O café foi o produto fundamental para dar maior estabilidade econômica ao Império brasileiro, favorecendo também a estabilidade política. A concentração de sua produção no Vale do Paraíba Fluminense, no século XIX, foi fator importante para formar nesta região uma classe social, a classe senhorial, que serviu de base de sustentação política à formação do estado imperial brasileiro. Também foi fator determinante para o incremento da utilização da mão-de-obra escrava em um momento que esta já se encontrava em crise, juntamente com a crise do colonialismo, que levou ao processo de independência do Brasil. Este trabalho procura demonstrar como a produção do café e a utilização do trabalho escravo foram fundamentais para a formação da classe senhorial na primeira metade do século XIX, no Vale do Paraíba Fluminense, em especial em um de seus municípios, Barra Mansa, classe esta que serviu de suporte político e social para o Segundo Reinado. Também veremos como as relações dialéticas entre a classe senhorial e seus escravos foram determinantes para o processo de emancipação escrava que permeou todo o período imperial. / The coffee was the key product to provide greater economic stability to the Brazilian Empire, also favoring political stability. The concentration of production in the Vale do Paraíba Fluminense, in the nineteenth century, was an important factor in this region to form a social class , the senhorial class, which formed the basis of political support to the formation of the Brazilian imperial state. It was also a determining factor for the increased use of slave labor in a moment that this was already in crisis, together with the crisis of colonialism, which led to the independence process in Brazil. This paper demonstrates how coffee production and the use of slave labor were instrumental in the formation of the planter class in the first half of the nineteenth century, in the Vale do Paraíba Fluminense, especially in one of its municipalities Barra Mansa, this class who served political and social support for the Second Empire. We will also see how the dialectical relations between the senhorial class and their slaves were crucial to the process of slave emancipation that permeated throughout the imperial period.

Centers of Pilgrimage as Mechanisms of Political Integration in Complex Societies in Titicaca´s AltiplanoPilgrimages to sacred places were a common practice in many prehispanic Andean societies. For example, the islands of the Sun and the Moon, located in southern Lake Titicaca, formed one of the most important pilgrimage routes imposed by the Inca state as part of its politics of state domain. Similarly, the mortuary centers of Cutimbo and Sillustani, belonging respectively to the Lupaqa and Colla chiefdoms, received annual pilgrimages as part of cult ceremonies dedicated to the ancestors.Using ethnohistorical documentation and archaeological information with regard to such pilgrimage centers, we discuss the hypothesis that the pilgrimages served as ideological mechanisms of social and political control on the part of complex societies. / Las peregrinaciones a lugares sagrados fueron una práctica común en diversas sociedades andinas prehispánicas. Las islas del Sol y de la Luna, en el lado sur del lago Titicaca, se interpolan en una de las más importantes rutas de peregrinación que impusieron los incas como parte de su política de dominio estatal. De igual modo, los centros funerarios de Cutimbo y Sillustani, pertenecientes a los señoríos Lupaqa y Colla respectivamente, convocaron peregrinaciones anuales en el marco de ceremonias de culto a los antepasados.Utilizando documentación etnohistórica e información arqueológica, referentes a tales centros de peregrinaje, se discute la hipótesis sobre el uso de las peregrinaciones como mecanismos ideológicos de control social y político por parte de sociedades complejas.

