nicotinol, an alcohol from the group B pro-vitamin, which after absorption is rapidly converted into nicotinic acid (Vitamin B3). The enzymatic trans-esterification of DHA ethyl esters with nicotinol was optimised to synthesise an ester presenting the cumulative properties of the two reactants. After enzyme (immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica; Novozym 435) and reaction medium (solvent-free system) selection, the process was optimised. A conversion to nicotinyl-DHA superior to 97 % was obtained in 4 hours using 45 g.L-1 of enzyme. With a productivity of 4.2 g of product .h-1.g of enzyme-1.This project requires DHA of high purity. Enzymatic purification was chosen for the production of DHA concentrates. Lipases can discriminate between fatty acids in function of their chain length and saturation degree. Lipases react more efficiently with the bulk of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids than with the PUFAs. The objective was the discovery of more specific enzymes for DHA purification. The lipase Lip2 from Yarrowia lipolytica (YLL2) appears as a good candidate since it is homologous to one of the most efficient lipase, the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus. YLL2 enables a high discrimination to be obtained, enzyme selectivity being principally due to the positioning of the double-bond the closest from the carboxylic group. The highest concentration of DHA was obtained with YLL2 (73%) with a recovery percentage of DHA-EE of 89%. YLL2 is the most efficient described lipase for DHA purification.Site directed mutagenesis was used to improve YLL2 from Y. lipolytica. Using its three dimensional structure and alignment with homologous lipases, targets for site directed mutagenesis were chosen. Chosen amino acids were substituted by two amino acids of different sizes. From the screening of variants two positions with promising specificities where chosen, positions I100 and V235. Finally saturation of both positions and the analysis of their performances in the selected reactions were carried out. The last objective was the production of SL by enzymatic acidolysis between virgin olive oil and caprylic or capric acids using immobilized Lip2 from Y. lipolytica. The SL obtained should be rich in oleic acid at the sn-2 position while C8:0 and C10:0 should be mainly esterified at the sn-1,3 positions. Lip2 from Y. lipolytica immobilized on Accurel MP 1000 was tested in a solvent-free system. The acidolysis reaction of olive oil with C8:0 or C10:0 was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM)
548

Transformações do N derivado  do fertilizante no solo e a eficiência de utilização pela cultura da cana-de-açúcar cultivada em solo coberto por palha / Transformations of N derived from fertilizer in soil and use efficiency by sugarcane grown in straw-covered soil

