Ce travail porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux matériaux multiferroïques basés sur le concept très récent de la Ferroélectricité Hybride Impropre.Deux classes de matériaux ont été envisagées : les oxydes de type Ruddlesden-Popper NaRMO4 (R=Y, La; M= Mn, Cr) et les doubles pérovskites ordonnées NaLnCoWO6 (Ln= Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Yb). Les essais de synthèse sur la première classe n’ont pas permis d’obtenir les composés visés. Pour la seconde classe, l’ensemble des composés ont pu être obtenus par synthèse par voie solide à haute température. Les composés NaLnCoWO6 (Ln=La, Pr, Nd) ont été synthétisés à pression ambiante. L’usage des techniques de Hautes Pressions – Hautes Températures (HP-HT) a permis de stabiliser les composés contenant des terres rares plus petites et d’obtenir ainsi neuf nouveaux composés aux propriétés inédites.L’utilisation combinée de la diffraction sur poudre des rayons X au synchrotron et des neutrons a permis une étude structurale fine de la famille des doubles pérovskites ordonnées NaLnCoWO6. Les groupes d’espace ont été déterminés grâce aux affinements Rietveld des diffractogrammes de Rayons X sur poudre haute résolution. Les composés NaLnCoWO6 (Ln=La, Pr, Nd) cristallisent dans le groupe d’espace centrosymétrique C2/m tandis que les 9 nouveaux composés (Ln= Y, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Yb) cristallisent dans le groupe d’espace polaire P21. Des mesures de génération de seconde harmonique confirment la structure non-centrosymétrique des nouveaux composés. L’analyse adaptée des modes de symétrie des composés cristallisant dans la structure polaire montre que l’amplitude du mode polaire induit augmente avec la diminution de la taille du cation Ln3+. La polarisation estimée à partir des affinements de la structure pourrait atteindre jusqu’à ~20µC/cm2.Une transition de phase présentant une très large hystérésis en température (~150K) a été observée par diffraction des neutrons pour le composé NaLaCoWO6. De plus, les images obtenues en Microscopie Electronique en Transmission révèlent la présence de bandes dans la phase haute température. Cette superstructure présente une périodicité de 12ap selon la direction [100]p ou [010]p . On a pu montrer à l’aide d’observations en STEM (microscopie à balayage en transmission) combinées avec des mesures en EELS (spectroscopie de pertes d’énergie des électrons) que ce contraste de bandes n’est pas lié à une variation de composition mais bien à une variation structurale. Différents modèles de rotations des octaèdres d’oxygènes ont été élaborés pour valider les données expérimentales obtenues par diffraction des rayons X et de neutrons. Le schéma de rotation qui décrit au mieux les données est a-a-c0. Concernant la phase basse température le groupe d’espace attribué est le groupe polaire P21.Les caractérisations magnétiques ont été réalisées pour toutes ces phases. Tous les composés NaLnCoWO6 s’ordonnent dans une configuration antiferromagnétique. Les températures de Néel varient entre 4 et 13K en fonction de la nature de la terre-rare. Les moments effectifs déterminés par la loi de Curie-Weiss sont en accord avec les moments théoriques attendus. Toutes les températures de Weiss sont négatives traduisant le fait que les interactions antiferromagnétiques sont prépondérantes dans ces systèmes. Les structures magnétiques ont été déterminées pour les composés Ln= Y, La, Tb, and Ho. Pour ces mêmes composés, des mesures diélectriques en fonction de la température et du champ magnétique ont permis de mettre en évidence un couplage magnéto-diélectrique conséquent pour Ln=Y and Ho. Les mesures de courant pyroélectrique autour de la transition magnétique montrent qu’il existe une polarisation induite par l’ordre magnétique dans le composé NaYCoWO6.. C’est la première mise en évidence expérimentale d’un couplage magnéto-électrique dans la famille des doubles pérovskites ordonnées AA’BB’O6. / In this study, new magneto-electric materials were synthesized on the basis of the very recently recognized ferroelectric inducing mechanism, hybrid improper ferroelectricity, and structural and physical properties characterizations were carried out on these new phases.Two classes of materials were focused on: the Ruddlesden-Popper oxides NaRMO4 (R=Y, La; M= Mn, Cr) and the doubly ordered perovskites NaLnCoWO6 (Ln= Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Yb). Attempts to synthesize the former class failed to give the target phases. All compounds in the latter class were prepared successfully by solid-state reactions at high temperature, among which the compounds NaLnCoWO6 (Ln=La, Pr, Nd) were prepared at ambient pressure while the other nine compounds were synthesized at high pressure.The structural study of the doubly ordered perovskite family NaLnCoWO6 was performed by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXRPD) and neutron powder diffraction (NPD). Based on the Rietveld refinement of the SXRPD patterns, the space groups were assigned. NaLnCoWO6 (Ln=La, Pr, Nd) compounds crystallize in the centrosymmetric C2/m symmetry, whereas the other nine new compounds crystallize in the polar space group P21. Second harmonic generation measurements on powder confirmed the non-centrosymmetric structure of the new compounds. Symmetry mode analysis demonstrates that the amplitude of the induced polar mode increases with a decreasing Ln cation size. The amplitude of the polarization was estimated from