Master thesis investigates reproductive barriers in diploid-polyploid complex of Vicia cracca. Complex with basic chromosome number x=7 consists of diploid (2x=14), tetraploid (4x=28) and rare triploid (3x=21) cytotype. I studied prezygotic barriers between diploid and tetraploid cytotype: phenology of flowering, pollinators' behavior (preference of spieces of pollinators to cytotypes, sequence of visited cytotypes), variables, that could explain pollinators' behavior (amount of nectar as the main reward, size and amount of pollen grains as a potentional reward). To find out how strong the triploid block is, I analyzed ploidy of seeds and seedlings from mixed-ploidy population. The habitat isolation showed up to be the strongest reproductive barrier. Pollinator's behavior meaningfully contributes to isolation, phenology of flowering contributes only minimally. Index expressing rate of prereproductive barriers is 0,990. Pollinator Bombus pascuorum visited on one locality preferably tetraploid plants and Andrena sp. preferred diploid plants. Even though tetraploid plants produce more nectar, no other analysis showed pollinators' preference to tetraploid plants.

The chromosomal translocation of t(14;18)(14q32;18q21) is a characteristic aberration of follicular lymphoma and Diffuse Large B cells lymphoma. By PCR, it was proved that the rearrangement of chromosomes 14 and 18 leads to an overexpression of BCL2, an anti-apoptotic protein, which is one of the factors responsible for the maturation of the diseases. The translocation involves the promoter region of IGH gene and the transcriptional unit of BCL2 gene. Previous studies carried out in Dr Tosi’s lab showed a looping out of the BCL2 gene from its chromosome territory in 15% of the nuclei analysed. This looping out could be possibly responsible for the transcriptional activity of the gene. A further relevant finding concerns the spatial distribution of the genes involved in the translocation in the interphase nuclei. In the Pfeiffer cell line, harbouring the t(14;18) rearrangement, the translocated BCL2 gene was positioned in the cell nuclei according to a bimodal distribution. One could speculate that the distribution in the periphery and in the centre of the nuclei could divide the Pfeiffer cell line in two different subpopulations, consequently from the transcriptional activity. These preliminary data set the ground for more experimental work to test whether genes associated with the nuclear interior were transcriptionally active as opposed to the genes positioned towards the nuclear periphery, transcriptionally inactive. The work here presented focuses on this investigation using RNA-DNA FISH (Fluorescence in situ hybridization). My work enabled the detection of IGH, BCL2 and t(14;18) genes along with their transcripts inside of the nuclei of Pfeiffer cell line. Contrary to what had been hinted by previous work, my results showed multiple nuclear positions of transcriptionally active IGH/BCL2 translocation. The result will need to be further supported by software analysis in order to define its specific nuclear position and to ensure the perfect localization of the genes inside each nucleus.

Contexte : Le récepteur hormone folliculo-stimulante (FSHR) est exprimé par les cellules de l'endothélium vasculaire dans un large éventail de tumeurs humaines primaires. Notre but était d'évaluer l'intérêt de FSHR comme marqueur des vaisseaux sanguins tumoraux associés aux sarcomes, les sous-types moléculaires du cancer du sein et des métastases ainsi que comme biomarqueur prédictif de la réponse au traitement anti-angiogénique. Méthodes : Nous avons utilisé l'immunohistochimie comme technique de révélation. Ceci implique la production d'un anticorps monoclonal hautement spécifique anti-FSHR (produit chez la souris) et l'hybridation in situ pour détecter FSHR dans des échantillons de tissus provenant de patients atteints de sarcomes (308 patients), les sous-types moléculaires du cancer du sein (84 patients), et des métastases (203 patients). Pour évaluer FSHR comme marqueur prédictif du traitement anti-angiogénique du cancer du rein métastatique avec le sunitinib, nous avons utilisé la microscopie confocale à immunofluorescence. Nous avons également co-localiser FSHR avec le facteur von Willebrand, un marqueur des cellules endothéliales vasculaires (50 patients).RésultatsFSHR est exprimé dans les 11 sous-types de patients atteints de sarcomes ont analysés et dans 75% des