The materialisation of Inka state identity in the lower Yanamayo Valley is discussed in opposition to that of the local collective identity, referred to here as Marañón, on the basis of the archaeological settlement pattern of the lower Yanamayo Valley. The distribution of Inka and Marañón architecture —productive, administrative and mortuary— in fluvial Yunga settings generally, and around the ferry port at Pogtán in particular, suggests different strategies to claim rights of access and use over the Yunga oasis, and over the crossing of the Marañón river.Inka architecture is found along the Qapaq Naani, as well as on a secondary Inka road, described here for the first time. The "Yanamayo Yunga Naani" links central Conchucos (departamento de Ancash) with Huacrachuco and the Cordillera Oriental (departamento de Huánuco). The Late Intermediate Period/Late Horizon Marañón architecture, is regarded conceptualized as the result of a regional historical trajectory, which was impacted upon by the Inka expansion. / El reflejo material de la identidad del Estado inka en el bajo río Yanamayo se discute en contraposición a aquel de la identidad local, para este caso denominada Marañón, sobre la base de patrones de asentamiento arqueológicos en el bajo río Yanamayo. La distribución de la arquitectura productiva, administrativa y mortuoria tanto inka como marañón en la Yunga fluvial y, especialmente, en las inmediaciones del puerto balsero de Pogtán, indican estrategias diferentes para reclamar derechos de propiedad y de usufructo sobre los oasis de Yunga interandina, así como sobre el cruce del río Marañón.La arquitectura inka se distribuye a lo largo del Qapaq Naani, así como en un ramal secundario, descrito aquí por primera vez. El "Yanamayo Yunga Naani" vincula la zona de Conchucos central (departamento de Ancash) con Huacrachuco y la Cordillera Oriental (departamento de Huánuco). Se plantea que la distribución tanto de la arquitectura marañón del Periodo Intermedio Tardío y del Horizonte Tardío es el resultado de una larga trayectoria de desarrollo histórico regional, que recibió el impacto de la expansión inka.

From Chinchorro to Chiribaya: The Ancestors of the Chachapoya-Inca MallquisIn 1977 agricultural workers, turned into looters, found an intact funerary site in the cloud forest in northeastern Peru. A prompt archaeological rescue project permitted the recovery of an important collection of mummies and artifacts that are providing important insights about the archaeology of the Chachapoya people that established in this area around 900 A.D. up to the Inca conquest of this territory around the year 1475. The mummies recovered showed evidence of cultural practices devised and used to assure the preservation of the human bodies. Such practices are also reported among Chinchorro and Chiribaya mummies in the Andes. A cultural interpretation of these funerary activities is discussed connecting the practice of the cult to the ancestors to the access and management of resources and territory. / En 1997, unos peones descubrieron y huaquearon un cementerio intacto en el bosque nuboso del noreste del Perú. Un rápido proyecto de rescate arqueológico permitió la recuperación de una importante colección de momias y artefactos que están proporcionando importante información sobre la arqueología de los chachapoya. Este grupo se estableció en el área alrededor del 900 d.C. hasta la conquista inca de este territorio, que ocurrió alrededor del año 1475. Las momias recuperadas muestran evidencias de prácticas culturales diseñadas y empleadas para asegurar la conservación de los cuerpos. Prácticas similares se han reportado también entre las momias chinchorro y chiribaya en los Andes. En este artículo se discute una interpretación cultural de estas actividades funerarias relacionando la práctica del culto a los ancestros con el acceso y manejo de los recursos y del territorio.

The Inka’s Dominion, Local Identity and Social Complexity in the Highland of Atacama’s Desert, Chile´s Norte Grande (1450-1541 AD)This paper presents our approach to the Tawantinsuyo expansionism in the highlands of Atacama Desert (Northern Chile), in which we suggest an alternative view to the traditional idea of a weak or indirect Inka presence in the Atacamenian territory. Therefore, we show the evidence and arguments that represent the politics, economic and ethnic complexity development when the empire had contact with the populations from the chilean desert. We concentrate in the case of San Pedro de Atacama, because it had been a point of reference to the archaeological understanding of groups that lived in its highlands, but the history is poorly known. In particular the convergence of the study of Atacamenian and Inca people in San Pedro, like in others parts of this space, allows to appreciate best the elements that characterize the social complexity of this local development. / En este artículo se presenta una aproximación a la expansión del Tawantinsuyo en las tierras altas del desierto de Atacama (norte de Chile), proponiendo un enfoque alternativo a la tradicional concepción de una presencia débil o indirecta del Inka en este territorio. Por ello, se exponen aquellas evidencias y argumentos que parecen representar mejor la complejidad social, económica, política y étnica que se encontraba en pleno desarrollo cuando el imperio tomó contacto con las poblaciones de este desierto. En particular, los autores se centran en el caso de San Pedro de Atacama, porque aún cuando se trata de una de las localidades que ha servido como punto de referencia para la comprensión de los grupos que habitaron sus tierras altas, todavía se conoce muy poco de aquellos momentos. Pero, sobre todo, porque el estudio de la convergencia de las poblaciones atacameñas e "incaicas" dentro de San Pedro, de acuerdo a experiencias en otras localidades de este territorio, permite vislumbrar en ese encuentro los elementos que particularizan la complejidad social del desarrollo local.