the refined structures, and can be as large as ~20µC/cm2.A structural phase transition was observed by NPD in NaLaCoWO6 with a large temperature hysteresis of ~150K. In addition, stripes were observed on the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images in the high temperature phase. The periodicity of this superstructure is 12ap along either the [100]p or [010]p direction. Further investigations by scanning TEM and electron energy loss spectroscopy revealed that the contrast of the stripes is due to a structural modulation rather than a compositional variation. Octahedral tilt twinning models were built with different tilting schemes to fit the observed SXRPD and NPD patterns. The tilting scheme a-a-c0 describes successfully the data. The low temperature phase was unambiguously determined to possess the polar space group P21.Magnetic and electric properties were experimentally characterized. All NaLnCoWO6 compounds order antiferromagnetically below TN which is between 4 and 13K. Curie-Weill fits were performed for all compounds, yielding reasonable effective magnetic moments compared to the theoretical ones. Weiss temperatures were all determined to be negative further indicating that antiferromagnetic interactions are dominant in these systems. Magnetic structures were determined for four NaLnCoWO6 (Ln= Y, La, Tb, and Ho) compounds, of which two have non-magnetic Ln cations (Y and La) and two have magnetic ones (Tb and Ho). Magneto-dielectric coupling was experimentally observed in compounds NaLnCoWO6 (Ln=Y, Tb, Ho) by dielectric measurements as a function of temperature and magnetic field. Polarization was derived for the Y and Ho compounds from pyroelectric current measurement, however, only the NaYCoWO6 compound demonstrates a polar behavior which cannot be switched. This is the first evidence that electric polarization can be induced by the magnetic ordering in the AA’BB’O6 class materials.

O trabalho aborda a responsabilidade civil das concessionárias de rodovias e a lesão individual devido a dano ambiental em face de acidente na via, decorrente de deficiências de construção, conservação, manutenção ou sinalização das rodovias. Expõe aspectos da responsabilidade civil e a concessão de rodovias com pedágio, em breve estudo do instituto da concessão, que dá origem ao complexo de relações que se estabelecem entre o Estado, a concessionária privada, o usuário e terceiro, analisando o contrato de concessão, suas características, as obrigações das partes. Abrange o estudo da responsabilidade civil e da responsabilidade civil do Estado, com enfoque na responsabilidade objetiva e a norma do § 6° do art. 37 da Constituição Federal. Destaca o dano ambiental, suas características, a responsabilidade civil e a responsabilidade do Estado por dano ambiental, a responsabilidade objetiva e as teorias que a informam, com enfoque na lesão individual decorrente de dano ambiental e sua reparação examinando o previsto no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Aborda a responsabilidade das concessionárias de rodovias com enfoque na aplicação do art. 37, § 6°, da Constituição Federal, que estendeu a responsabilidade do Estado às concessionárias de rodovias. Examina jurisprudências que resultaram na responsabilidade civil da concessionária por danos decorrentes de acidentes devido a deficiências de construção, conservação, manutenção ou sinalização de rodovia e relativas à responsabilidade civil por lesão individual decorrente de dano ambiental. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-20T17:13:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Jussara M M Ososrio.pdf: 905798 bytes, checksum: 073f5c2fe81c37e48a1ff1088f7efd37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T17:13:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Jussara M M Ososrio.pdf: 905798 bytes, checksum: 073f5c2fe81c37e48a1ff1088f7efd37 (MD5) / This study deals with the civil responsibility of highway concession holders and individual harm stemming from environmental damage caused by road accidents, resultant from improper construction, maintenance or signposting of highways. It deals with aspects of civil responsibility and the concession of highways with toll systems. It is a brief study of concession granting, giving rise to the complex of relationships established between the State, the private concession holder, users and third parties, analyzing the concession contract, its characteristics, and the obligations of the parties. This study spans civil responsibility and the responsibility of the State, focusing on objective responsibility and norm § 6° of art. 37 of the Federal Constitution. Special attention is given to environmental damage, its characteristics, civil responsibility and the responsibility of the State for environmental damage, objective responsibility and the theories that inform them, focusing on individual harm caused by environmental damage and its reparation examining the provisions in Brazilian law. It deals with the responsibility of the highway concession holders focused on application of art. 37, § 6° of the Fede ral Constitution, which extended the responsibility of the State to highway concession holders. It examines the law that has resulted in the civil responsibility of concession holders for damages caused by accidents resulting from improper construction, maintenance or signposting of highways and that relative to civil responsibility for individual harm caused by environmental damage.