tumeurs métastatiques examinées, ainsi que dans tous les sous-types moléculaires des cancers du sein. Dans cadre de l'étude du cancer du rein métastatique, le pourcentage de vaisseaux marqués FSHR était en moyenne cinq fois plus élevé pour les patients qui ont répondu au traitement par rapport au groupe stable et presque huit fois plus élevé que dans le groupe non-réponse (57%, 11% et 7 %, respectivement).ConclusionsNos résultats montrent que, en plus des cancers signalés précédemment, FSHR peut être considéré comme marqueur tumoral pour les sarcomes et les métastases. En outre, FSHR peut être utilisé, avec une sensibilité et une spécificité élevée, en tant que biomarqueur prédictif de la réponse au traitement par sunitinib des patients atteints de cancer du rein métastatique. / Background : Follicle Stimulating Hormone receptor (FSHR) is expressed by the vascular endothelium in a wide range of human primary tumors. Our purpose was to further evaluate FSHR as marker of tumor blood vessels associated with sarcomas, breast cancer molecular subtypes, and metastases as well as predictive biomarker of response to antiangiogenic treatment.MethodsWe used immunohistochemistry involving a highly specific mouse monoclonal anti-FSHR antibody and in situ hybridization to detect FSHR in tissue samples from patients with sarcomas (308 patients), breast cancer molecular subtypes (84 patients), and metastases (203 patients). To evaluate FSHR as predictive marker of antiangiogenic treatment of metastatic kidney cancer with sunitinib, we used immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to co-localize FSHR with von Willebrand factor, a marker of vascular endothelial cells (50 patients).ResultsFSHR is expressed in all 11 subtypes of sarcoma patients analysed, in 75% of metastatic tumors examined as well as in all different molecular subtypes of breast cancers. In metastatic kidney cancer patients the percentage of FSHR stained vessels was on average fivefold higher for the patients who responded to the treatment in comparison with the stable group and almost eightfold higher than in the non-responsive group (57%, 11%, and 7%, respectively).ConclusionsOur results suggest that, in addition to the cancers previously reported, FSHR can be considered as tumor marker for sarcomas and metastasis. Moreover, FSHR can be used, with high sensitivity and specificity, as predictive biomarker for the response to sunitinib treatment of patients with metastatic kidney cancer.

Cytogenetics of spiders of the infraorder Mygalomorphae is largely unknown. My thesis is focused on the karyotype evolution of spiders of families Hexathelidae Dipluridae, which are basal groups of the superfamily Avicularioidea. In this thesis the evolution of diploid chromosome number, chromosome morfology, and also sex chromosomes are studied. The karyotypes of the mygalomorphs are quite interesting for their diversity. Many members of the family Hexathelidae exhibit extreme systems of a chromosomal sex determination which are composed by many gonosomes X. The meiotic division of males is analyzed. Some species exhibit modifications of this division such as achiazmatic meiosis. Selected markers have been detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Keywords: evolution, fluorescent in situ hybridization, karyotype, nucleolus organizer region, sex chromosomes, spider

INTRODUÇÃO: Recentemente, a classificação molecular do câncer gástrico (CG) emergiu como opção promissora para definir subgrupos prognósticos, distinguir o comportamento biológico, além de permitir a identificação de potenciais alvos terapêuticos para drogas específicas. Por meio de técnicas moleculares, o CG foi dividido em 4 subtipos: instabilidade de microssatélites (MSI), vírus Epstein-Barr (EBV)-positivo, genomicamente estável (GS) e instabilidade cromossômica (CIN). Os custos associados à complexidade técnica das metodologias moleculares são ainda um obstáculo para sua implantação na prática de rotina. OBJETIVOS: Determinar os grupos da classificação molecular por meio da expressão proteica de marcadores associados a cada subtipo. Comparar as diferentes classificações moleculares existentes e propor um novo modelo. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 287 pacientes com CG submetidos à gastrectomia-D2 curativa, por meio da construção de tissue microarray. A expressão das proteínas de reparo do DNA, E-caderina e p53 foram avaliadas por imuno-histoquímica (IH), determinando os grupos MSI, GS e CIN, respectivamente. O EBV foi detectado por hibridização in situ (ISH). RESULTADOS: Após avaliação histopatológica, 179 (62,4%) pacientes foram classificados como CIN, 58 (20,2%) MSI, 30 (10,5%) EBV e 20 (7%) como GS. Os subtipos associaram-se com características distintas, tais como: gênero masculino (EBV, p=0.101); idade avançada (MSI, p=0,017), menor relação neutrófilo-linfócito (CIN, p=0,029), gastrectomia total (EBV, p < 0,001), localização distal (MSI, p=0,004), Laurén difuso (GS, p < 0,001), e estádio avançado (GS, p=0,014). O subtipo MSI apresentou melhor sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) (82,8%), seguido pelo EBV e CIN (ambos com 70%) e GS (50%) (p=0.005). A sobrevida global (SG) foi maior nos tumores MSI (75,9%), seguido pelo EBV (73,3%), CIN (65.4%) e GS (45%, mediana de 25 meses) (p=0.007). Em análise multivariada, gastrectomia total, pT, pN e os subtipos tumorais foram fatores significativos associados à SLD (MSI p=0,012; EBV p=0,037; CIN p=0,018; GS referência). Do mesmo modo, o tipo de cirurgia, pT, e os subtipos tumorais foram fatores independentes associados a SG (MSI p=0,010; EBV p=0,006; CIN p=0,025; GS referência). Com base no risco de recidiva dos pacientes do estudo, nova classificação, que inclui 5 subtipos, foi proposta. Evidenciou-se que a classificação por risco e cluster tiveram melhor acurácia para identificar recidivas e óbitos respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A análise IH/ISH foi capaz de determinar subtipos de CG com características clinicopatológicas e prognósticos distintos, reproduzindo os subtipos obtidos pela classificação molecular / BACKGROUND: Recently, the molecular classification of gastric cancer (CG) emerged as a promising option to define prognostic subgroups, to distinguish biological behavior, and to identify potential therapeutic targets for specific drugs. Through molecular techniques, GC was divided into 4 subtypes: microsatellite instability (MSI), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive, genomically stable (GS) and chromosomal instability (CIN). The costs associated with the technical complexity of the molecular methodologies are still an obstacle to its implementation in routine practice. OBJECTIVES: To determine molecular classification groups by means of protein expression of markers associated with each subtype. To compare the different existing molecular classifications and propose a new model. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 287 CG patients submitted to curative D2-gastrectomy through the construction of tissue microarray. Expression of the DNA repair proteins, E-cadherin and p53 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IH), determining the MSI, GS and CIN subtypes, respectively. EBV was detected by in situ hybridization (ISH). RESULTS: After the histopathological evaluation, 179 (62.4%) patients were classified as CIN, 58 (20.2%) MSI, 30 (10.5%) EBV and 20 GS (7%) as GS. The subtypes presented associations with distinct characteristics, such as: male gender (EBV, p=0.101); advanced age (MSI, p=0.017), Laurén diffuse type (GS, p < 0.001), lower neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (CIN, p=0.029), total gastrectomy (EBV, p < 0.001), distal location (MSI, p=0.004), and advanced stage (GS, p=0.014). The MSI subtype presented better disease-free survival (DFS) (82.8%), followed by the EBV and CIN subtypes (both with 70%) and GS (50%) (p=0.005). Overall survival (OS) was higher in MSI tumors (75.9%), followed by EBV (73.3%), CIN (65.4%) and GS (45%, median of 25 months) (p=0.007). In multivariate analysis, total gastrectomy, tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, and tumor subtypes were significant factors associated with SLD (MSI p=0.012, EBV p=0.037, CIN p=0.018, GS reference). Likewise, type of surgery, pT, and tumor subtypes were independent factors associated with OS (p=0.010, p=0.010, EBV p=0.006, CIN p=0.025, GS reference). Based on the risk of recurrence, a new classification including 5 subtypes was proposed. It was evidenced that the risk classification and cluster had better accuracy to identify recurrences and deaths respectively. CONCLUSION: The IH / ISH analysis was able to determine CG groups with clinicopathological characteristics and distinct prognoses, reproducing the subtypes obtained by the molecular classification