Chosen of the Gods: Identity and Status in the Sacrificial Victims from the Llullaillaco VolcanoMummified children recovered from the summit of Llullaillaco volcano, in the Andes of Argentina, are an outstanding example of archaeological visibility of social actors, whose faces remain almost perfectly preserved half a millenium after their burial. The extraordinary preservation of the bioanthropological evidence from the Llullaillaco volcano has allowed scholars to undertake an archaeological approach towards topics such as social identity and status among the sacrificial victims in the Inca Empire. Interdisciplinary research on the frozen bodies of the young woman and the two infants from Llullaillaco, including Paleoradiological techniques (x-rays and cat-scans), Odontological studies, Paleopathological examination, DNA and hair analysis, has provided scientists with tangible results, that can be cross-checked with the information presented by the historical sources in relation to the sex and gender profile, physical beauty and social and ethnic origin of the children that the Inca priests would select as messengers into the world of the gods. / Los niños momificados recuperados de la cima del volcán Llullaillaco, en los Andes de Argentina, constituyen un ejemplo pocas veces igualado de la visibilidad arqueológica de actores sociales, ya que sus rostros se encuentran casi perfectamente preservados desde el momento de su muerte, hace más de medio milenio. La extraordinaria conservación de la evidencia bioantropológica del Llullaillaco ha permitido abordar temas relativos a la identidad y estatus social de las víctimas sacrificiales en el imperio inca. Los estudios interdisciplinarios en los cuerpos congelados de la doncella y los niños del Llullaillaco —que involucraron técnicas de paleoradiología (radiografías y tomografías computarizadas), estudios de odontología antropológica, exámenes de paleopatología, estudios de ADN antiguo y análisis de cabello— han provisto a los científicos de resultados tangibles para contrastar los requisitos de perfil sexo-etario, belleza física y extracción social que las fuentes históricas refieren en torno a la selección que los sacerdotes incas efectuaban de los mensajeros para el mundo de los dioses.

Cerro Baul: A Wari Enclave Interacting with TiwanakuWari expansion to the extreme south of Peru is a phenomenon whose study began 20 years ago, with the discovery of a great arquitectonic complex at Cerro Baul. The excavations undertaken in the last 3 years have revealed that Cerro Baul was more than a military fortress; it was the most important political and religious center that Wari established in the only region where there is direct evidence of interaction with Tiwanaku, the altiplano state that established its colonial center in the middle Moquegua Valley. Based on the twelve radiocarbon dates from Cerro Baul, we can affirm that this interaction was maintained for over 200 years, a time that included periods of tension and others of cooperation.The current work analyzes the relations that the Wari colony on Cerro Baul maintained with its capital located in the Department of Ayacucho. Therefore, we document the characteristics of the monumental and domestic architecture and establish their relationship to forms found in Ayacucho. We also analyze the irrigation technology implemented by Wari in the zone and compare it with the agricultural techniques utilized prior to Wari expansion in Ayacucho and in Moquegua. Precedents for the irrigation technology in the Cerro Baul region are present in Ayacucho, but are not found in Moquegua. Both lines of evidence indicate that contacts between Cerro Baul and the capital were very strong, a position which is also supported by the extensive exchange of prestige goods. Apparently, the Moquegua colony articulated the Wari state's policies for interacting with the Tiwanaku neighbors. / La expansión wari hacia el extremo sur del Perú es un fenómeno cuyo estudio ha comenzado en los últimos 20 años, con el descubrimiento de un gran complejo arquitectónico en Cerro Baúl. Las excavaciones realizadas en los últimos tres años han revelado que Cerro Baúl, más que una fortaleza, fue un centro político y religioso wari muy importante, establecido como enclave en una región donde resulta evidente una directa interacción con Tiwanaku, el estado altiplánico que colonizó el valle medio del Osmore. En base a 12 fechados radiocarbónicos, se puede deducir que esta interacción se habría mantenido