Chemical weapons count among the weapons of mass destruction. In addition to chemical weapons, also nuclear and biological weapons belong here. Historically, chemical weapons rank among the oldest ones. Their initial steps were made in the distant past, even if they were not called so then. However, the initial utilization of chemical agents against human force is more connected with fire. It was used for protection against attacks of animals as well as people. Later on it was used to protect or capture towns and fortifications. The most extensive use of chemical weapons in war occurred during World War I. A large number of chemical substances was tested, the most important being phosgene. In 1917, German army used vesicant yperite near the town of Ypres. The development of chemical warfare agents continued also after the year 1918. During World War II, chemical weapons were practically not used. If it happened, then on the secondary fronts only. The main reason was the fear of possible retaliation. From 1939 to 1945, huge amounts of chemical warfare agents were made. Towards the end of the war this stockpile amounted to approximately 400 000 tonnes. After World War II, a new stage of chemical armament has begun. The greatest attention was concentrated on nerve agents, sarin, soman and agent VX. Chemical warfare agents have been further used also after the year 1945. In the not so distant past, Iraq used nerve-paralyzing agents and yperite during the Iran-Iraq War (1980 {--} 1988). Last but not least, the use of chemical warfare agents for terrorist purposes is to be mentioned. In January 1993, the global fight against chemical weapons culminated in signing of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction. Under this Convention, chemical weapons were to be liquidated until the year 2007. States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention which did not comply with this deadline have asked for prolongation of the final deadlines for chemical weapons liquidation until 29 April 2012. The question remains if even this prolongation will fulfil the goal of the Convention {--} to ensure a world without chemical weapons. Until the time when the stockpiles of chemical weapons are completely liquidated their possible misuse cannot be excluded. The states which have not joined the Convention as yet and own limited stockpiles of chemical weapons can use them.

O trabalho aborda a responsabilidade civil das concessionárias de rodovias e a lesão individual devido a dano ambiental em face de acidente na via, decorrente de deficiências de construção, conservação, manutenção ou sinalização das rodovias. Expõe aspectos da responsabilidade civil e a concessão de rodovias com pedágio, em breve estudo do instituto da concessão, que dá origem ao complexo de relações que se estabelecem entre o Estado, a concessionária privada, o usuário e terceiro, analisando o contrato de concessão, suas características, as obrigações das partes. Abrange o estudo da responsabilidade civil e da responsabilidade civil do Estado, com enfoque na responsabilidade objetiva e a norma do § 6° do art. 37 da Constituição Federal. Destaca o dano ambiental, suas características, a responsabilidade civil e a responsabilidade do Estado por dano ambiental, a responsabilidade objetiva e as teorias que a informam, com enfoque na lesão individual decorrente de dano ambiental e sua reparação examinando o previsto no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Aborda a responsabilidade das concessionárias de rodovias com enfoque na aplicação do art. 37, § 6°, da Constituição Federal, que estendeu a responsabilidade do Estado às concessionárias de rodovias. Examina jurisprudências que resultaram na responsabilidade civil da concessionária por danos decorrentes de acidentes devido a deficiências de construção, conservação, manutenção ou sinalização de rodovia e relativas à responsabilidade civil por lesão individual decorrente de dano ambiental. / This study deals with the civil responsibility of highway concession holders and individual harm stemming from environmental damage caused by road accidents, resultant from improper construction, maintenance or signposting of highways. It deals with aspects of civil responsibility and the concession of highways with toll systems. It is a brief study of concession granting, giving rise to the complex of relationships established between the State, the private concession holder, users and third parties, analyzing the concession contract, its characteristics, and the obligations of the parties. This study spans civil responsibility and the responsibility of the State, focusing on objective responsibility and norm § 6° of art. 37 of the Federal Constitution. Special attention is given to environmental damage, its characteristics, civil responsibility and the responsibility of the State for environmental damage, objective responsibility and the theories that inform them, focusing on individual harm caused by environmental damage and its reparation examining the provisions in Brazilian law. It deals with the responsibility of the highway concession holders focused on application of art. 37, § 6° of the Fede ral Constitution, which extended the responsibility of the State to highway concession holders. It examines the law that has resulted in the civil responsibility of concession holders for damages caused by accidents resulting from improper construction, maintenance or signposting of highways and that relative to civil responsibility for individual harm caused by environmental damage.