A esquistossomose é uma doença causada por trematódeos do gênero Schistosoma. Dentre os genes identificados no transcriptoma do parasita, membros da família gênica SmVAL (Schistosoma mansoni Venom Allergen-Like) foram apontados como candidatos vacinais. SmVALs foram identificadas em secreções de cercárias e esquistossômulos cultivados in vitro, os transcritos SmVAL4 e 24 foram localizados nas glândulas acetabulares de germ ball e a proteína nativa SmVAL4 foi identificada em extrato de cercárias, indicando funções durante a penetração da pele. Já os transcritos SmVAL13 e 14 foram localizados na glândula esofágica anterior de vermes adultos, sugerindo papéis no processo de alimentação sanguínea. A imunização com as proteínas rSmVAL4, 6, 7, 13, 14 e 18 coadministradas não protegeu camundongos contra o desafio experimental, porém, observou-se uma diminuição do número de fêmeas e do número de ovos no grupo imunizado. A investigação de funções para as proteínas secretadas mostrou que a rSmVAL18 interage com plasminogênio in vitro favorecendo a invasão do hospedeiro. / Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. Among the genes identified in the parasite transcriptome, members of SmVAL (Schistosoma mansoni Venom Allergen-Like) gene family were proposed as vaccine candidates. SmVALs were identified in cercariae and schistosomule secretions in vitro, the SmVAL4 and 24 transcripts were located to the germ ball acetabular glands and SmVAL4 native protein was identified in cercariae extract, indicating functions in skin penetration. On the other hand, SmVAL13 and 14 transcripts were located to the anterior esophageal gland of adult worms, suggesting roles in the blood feeding processes. Immunization with rSmVAL4, 6, 7, 13, 14 and 18 proteins co-administered did not protected mice against experimental challenge, however, there was a decrease in the number of females and the number of eggs in the immunized group. The investigation of functions for secreted proteins showed that rSmVAL18 interacts with plasminogen in vitro thus favoring the host invasion.

O linfoma de Burkitt (LB) é neoplasia linfóide de células B de alto grau que apresenta translocação constante envolvendo o proto-oncogene C-MYC. A associação com o vírus de Epstein-Barr (EBV) varia de acordo com a forma clinicopatológica. O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar as características clinicopatológicas, imunoistoquímicas, incluindo a expressão do fator de transcrição MUM1/IRF4 e das proteínas p53 e p63, e investigar a associação com infecção pelo Herpesvírus humano 8 (HHV-8) e EBV, através de hibridização in situ e PCR, em 234 casos bem caracterizados de LB no Brasil, provenientes das 5 regiões geográficas em pacientes pediátricos e adultos, incluindo casos associados ao HIV. As características clínicas do LB no Brasil, de maneira geral, foram semelhantes às observadas na forma esporádica do LB ocorrendo nos países desenvolvidos. A infecção pelo EBV foi observada em 52,5% dos casos. A maior associação com EBV foi verificada nas regiões Norte e Nordeste e a menor na região Sul. Através de PCR, demonstrou-se predomínio de EBV do tipo A, sendo exceção a região Centro-Oeste. O fator de transcrição MUM1/IRF4 foi expresso em 39,2% dos tumores e apresentou correlação inversa com infecção pelo EBV. A expressão das proteínas p53 e p63 foi observada em 16,2% e 3,8% dos casos, respectivamente. Não se identificou infecção pelo HHV-8. O LB no Brasil apresenta características clinicopatológicas variáveis entre as regiões geográficas. A associação com infecção pelo EBV é intermediária entre a forma endêmica de LB e a forma esporádica ocorrendo em países desenvolvidos, sendo maior em regiões com indicadores sociais menos favoráveis. / Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a high grade B cell lymphoma with a consistent translocation involving the proto-oncogene C-MYC. The association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) varies depending on the clinicopathological form. This study aims to analyze the clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical features, including the expression of transcription factor MUM1/IRF4 and p53 and p63 proteins, and investigate the association with infection by human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) and EBV, by in situ hybridization and PCR, in 234 well-characterized cases of BL in Brazil from the 5 different geographic regions, in adult and pediatric patients, including HIV associated cases. The clinical characteristics of BL in Brazil, in general, were