Megda, Michele Xavier Vieira 26 June 2013 (has links)
A adição ao solo de resíduo vegetal de elevada relação C/N no sistema \"cana crua\", afeta o equilíbrio entre os processos de entrada e saída do N no sistema solo-planta-atmosfera. Assim, a presença da palhada modifica o agrossistema fazendo-se necessários ajustes no manejo da fertilização nitrogenada. Nesse sentido, quatro estudos foram desenvolvidos com os seguintes objetivos: (i) Avaliar as características produtivas e nutricionais da cultura da cana-de-açúcar de modo a identificar a fonte e a dose de N de maior eficiência agronômica; (ii) Quantificar a recuperação do N proveniente do fertilizante pela cana-de-açúcar; (iii) avaliar o potencial de inibição do íon cloreto na nitrificação no solo; (iv) avaliar as taxas de mineralização e imobilização do N-fertilizante e a sua interação com o Nnativo do solo. Em campo, foi conduzido um experimento em Latossolo Vermelho distróficocom cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e nove tratamentos, com as fontes nitrogenadas: sulfato de amônio, YaraBela NitromagTM, nitrato de amônio e ureia na dose de 100kg ha-1 de N, cloreto de amônio, nas doses de N: 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1, e controle. Foram instaladas microparcelas com aplicação das fontes marcadas no isótopo 15N na dose de 100 kg ha-1 de N. Os fertilizantes nitrogenados foram aplicados manualmente, sobre a palhada. Posteriormente, amostras do solo coletadas previamente foram incubadas aerobiamente por um período de 21 dias. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e os tratamentos constaram da combinação de sulfato de amônio ou cloreto de amônio, na dose de 100 mg kg-1 de nitrogênio, com cloreto de potássio na dose de 100 ou 200 mg kg-1 de cloro. Avaliou-se, também, doses de cloreto de amônio (50, 100 e 200 mg kg-1 de N). As formas de N-mineral foram determinadas por meio de sistema de análise por injeção em fluxo. Amostras de solo foram, também, incubadas aerobiamente por um período de 20 semanas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com três repetições e seis tratamentos, constituindo-se um fatorial 3x2 (Namídico, N-amoniacal ou sem N versus com ou sem resíduo de cana). As fontes nitrogenadas (enriquecidas com 2% em átomos de 15N) foram aplicadas superficialmente no solo na dose de 100 mg kg-1 de N e o resíduo de cana-de-açúcar incorporado na dose de 5,2 g kg-1. O fornecimento de doses de N na forma de cloreto de amônio resultou em decréscimo de produtividade de colmos e açúcar. As fontes nítrico/amoniacais promoveram maior atividade da enzima redutase do nitrato nas folhas da cana-de-açúcar, porém, não apresentaram influência no acúmulo total de N. O aproveitamento do N-fertilizante pela cana-de-açúcar foi da ordem de 60% nos estádios iniciais, reduzindo-se para aproximadamente 20% próximo à fase de maturação. O íon cloreto reduziu a concentração de nitrato no solo devido a ação do ânion na reação de nitrificação. A incorporação de resíduo de cana-de-açúcar ao solo promoveu maiores taxas de imobilização do N e a aplicação de sulfato de amônio resultou em maior mineralização do N nativo do solo comparado a ureia. / The addition of plant residue with high C/N ratio to the soil in a \"green cane\" system affects the balance of input/output processes of N in a soil-plant-atmosphere system. Thus, the presence of straw modifies the agroecosystem requiring adjustments in management of nitrogen fertilization. Accordingly, four studies were developed to: (i) evaluate the nutritional and productive characteristics of sugarcane crops to identify the source and N rates of greater agronomic efficiency; (ii) quantify the sugarcane N recovery from fertilizers; (iii) assess the potential inhibition of chloride ion in reaction to soil nitrification, (iv) evaluate mineralization and immobilization rates of fertilizer-N and their interaction with the native soil N. We conducted a field experiment on a Typic Hapludox with sugarcane, in the 2009/2010 harvest. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and nine treatments with nitrogen sources: ammonium sulfate, YaraBela NitromagTM, ammonium nitrate and urea at 100 kg N ha-1, ammonium chloride at N doses: 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 and control. Microplots were installed with application of nitrogen sources labeled 15N at 100 kg N ha-1. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied manually over straw. Subsequently, previously collected soil samples were incubated aerobically for 21 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications and the treatments consisted of ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride at 100 mg N kg-1 with potassium chloride at a chlorine dose 100 or 200 mg kg-1. We also evaluated doses of ammonium chloride (50, 100, and 200 mg N kg-1). Forms of mineral-N were determined by Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) system. Soil samples were incubated aerobically for 20 weeks. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replications and six treatments, comprising a 3x2 factorial (amidic-N, ammonium- N or without N versus with or without cane residue). Nitrogen sources (enriched with 2 atom% 15N) were applied to the soil surface at a N dose of 100 mg kg-1 and residue sugarcane incorporated at 5.2 g kg-1. The N supply in ammonium chloride form resulted in decreased yield of sugar and stalks. Nitric-ammonium sources promoted higher activity of nitrate reductase in sugarcane leave; however, they did not affect total N accumulation. The sugarcane recovery of fertilizer-N was approximately 60% in early stages, dropping to about 20% near the maturity stage. The chloride ion reduced nitrate concentration in soil due to the anion action in the nitrification reaction. The sugarcane residue incorporation to the soil showed higher N immobilization rates and the use of ammonium sulfate resulted in higher N mineralization rates of native soil N compared to urea.
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Imobilização da invertase em resina de troca iônica (tipo Dowex®): seu uso na modificação da sacarose / Immobillzation of invertase on ion exchange resin (Dowex®): its appllcation in sucrose modification