[pt] Neste trabalho, estudamos superfícies com curvatura média afim zero. Elas são chamadas de superfícies mínimas afins e para superfícies convexas, também são chamadas de superfícies máximas afins. Provamos que uma superfície mínima euclidiana também é uma superfície mínima afim se, e somente se, as linhas de curvatura da superfície mínima euclidiana conjugada são planas. Para uma superfície máxima afim, descrevemos como recuperá-la do campo de vetor conormal ao longo de uma determinada curva. Para algumas escolhas do vector conormal, a superfície máxima é singular e descrevemos as condições sob as quais as singularidades são arestas cuspidais ou swallowtails. / [en] In this work we study surfaces with zero affine mean curvature. They are called affine minimal surfaces and for convex surfaces, they are also called affine maximal surfaces. We prove that an euclidean minimal surface is also an affine minimal surface if and only if the curvature lines of the conjugate euclidean minimal surface are planar. For an affine maximal surface, we describe how to recover it from the conormal vector field along a given curve. For some choices of the conormal vector, the maximal surface is singular and we describe conditions under which the singularities are cuspidal edges or swallowtails.

Les dérivés cyclopropanoïques sont des composés importants dans plusieurs domaines tels que la synthèse organique, la chimie médicinale et la science des matériaux. La synthèse asymétrique des dérivés cyclopropanoïques s'est de plus en plus concentrée sur la synthèse stéréocontrolée de cyclopropanes polysubstitutés qui arborent toute une gamme de substituants distincts. Ces méthodes permettent d’accéder à des synthèses divergentes pour préparer des composés pharmaceutiques comportant cette sous-unité. De plus, l'ouverture facile de ce cycle très tendu en fait une bonne cible pour étudier l'activation de la liaison C‒C. C’est pourquoi les cyclopropanes sont parmi les composés les plus attrayants et les plus diversifiés en synthèse organique. La synthèse divergente de dérivés cyclopropanoïques repose sur l'utilisation de précurseurs stables mais réactifs. L'une des réactions pour former des liaisons C‒C les plus couramment utilisées dans la fonctionnalisation à un stade avancé, est la réaction de couplage croisé de Suzuki-Miyaura. C'est l'une des raisons pour lesquelles les borocyclopropanes sont devenus des précurseurs synthétiques attrayants pour la fonctionnalisation et diversification des molécules complexes. L’accès à de telles molécules faciliterait la préparation de molécules cyclopropanoïques de structures diversifiées. Il est difficile de préparer des borocyclopropanes de manière énantiosélective. Dans cette thèse, une cyclopropanation énantiosélective d'acides boroniques protégés dérivés d'alcools allyliques a été réalisée via la réaction de cyclopropanation asymétrique en présence du ligand chiral de type dioxaborolane. Le développement de cette méthodologie a nécessité une modification de la décomplexation oxydative existante du dioxaborolane via son complexe dérivé de la diéthanolamine. Le protocole est maintenant applicable aux dérivés boronates qui incluent des groupements fonctionnels qui sont incompatibles avec les bases. Les borocyclopropanes tétracoordonnés obtenus permettent également la formation de liaisons C‒C et ont démontré une stabilité améliorée par rapport à leurs dérivés tricoordonnés. Une étude plus approfondie sur des complexes cyclopropylméthylamine-boranes (CAB) a démontré que ces derniers pouvaient conduire aux amine-boranes spirocycliques (SCAB). Ces SCAB ont été obtenus grâce à une cascade d'activation des CABs en utilisant le bis(trifluorométhanesulfonimide) (Tf2NH) comme initiateur. L'ouverture du cycle des CAB représente la première conversion des cyclopropanes en spirocycles contenant à la fois un N-spirocentre et un spiro amine-borane. Les amine-boranes ont démontré une activité pharmacologique telle que des propriétés anticancéreuses, anti-inflammatoires et anti-ostéoporotiques. L'incorporation de spirocycles dans un motif augmente le caractère sp3 et la chiralité inhérente. Les SCAB rendent alors des