similar to those observed in the sporadic form of BL occurring in developed countries. EBV infection was seen in 52.5% of cases. The strongest association with EBV was found in the North and Northeast and the lowest in the South. PCR study demonstrated predominance of EBV type A, except in the Central-West region. The transcription factor MUM1/IRF4 was expressed in 39.2% of the tumors and showed inverse correlation with EBV infection. The expression of p53 and p63 proteins was observed in 16.2% and 3.8% of cases, respectively. No evidence of HHV-8 infection was found. The BL in Brazil is clinicopathologic diverse and regionally distinct. The association with EBV infection is intermediate between the endemic form of BL and sporadic form occurring in developed countries and is higher in regions with the less favorable social indicators

O Papilomavírushumano (HPV) é um DNA vírus do grupo papovavírus, que é altamente transmissível sexualmente, sendo bastante encontrado na região anogenital e mucosa oral. A sua implantação oral pode ser por auto-inoculação ou pelo contato oro-sexual. As principais manifestações orais associadas ao HPV são: papiloma, condiloma acuminado, verruga vulgar e hiperplasia epitelial focal. O papiloma é uma lesão epitelial associada ao HPV e pode ocorrer em vários locais da mucosa oral. Histopatologicamente, o papiloma oral é caracterizado por coilocitose, disceratose, papilomatose, hiperceratose e acantose. A literatura ressalta a importância do estudo dessas lesões, uma vez que estudos demonstram que mesmo com os achados macroscópicos e histológicos serem compatíveis com a presença do vírus, somente técnicas de detecção podem comprovar a presença viral.O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presença do HPV, por meio das técnicas de hibridização in situ e PCR, em lesões diagnosticadas histopatologicamente como papilomas e comparar esses resultados com características clínicas e histológicas. Cinqüenta casos foram selecionados da Disciplina de Patologia Bucal e da Disciplina de Estomatologia Clínica da FOUSP. Esta seleção de 50 casos foi submetida à reação de hibridização in situ, e 10 casos dentre os mesmos por técnica da PCR e 100% casos foram negativos. Nenhuma das características histológicas previamente analisadas puderam formar estreita relação com a hibridização in situ e PCR. Conclui-se que a análise histopatológica ao HE não se correlaciona com os resultados das técnicas de hibridização in situ e PCR, porém importante ressaltar para detecção do HPV nas lesões estudadas é imprescindível o uso de técnicas de Biologia Molecular otimizadas como a hibridização in situ e PCR realizadas nesse estudo. / The Humanpapillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus from the group of papovavirus, which is highly sexually transmitted and it can be often found in the anogenital area and in the oral mucosal. The oral implantation can be by self-inoculation or by the oral sexual contact. The main oral appearances associated to HPV are: papilloma, condylomata acuminata, verruca vulgaris and focal epithelial hyperplasia. Papilloma is an epithelial lesion that is associated to HPV and can occurs in many places of the oral mucosal. Histopathologically, the oral papilloma is characterized by koylocitosis, dyskeratosis, papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. The literature shows the importance of these lesions once studies show that macroscopic and histologic founds suggest the presence of the virus, only detection technics can prove the viral presence. The target of this study is to check the presence of HPV, by means of In situ hybridization and PCR, in lesions diagnosed histopathologically as papillomas and compare these results with clinic and histologic features. Fifty cases were selected from the Discipline of Oral Pathology and the Discipline of Oral Diagnose of FOUSP. This selection of 50 cases were submitted to the reaction of In situ hybridization, and 10 cases among the same by PCR and 100% of the cases were negative. None of the histologic features were previously analyzed could form a narrow relation with the In situ hybridization and PCR. Therefore it is concluded that the histopathologic analysis to HE do not correlate with the results of the In situ hybridization and PCR, however the detection of the HPV in the studied lesions it is absolutely necessary the use of Molecular Biology techniques as the In situ hybridization and PCR done in this study.