Tomotani, Ester Junko 28 November 2002 (has links)
A invertase comercial (Bioinvert®) foi imobilizada por adsorção em resinas aniônicas do tipo Dowex® [1x8:50-400, 1x4:50-400 e 1x2:100-400, todos copolímeros estireno-divinilbenzênicos, porém de granulometria (50-400 mesh) e quantidades de ligações cruzadas diferentes (2-8%)] em meio aquoso. A melhor percentagem de adsorção da invertase nas resinas foi observada em pH 5,5 a 32°C, tendo o complexo Dowex®1x4-200/lnvertase apresentado índice de adsorção e coeficiente de imobilização iguais a 100%. Os parâmetros cinéticos e termodinâmicos foram determinados para a invertase solúvel e insolúvel de Bioinvert® e também para a invertase purificada (Fluka®). O complexo Dowex®1 x4-200/Bioinvert® apresentou-se estável durante as reações sem desprendimento da enzima do suporte. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos da forma solúvel e insolúvel da Fluka® foram idênticos aos do Bioinvert®, no entanto, após a imobilização apresentou uma redução de 28% na sua atividade. O estudo da atividade transferásica de ambas as formas de Bioinvert® em diferentes concentrações de sacarose foram analisadas através da cromatografia de camada delgada. A estabilidade operacional e de estocagem foi também determinada para o complexo Dowex®1x4-200/Bioinvert®. / The invertase (trademarked as Bioinvert®) solubilized in deionized water was immobilized by adsorption on anion exchange resins, collectively named Dowex®, [1x8:50-400, 1x4:50-400 and 1x2:100-400, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, with different granulometry (50-400mesh) and different degrees of cross-linking (2-8%)]. The best percentage of adsorption of invertase on resins was observed in pH 5.5 at 32°C and the complex Dowex®1x4-200/invertase has shown a coupling yield and an immobilization coefficient equal to 100%. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for sucrosehydrolysis for both soluble and insoluble enzyme were evaluated to Bioinvert® and purified invertase purchased from Fluka®. The complex Dowex®/Bioinvert® was stable without any desorption of enzyme from the support during the reaction and having the thermodynamic parameters equal to the soluble formo However, the loss of activity for immobilized Fluka® was found to be 28% when compared to the soluble one. The transfructosylating activity of Bioinvert® in both forms in different concentrations of sucrose was investigated through TLC. In regard to insoluble Bioinvert® its storage and operational stability were also determined.
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Chemische Synthese & funktionelle Analyse von immobilisierten Protein-Domänen

Zitterbart, Robert 26 July 2017 (has links)
Protein-Arrays sind das Mittel der Wahl, um eine Vielzahl von Proteinen parallel zu untersuchen. Ziele dieser Untersuchungen sind meistens Proteininteraktionsnetzwerke zu entdecken oder besser verstehen zu können. Bisher wurden die benötigten Proteine fast ausschließlich mit biologischen Methoden gewonnen. Diese bieten allerdings keinen generellen Zugang zu posttranslational-modi-fizierten (PTM)-Proteinen. Somit war es bisher nicht möglich den Einfluss von PTMs auf Protein-Protein-Interaktionen (PPIs) im Arrayformat zu untersuchen. Die chemische Synthese kann dagegen Proteine mit ortsspezifischen PTMs liefern. Daher ist es verwunderlich, dass bislang noch keine Berichte über chemisch hergestellte PTM-Protein-Arrays existieren, besonders da PTMs meist entscheidend für proteomische Interaktionsnetzwerke sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Methodik beschrieben, die es ermöglicht PTM-modifizierte Protein-Domänen-Arrays auf der Oberfläche zu synthetisieren und zu analysieren. Mit der Methodik wurden 20 SH3-Domänen synthetisiert und 64 PPIs gemessen. Neben vier Hefe-SH3-Domänen wurden je acht humane (Phospho)SH3-Domänen der Abl- und Arg(Abl2)-Tyrosinkinase synthetisiert und funktionell untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, dass die Ligandenspezifität von Abl-SH3-Domänen durch Phosphorylierung feinreguliert wird. Je nach Phosphorylierungsmustern wurde die Affinität für spezifische Liganden erhöht oder erniedrigt. Der Ursprung dieser Phosphoregulierung wurde für die Abl-SH3-Domäne mit Hilfe der NMR-Spektroskopie und durch Zellexperimente versucht zu entschlüsseln und weiter validiert. / Protein-arrays are the method of choice to investigate a variety of proteins in a parallel fashion. Objectives of these studies are mostly to discover or to investigate protein interaction networks. So far, the necessary proteins were almost exclusively gained by biological methods. Unfortunately, generic access to proteins bearing post-translational modifications (PTM) is not provided by these techniques. Therefore, it was not possible to investigate the impact of PTMs on protein-protein-interactions (PPIs) on arrays so far. Chemical synthesis in contrast offers proteins with site-specific PTM incorporation. In this context, it is surprising, that chemical methods of PTM-protein array synthesis remained virtually unexplored, especially since these modifications are usually crucial for proteomic interaction networks. In this thesis, a methodology is described, that allows to synthesize and functional analyse post-translationally modified protein domain arrays on the surface. By using this methodology, 20 SH3 domains were synthesized and 64 protein-pep-tide interactions were measured. In addition to 4 yeast SH3 domains, 8 human (phospho) SH3 domains of the Abl and Arg(Abl2) tyrosine kinase were synthesized and functionally investigated. The experiments revealed that phosphorylation might serve as a means to fine tune the ligand recognition. Depending on the phosphorylation pattern the affinity to specific interaction partners were enhanced or reduced. The origin of this phosphoregulation was further investigated for the Abl SH3 domain by means of NMR spectroscopy and cellular experiments.

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