candidats attrayants pour la conception de médicaments. La réaction de SCAB avec de Tf2NH en quantités stoechiométriques a donné un complexe SCAB•NTf2 qui est capable de réduire les fonctions cétone, aldéhyde, imine, nitrobenzène, nitrosobenzène, anthracène, indole et aryl méthyl éther. Le complexe SCAB•NTf2 est également capable de réduire le diphénylacétylène de manière Z-sélective en cis-stilbène. Des études spectroscopiques approfondies ont donné plus d'informations sur la structure de SCAB•NTf2 et nous ont permis de proposer un mécanisme de réduction des groupements fonctionnels ci-dessus. Les études spectroscopiques (RMN, IR et Raman) ont également révélé l'implication d'une liaison α-C‒H au bore dans une liaison hydrogène hypsochromique « improper hydrogen bond » avec [Tf2N]-. L'hyperconjugaison avec l’atome de bore, un acide de Lewis, est proposée, ce qui rend la liaison C‒H acide et donc suffisamment polarisée pour agir comme un donneur de pont hydrogène. / Cyclopropane derivatives are incredibly versatile building blocks used in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. The asymmetric synthesis of cyclopropane derivatives has increasingly focused on achieving polysubstituted cyclopropanes with a range of distinct substituents and their use in divergent syntheses to access pharmaceutical compounds. Moreover, the ring-opening potential of the cyclopropane ring, due to its inherent strain, makes it a facile target for C‒C bond activation and one of the most attractive and diverse cycloalkanes in organic synthesis. Divergent synthesis of cyclopropanes relies on stable pre-installed handles on cyclopropanes that can be activated readily. One of the most common C‒C bond formation approaches used in late-stage functionalization is the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. As a result, borocyclopropanes have become attractive synthetic building blocks for their use in late-stage functionalization. Methods for the enantioselective synthesis of borocyclopropanes are scarce. In this thesis, the first enantioselective cyclopropanation of an allylic alcohol bearing a tetracoordinate boronate has been achieved via the Charette dioxaborolane-mediated enantioselective cyclopropanation reaction. The development of our method required modification of the existing oxidative decomplexation of dioxaborolane via diethanolamine. The protocol has now been expanded to include boronates and base-sensitive functionalities. The tetracoordinate borocyclopropane obtained was also shown to undergo C‒C bond formation and demonstrated enhanced stability compared to its tricoordinate boronate derivative. Further investigation of boron tethered cyclopropanes led to the discovery of the unique transformation of cyclopropane amine-boranes (CABs) to spirocyclic amine-boranes (SCABs). SCABs were obtained through a cascade activation of CAB via bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (Tf2NH). The ring-opening of CABs represents the first conversion of cyclopropanes to spirocycles containing an N-spirocenter and furthermore an amine-borane spirocore. Amine-boranes have shown pharmacological activity such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-osteoporotic properties. Incorporating spirocycles into a motif increases sp3 character and inherent chirality, rendering SCABs as attractive candidates for drug design. The reaction of SCAB with stoichiometric amounts of Tf2NH resulted in a SCAB•NTf2 complex that was found to be able to reduce ketone, aldehyde, imine, nitrobenzene, nitrosobenzene, anthracene, and indole functionalities as well as demethylate aryl methyl ethers. The SCAB•NTf2 complex was also capable of reducing diphenylacetylene in a Z-selective manner to cis-stilbene. In-depth spectroscopic studies revealed the structure of SCAB•NTf2 and a mechanism for the reduction of the above functionalities is proposed. The spectroscopic studies (NMR, IR and Raman) revealed the involvement of an α-C‒H bond to boron in improper hydrogen bonding with [Tf2N]-. Hyperconjugation to the Lewis acidic boron is proposed to make the C‒H bond acidic and therefore polarized enough to act as a hydrogen bond donor.