A diversidade bacteriana pode ser estudada, combinando técnicas convencionais e técnicas que empreguem tecnologias modernas para sua melhor compreensão. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a diversidade de bactérias cultiváveis e não cultiváveis em amostras de água do mar coletadas no Canal de São Sebastião no período de agosto/2005 a março/2007. As bactérias marinhas foram quantificadas em Agar marinho e identificadas por seqüenciamento do gene 16S rDNA. A concentração dos grupos a-, b-, g- e s-proteobacteria foi verificada através da técnica de FISH. A comunidade total foi analisada através da construção de três bibliotecas mensais (novembro/2006, fevereiro/2006, fevereiro/2007). O seqüenciamento identificou 87% das bactérias marinhas como Vibrio sp. A técnica de FISH detectou maior concentração de b-proteobacteria (10,2%), em relação ao número de células totais (DAPI) que variou de 7,0x106 a 2,3x107 céls/mL. As bibliotecas de clones foram compostas pelos filos Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Verrucomicrobia e Chloroflexi. / Microbial diversity can be studied by a combination of techniques of both conventional and modern approaches for better understanding. The aim of this study was analyze marine bacteria culturable and nonculturable diversity from seawater samples collected at São Sebastião Channel during August 2005 to March 2007. Marine bacteria were quantified using Marine Agar and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Concentration of a-, b-, g- e s-proteobacteria group was verified through three clones library monthly (November 2006, February 2006, February 2007). The sequencing identified 87% of marine bacteria such as Vibrio sp. The FISH technique to detect higher concentration of b-proteobacteria (10.2%), compared to number total cells (DAPI) which range from 7.0 x 106 to 2.3 x 107 cells/mL. Clones library were composed of the phylum Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Verrucomicrobia e Chloroflexi.

O gene SHOX (short stature homeobox containing gene), expresso em altos níveis nas células osteogênicas, é fundamental para o desenvolvimento ósseo e para a determinação da altura. Haploinsuficiência do SHOX é responsável por vários fenótipos que envolvem a baixa estatura, como a síndrome de Turner, a discondrosteose de Léri-Weill e a baixa estatura idiopática. Cerca de dois terços das haploinsuficiências são causados por deleções. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma comparação entre três técnicas para detecção de deleções do SHOX: a hibridação in situ com fluorescência (FISH), o estudo de microssatélites e o multiplex ligationdependent probe amplification (MLPA). Nos pacientes sem deleção do SHOX, foi realizado um rastreamento para identificação de mutações de ponto no gene que levassem à sua haploinsuficiência. Foram analisados seis pacientes com discondrosteose de Léri-Weill (DLW) e 20 com baixa estatura desproporcionada (BED). Na técnica de FISH, os cromossomos metafásicos obtidos a partir de cultura de linfócitos foram hibridados com o cosmídio LLNOYCO3M34F5. DNA genômico extraído a partir de leucócitos de sangue periférico foi submetido à análise de microssatélites e MLPA. Foram amplificados seis marcadores de microssatélites (repetições CA, DYS290, DXYS10093, DXYS10096, DXYS233 e DXYS234) e o MLPA foi realizado de acordo com as instruções dos kits SALSA MLPA P018-C1 e P018-D1 SHOX. Estes kits contêm oito sondas específicas para o gene SHOX e 13 para a área do SHOX, localizada a jusante do gene. O seqüenciamento direto da região codificadora do gene foi realizado nos pacientes sem deleção. Todos os pacientes com DLW apresentaram deleções envolvendo todo o gene. Entre os pacientes com BED, apenas um (5,0%) apresentou uma deleção intragênica envolvendo os exons 4, 5 e 6a. Os resultados das três metodologias foram concordantes na maioria dos casos, exceto em dois casos. No primeiro caso, inicialmente o FISH não identificou uma deleção envolvendo todos os éxons em um paciente com DLW. No segundo, uma deleção envolvendo os exons 