por un lapso aproximado de 200 años, tiempo en el cual habrían existido momentos de tensión y otros de cooperación.EI presente trabajo analiza las relaciones que tenía la colonia wari de Cerro Baúl con su capital, ubicada en el departamento de Ayacucho. Para tal fin se han documentado las características de la arquitectura -doméstica y monumental- y se han establecido sus relaciones con formas encontradas en Ayacucho y en otros centros regionales. También se ha analizado la tecnología de riego implementada por Wari en la zona y comparado con la tecnología agrícola de Ayacucho, notando claras similitudes con ésta y fuertes contrastes con la que había antes de la ocupación wari en Moquegua. Ambas líneas de evidencia indican que los contactos entre Cerro Baúl y la capital eran intensos, lo cual se observa también en el intercambio de bienes de prestigio, notándose que fue la colonia de Moquegua la que mantuvo los lineamientos de la política del Estado Wari en su interacción con Tiwanaku.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste trabalho, sÃo analisadas as relaÃÃes familiares de homens e mulheres escravizados que viveram e trabalharam na regiÃo que abrangia a freguesia de N. S. do Carmo de Piracuruca - PiauÃ, entre 1850 e 1888, fossem elas legitimadas pelas normas religiosa ou consensual, assim, como pelos laÃos de parentescos ritualÃsticos formados atravÃs do compadrio. Constata-se uma variedade de arranjos familiares constituÃdos pelos cativos da freguesia de Piracuruca, regiÃo com economia voltada para o mercado interno, seja nas pequenas, mÃdias e grandes propriedades. QuestÃes como a organizaÃÃo e estabilidade da vida familiar dos escravos sÃo analisadas. AtravÃs dos registros de casamento e batismos, foi possÃvel visualizar diversos tipos de arranjos familiares de homens e mulheres escravizados com pessoas livres e libertas que conviviam e trabalhavam juntos. A leitura dos registros paroquiais e o cruzamento das informaÃÃes com as listas de classificaÃÃo de escravos e censos populacionais das freguesias de Piracuruca e Piripiri permitiram extrair dados sobre os diversos tipos de ligaÃÃes familiares estabelecidas pelos cativos, que apontam para um quadro mais complexo da estrutura familiar escrava, elaborando diferentes estratÃgias de acordo com os recursos disponÃveis, valores e interesses heterogÃneos, mobilizando parentes consanguÃneos, compadres, vizinhos e companheiros de cativeiro. Foram observadas as implicaÃÃes da Lei n. 2.040, de 28 de setembro de 1871 â Lei do Ventre Livre, conhecida, tambÃm, como Lei Rio Branco - na vida familiar dos escravizadas e nos projetos de liberdade, atravÃs da atuaÃÃo do Fundo de EmancipaÃÃo e da importÃncia do pecÃlio para alcanÃar a liberdade. / This work analyses the familial relations concerning slaved men and women that lived and worked on the region of freguesia of Nossa Senhora do Carmo, in Piracuruca â PiauÃ. The chronological delimitation of this work is 1850 to 1888, which aims relations legitimated by either religious normative or consensual agreements, also understanding the laces based on rituals, that were established through compadrio. We argued an array of familial arrangements constituted by the slaves of Piracuruca Freguesia, that has its economical activies directed to internal market, either on small, medium or big properties. We addressed issues as the organization and the stability of familial life of slaves. Through marriage and baptism certificates we enlightened a variety of familial arrangements in which slaved men and women worked together with both, free and freed people. The analytical reading of church registers and through the crossed information between classification lists of slaves and population census data showed a social organization more complex on slaved familial formation, that articulated different approaches according to available resources, that included heterogeneous goals and values, mobilization of parentage relations, compadres, neighbors and captive companions. We also observed the consequences of law 2.040, signed in September, 28th, 1871 â also knowed as Law Rio Branco or Law Freedom of Wombs, on familial lives of slaved people and its impact on freedom projects, through the Emancipation Fund and the importance of savings to reach the freedom.