自2008年5月起，國內發生了向銀行購買號稱保本或條件式保本的結構型債券的投資人，因所購買之結構債觸及下限，導致本金大賠，而這些投資人無法承受損失，組成自救會要向銀行討回投資本金的事件；同年9月美國雷曼兄弟公司倒閉，購買連結該公司股票，或購買由該公司及其子公司發行或保證之結構債之受害投資人要求銀行全額買回不當銷售之結構債，另外投資人亦多向銀行主管機關行政院金融監督管理委員會、民意代表等提出陳情，指稱銀行在販售結構債時，並沒有善盡事前告知的義務，加上用詐欺或誘導等方式進行不當行銷勸誘，並對應告知投資人的重要事項僅為選擇性的說明，且更有理專在簽約書面文件中偽造其已告知投資人相關風險及資訊，因此造成銀行不當銷售結構債等金融商品的議題受到重視及討論。 我國傳統上面對金融商品係針對個別商品之架構（例如有價證券或期貨）而採不同的監理規範，惟此種立法係以商品得以明確定性為前提，然在財務工程技術不斷推陳出新，金融創新成為趨勢的現在，混合傳統商品所推出的新型態金融商品就應如何定性及適用法律，即為監理及投資人保護法制上的新課題。 此外，從民眾經由銀行推介而投資結構型債券而生的糾紛可發現，銀行在向民眾推介購買金融商品時，常發生糾紛的類型多可歸類為未推薦符合客戶風險屬性商品的商品適合性（suitability）不符，以及銷售時未確實對於該項商品可能產生的風險完整告知。故有關商品適合性及告知義務在我國法上的規範及內容，及對於違反商品適合性及告知義務時，受害投資人若要提起相關訴訟時，應該如何主張自身的權益，亦為本文研究的重心。 本文於第壹章提出本文研究動機及研究方法，第貳章則介紹結構型債券的種類及風險，並嘗試替結構債進行法律定性，第參章分析銀行辦理財富管理業務時，應遵守之法規範，同時介紹國內銀行受投資人委託投資結構債之規定，並附論主管機關因結構債銷售爭議事件發生，而對結構型商品所增訂的管制規範，以及我國統一管理金融服務業銷售行為規範的金融服務業法。第肆章為分析國內銀行不當銷售結構債予一般投資人之法律爭議，並介紹國外實務案例，以及國外有關違反忠實義務及注意義務的判斷標準；另從我國現行法制下檢討受到銀行不當銷售之投資人可能得主張銀行損害賠償之請求權基礎，並觀察與分析我國目前利用銀行公會評議機制處理投資人申訴之情形；第伍章介紹英國2000年金融服務暨市場法中，關於消費者遇到金融商品服務相關糾紛時得採用的申訴機制，並介紹日本金融商品販賣法及金融商品交易法中對銷售行為管制相關規定；另附論該國實務界對於金融機構不當銷售時，對投資人應負的責任，以及該國實務界調節損害賠償責任的方式；第陸章為結論及建議，將提出我國目前法制對不當銷售之問題面臨的挑戰，尤其是於金融商品交易資訊不對稱的情形下，投資人提起商品適合性與金融機構未盡告知義務訴訟時產生的難題，並提供相關建議。

The subject of my master thesis is the EU directive 2004/35 on environmental responsibility, prevention and damage redress, its implementation into the legal order of the Czech Republic and the potential impact of undue transposition of the directive. The first part of my thesis deals with the harmonization need in this area and with the directive itself. Following a brief introduction of the directive, I'm presenting an overview of its basic institutes and their legal form. I'm also making an effort at identifying possible shortcomings of the directive. The basic institutes of the directive include: key principles, the environmental damage itself, operational activity, responsibility mechanisms, financial safeguards and the administrative procedure to impose a preventive or a remedial provisions. The second part of my thesis deals with the theoretical aspects of appropriate implementation, such as the interpretation of the directive, a timely adoption of the transposition provisions, proper projection of the content of the directive, due form of the transposition provisions, the application of EU norms, the equivalence and effectiveness imperative and the internal Czech rules for the implementation of EU norms that have been laid down by the governmental provision Nr. 1304 (methodological directions). The...

Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier l’approximation d’a priori impropres par des suites d’a priori propres. Nous définissons un mode de convergence sur les mesures de Radon strictement positives pour lequel une suite de mesures de probabilité peut admettre une mesure impropre pour limite. Ce mode de convergence, que nous appelons convergence q-vague, est indépendant du modèle statistique. Il permet de comprendre l’origine du paradoxe de Jeffreys-Lindley. Ensuite, nous nous intéressons à l’estimation de la taille d’une population. Nous considérons le modèle du removal sampling. Nous établissons des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes sur un certain type d’a priori pour obtenir des estimateurs a posteriori bien définis. Enfin, nous montrons à l’aide de la convergence q-vague, que l’utilisation d’a priori vagues n’est pas adaptée car les estimateurs obtenus montrent une grande dépendance aux hyperparamètres. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the approximation of improper priors by proper priors. We define a convergence mode on the positive Radon measures for which a sequence of probability measures could converge to an improper limiting measure. This convergence mode, called q-vague convergence, is independant from the statistical model. It explains the origin of the Jeffreys-Lindley paradox. Then, we focus on the estimation of the size of a population. We consider the removal sampling model. We give necessary and sufficient conditions on the hyperparameters in order to have proper posterior distributions and well define estimate of abundance. In the light of the q-vague convergence, we show that the use of vague priors is not appropriate in removal sampling since the estimates obtained depend crucially on hyperparameters.

我國興櫃股票之交易方式係由推薦證券商（即興櫃股票之造市商）之報價主導交易進行，屬於報價驅動（Quote-driven）之交易方式，與我國上櫃股票採取「等價交易」及上市股票採取「競價交易」等均屬委託單驅動（Order-driven）之交易方式迥然不同。 按我國證券交易法第155條第2項準用同條第1項規定之適用結果，「於證券商營業處所買賣有價證券」者，仍應有第1項所揭反市場操縱條款之適用。惟有關興櫃股票交易在成交對象之選擇、成交順序、成交價格決定，乃至於成交後之給付結算作業方式等，均與我國現行上市（櫃）股票之交易及交割方式具有明顯之差異，致應如何適用證券交易法反市場操縱條款之規定，乃成疑義。 本文鑒於興櫃股票市場規模已呈穩定成長之勢，不難想像興櫃股票交易與市場操縱行為之間終將有擦出爭議火花之時，故以比較法學研究之觀點，歸納並分析興櫃股票與上市（櫃）股票交易方式之差異及其癥結所在。另蒐集瀏覽世界各國主要證券市場之交易規制，包括美國OTCBB市場、歐陸Alternext市場及英國AIM市場，分析其他採用報價驅動交易模式之先進市場當中有關造市商義務之規範，以掌握造市商義務之核心意涵。進而以造市商義務範圍及報價驅動市場之交易特徵為基礎，逐一檢測興櫃股票適用我國證券交易法所揭「違約不交割」、「相對委託」、「連續交易」、「沖洗買賣」、「散布流言或不實資料」及「其他直接或間接操縱市場」等各款反市場操縱條款規定可能引發之爭議，並提出本文意見。 / The trading mechanism of Taiwan Emerging Stock is based on quote-driven model, which is very different from the order-driven model of the Taiwan OTC securities market and Taiwan Stock Exchange market. By the Taiwan Securities and Exchange Act Article 155 paragraph 2 permitted that paragraph 1, the anti-market manipulation provisions, shall apply mutatis mutandis to securities transactions conducted on the over-the-counter markets. However, lots of Taiwan Emerging stock trading rules such as allowing the participants to choose their counterparty, the matching sequence rules, the price decision rules, and even the rules of payment and settlement practices after transaction, all have significantly differences between those of Taiwan Emerging stock market and listed stock market. Therefore, how should Taiwan Emerging stock apply to the Securities Exchange Act under the terms of the anti-market manipulation is into doubt. Taiwan Emerging stock market has shown a steady growth trend, hence, it is easy to imagine that Taiwan Emerging stock trading and market manipulation issues will eventually rise to controversy. This thesis is to study from the point of view of comparative law, by means of analyzing the emerging stock markets of the advanced countries, including the U.S. OTCBB market, the European Alternext market and the UK AIM market, to conclude the crux of the difference between the quote-driven and order-driven market models. Then, to understand the characteristics and core obligation of the market maker under quote-driven market model, furthermore, to detect the disputes may lead for adapting the anti-manipulation provisions to Taiwan Emerging stock, including the terms of "breach of contract non-deliverable", "improper matched orders ", "continuous trading", "wash sale", "spreading rumors or false information" and other direct or indirect behavior of manipulation". And this thesis proposed its discovery at the end.