4, 5 e 6a, identificada em uma paciente com BED, foi detectada apenas pelo MLPA. Ainda entre os pacientes com BED, três (15%) apresentaram deleção da região do marcador DXYS10096, a 3 do gene. Outros três (15%) pacientes apresentaram mutações de ponto identificadas pelo seqüenciamento direto: a mutação p.Tyr35X, que resulta na substituição de uma tirosina por um códon de parada prematuro; a p.Arg147His localizada na região do homeodomínio e a NM_000451:c.1236 -10T>C que se encontra a 10 nucleotídeos antes do início do éxon 5. Em uma comparação das três metodologias, o FISH foi considerado a técnica mais trabalhosa e com menor sensibilidade, levando até oito dias para sua realização. A análise por microssatélites requer o estudo dos progenitores, além de um grande número de marcadores para a análise de regiões extensas. O MLPA detectou todas as deleções, sendo considerada a metodologia mais sensível. Ele apresentou também menor custo e tempo de execução, além de possibilitar a estimativa do tamanho da deleção. Desta forma, o MLPA foi considerado a melhor metodologia para investigação inicial dos pacientes com DLW e BED. / The SHOX gene (short stature homeobox containing gene), expressed at high levels in osteogenic cells, is essential for bone development and growth process. SHOX haploinsufficiency is responsible for several phenotypes involving short stature, such as Turner syndrome, Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and idiopathic short stature. Deletions are responsible for 2/3 of SHOX haploinsufficiency. In this study, a comparison among three techniques for detection of SHOX deletions: fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), microsatellites analysis and multiplex ligationdependent probe amplification (MLPA) was performed. A screening for point mutations that could lead to haploinsufficiency was performed in patients without SHOX deletion. Six patients with Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and 20 with disproportionate short stature (DSS) were analyzed. FISH analysis was performed using the cosmid LLNOYCO3\"M\"34F5 and metaphase spreads obtained from lymphocytes culture. Genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes was used to microsatellite and MLPA analysis. Six microsatellite markers (CA repeats, DYS290, DXYS10093, DXYS10096, DXYS233 and DXYS234) were amplified by PCR and MLPA was performed according to the manufacturers instructions for SALSA MLPA P018 and P018-C1-D1 SHOX kits. These kits contain 8 specific probes for SHOX gene and 13 for \"SHOX area, which is located downstream of the gene. The direct sequencing of entire encoding region was performed in patients with no SHOX deletions. All patients with LWD presented deletions involving the entire gene. One (5.0%) patient with DSS, presented an intragenic deletion involving exons 4, 5 and 6a. The results of the three methods were concordant in most cases, except in two cases. In the first case, a patient with DLW, the FISH did not identify a deletion involving all SHOX exons. In the second case, a deletion of exons 4, 5 and 6a in a patient with BED was identified only by MLPA. Other 3 (15%) DSS patients had deletion in SHOX area, in the DXYS10096 marker. Other three (15%) patients presented a point mutation identified by direct sequencing: p.Tyr35X, which replaces a tyrosine for a premature stop codon, p.Arg147His located in the homeodomain region and NM_000451: c.1236-10T> C which is 10 nucleotides before the exon 5. In a comparison of three methods, the FISH technique was considered the more laborious and less sensitive, taking until eight days to obtain the results. The microsatellite analysis requires the parents DNA study. In addition, several markers are essential for the analysis of extensive regions. The MLPA was considered the most sensitive methodology since it detected all deletions. It also presented lower cost and execution time, and allowed the estimation of the size of the deletion. Thus, the MLPA was considered the best approach for initial investigation of LWD and DSS patients.