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente trabalho analisarà como se deu a constituiÃÃo do partido liberal moderado na provÃncia do Cearà e que aspectos estiveram envolvidos neste processo. Atribuiu-se como perÃodo de sua formaÃÃo e atuaÃÃo polÃtica o intervalo entre 1830 (quando Josà Martiniano de Alencar chegou à CÃmara dos Deputados e iniciou a troca de correspondÃncias com diversas forÃas polÃticas cearenses) e 1837 (quando ele deixou a PresidÃncia da ProvÃncia do CearÃ, reflexo da queda do partido moderado na Corte e do inÃcio do Regresso conservador). Como fontes de pesquisa teremos cartas privadas, jornais, correspondÃncias oficiais, proclamaÃÃes, leis, dentre outras. O trabalho se estrutura sobre trÃs aspectos: o primeiro à voltado à compreensÃo do ideÃrio liberal moderado e suas bases de sustentaÃÃo, o segundo objetiva evidenciar os meandros que envolveram a formaÃÃo do partido moderado na provÃncia e o terceiro visa compreender as caracterÃsticas da administraÃÃo provincial de Josà Martiniano de Alencar, enquanto momento da consolidaÃÃo do projeto polÃtico liberal moderado no CearÃ. / The following study will analyze how the liberal moderate party was constituted in the province of Cearà and what aspects were involved in this process. It was attributed as its formation period and political acting the time interval between 1830 (when Josà Martiniano de Alencar arrived at the Deputies Chamber and began to write letters to various political powers of CearÃ) and 1837 (when he left the Presidency of Cearà province, reflection of the moderate party fall and the beginning of the conservator Regress). As sources of investigation, we have personal letters, newspapers, official correspondences, proclamations, laws, among other things. This work is organized on three aspects: the first is geared to understand the liberal moderate ideas and its bases, the second aims to show the meanders involved in the moderate party formation in the province and the third intends to comprehend the characteristics of Josà Martiniano de Alencar‟s provincial administration, the consolidation time of liberal moderate political project in CearÃ.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as relações históricas entre o ensino de Música e o ensino Secundário na Corte do Rio de Janeiro, tendo como elemento central a sua constante presença entre as aulas do Imperial Colégio de Pedro II, no século XIX. Para tanto, procura-se analisar a importância simbólica e política da Música na constituição de uma imagem culta e civilizada do Império do Brasil, sobretudo, da boa sociedade na Corte do Rio de Janeiro; a trajetória dos primeiros Mestres de Música do colégio; e as características e o lugar ocupado por suas aulas entre 1838, ano de sua inauguração e 1858, quando seu principal professor deixa o CPII, após a reforma do Regulamento, em 1855, que redefine bruscamente o espaço de sua importância. O corpo documental construído para o trabalho é composto, além das memórias publicadas sobre o colégio, de periódicos e documentos oficiais, tais como: notícias e artigos da imprensa, notas de compra, Quadro de Horários e número de lições, Mapas de Faltas dos professores e o Livro de assentamento dos funcionários do colégio. A metodologia utilizada é a análise qualitativa dos documentos, referenciada pela linha de pesquisa da História Cultural e, especificamente, da História das disciplinas escolares e da História da profissão docente. / [en] This work aims to investigate the historical relationships between music education and secondary education at the court of Rio de Janeiro, with the central element the constant presence of music between classes at Imperial College of Pedro II, in the nineteenth century. To this end, we seek to analyze the symbolic and political importance of music in the formation of a cultured and civilized image of the Empire of Brazil, especially the good society in the Court of Rio de Janeiro, the trajectory of the first music teachers of the college and the characteristics and place that music lessons were getting between the year of its inauguration in 1838 and 1855, when a reform of its Regulations sharply redefines the space of its importance. The documentary corpus built for the work consists, in addition to the published memoirs about the college, periodicals and official documents, such as news and press articles, bills of sale, Timesheet and number of lessons, teachers Maps Fouls Book and settlement of employees of the college. The methodology used is the qualitative analysis of documents referenced by the line of research of Cultural History, and focused specifically on the history of school subjects and the history of the teaching profession.