Syftet med denna studie är att utforska vilka individualiseringsmetoder musiklärare på gymnasiet och kultur- och musikskolan använder samt i vilket syfte de använder dem. Tidigare forskning berör individualisering, inre motivation och yttre motivation. Studien har individualisering- och differentieringsmodeller som utgångspunkt. Studien är kvalitativ och semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för att samla in data. Tematisk analys användes för att avkoda och analysera all data. I resultatet framkommer musiklärares individualiseringsmetoder och syftet med individualiseringen. I diskussionen relateras resultatet med tidigare forskning och följande teman tas upp. Individualisering för att påverka elevernas motivation, individualiseringar för att få eleverna att känna sig trygga på musiklektionen och med läraren, individualiseringar för att få eleverna att känna sig mer delaktiga i undervisningen, individualisering för att möta elevernas kunskaper och färdigheter och att ge dem meningsfulla utmaningar och till sist individualiseringar för att öka elevernas autonomi. Därefter förs en diskussion över studiens valda metod. Slutligen diskuteras arbetets betydelse och värde för yrkesområdet samt behovet av framtida forsknings- och utvecklingsarbeten. / The purpose of this study is to explore which individualization methods music teacher working in high school and culture- and music schools and what their purpose is with using the individualizations. Former research refers to individualization and differentiation. The study is based on individualization and differentiation models. The study is qualitative and semi-structured interviews were used to gather the data. Thematic analysis was used to code and analyse the data. In the result following themes occur. Individualization to affect students motivation, individualization to make the students feel safe in the music class and with the teacher, individualizations to make the students feel more involved in the education, individualization to meet the students’ knowledge and skills and to give them meaningful challenges and lastly individualizations to increase students’ autonomy. Afterwards there is a discussion about the chosen method of the study, the study’s meaning and worth for the profession and the need for future research.

This study is about children in grade three with talent in mathematics and how to develop their talent in mathematics lessons. My questions are how to teach with regard on the way teachers work and used material? How do teacher pay attention to children with talents in mathematics and how they work to motivate and keep developing the children? The main method I used was qualitative observations backed up by interviews. The study was done in two Swedish schools. For interpreting the results I used the sociocultural perspective and motivation theory. The result shows that both schools work a lot with communication to develop mathematical abilities and to identify those students with talent in mathematics. The main difference between the two schools is that one uses material from the grade above while the other uses extra material from the same grade to develop those students. Otherwise both schools were quite equal, they worked with problem solving, mathematics games and digital tools such as computers.

<p>The aim of this essay is to examine if the attitudes and the experiences of Ability Grouping are the same on different levels of the school organisation.</p><p>I have chosen to answer the following two questions:</p><p>· Have the teachers, the students and the headmaster the same idea concerning the educational model at the school, that is, the pros and cons of Ability Grouping?</p><p>· Does the intentions of the curriculum agree with this educational model?</p><p>I knew what I thought about the educational model at the school that is the object of this essay, after spending ten weeks at it as a trainee, but I felt that I would be interesting to know what the people who are part of that system everyday think about it.</p><p>In order to be able to answer my questions, I used both the qualitative and the quantitative method. I interviewed the headmaster and five teachers to find out what they thought about Ability Grouping. I also distributed inquiries to 70 students from 6th to 9th grade to get their point of view. In the theoretical discussion I explain the meaning of different conceptions that I use throughout this essay. I also discuss different theories to give examples of pros and cons of Ability Grouping.</p><p>My conclusion is that the majority of the students think that Ability Grouping is either a good or a very good way of organizing the students in school. All the teachers except one prefer Ability Grouping to the traditional way of grouping the students, that is, in classes that are mixed concerning the level of knowledge but where everybody is at the same age. The main concern though, both among the students, the teachers and the headmaster, is that the students get more shy when they work in groups that are mixed, and that the students who are not that good in school loose someone to look up to. The Ability Grouping model that this school uses, which is more flexible than the traditional one, agree with the intentions of the curriculum in many ways. To agree with it to the full extend though, you need to add the traditional classes as well, which also is the mix that the school has chosen.</p>

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur lärarna på handelsprogrammet arbetar med ett inkluderande arbetssätt, samt deras uppfattningar om arbetet med ett inkluderande arbetssätt, tillgänglighet och individanpassning i undervisningen. Syftet kompletteras med att introducera ett annat begrepp - digitalisering och dess påverkan över omtalade områdena. Undersökningen är av kvalitativ art och bedrivs i form av en fallstudie med holistisk infallsvinkel där analysenheten är handelsprogrammet, ett yrkesprogram på en gymnasieskola. För att kunna betrakta praktiken ur olika infallsvinklar samlades empirin genom klassrumsobservationer kompletterade med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien bekräftar tidigare forskning och visar en spänning mellan lärarnas handling och uppfattning när det gäller begreppen inkluderande arbetssätt och tillgänglighet, samt påpekar ett behov av utvidgning i lärarnas förståelse över koncepternas innebörd genom kollegialt lärande eller under lärarutbildningen. Studien utmynnar även i en diskussion om begreppsanvändning och yrkesspråk som pelare av lärarprofessionaliteten. Digitalisering ses i generella drag ha en positiv påverkan över lärarnas arbete med ovannämnda områdena men ses komma hand i hand med självdisciplin och som källa till förändringar på olika plan: i undervisningen, lärares planeringsarbete, och lärarens roll i klassrummet.

Ces travaux se veulent une contribution à l’ingénierie de l’innovation utilisant l’ingénierie système comme cadre théorique. Notre but principal est de proposer un cadre de modélisation pour un système d’innovation centré sur le produit afin de favoriser et assister la sélection objective de la stratégie, les processus, l’équipement et l’organisation pour créer un produit individualisé et innovant.Pour cela, notre recherche s’est focalisée dans un premier temps en la caractérisation et la formalisation d’un produit individualisé. Il s’agit de montrer comment un produit peut être décrit de manière précise sous forme d’un système. In fine nous avons obtenu un modèle de produit individualisé pour le connecter aisément avec d’autres modèles concernant cette fois les processus d’innovationDans un deuxième temps, nous avons conçu et proposé une approche de modélisation pour un système d’innovation. Pour cela, nous avons postulé que le modèle descriptif du système d’innovation doit émerger du modèle du produit individualisé. Ceci afin d’être conçu comme un tout cohérent et permettre l’adaptation pour chaque recomposition du système d’innovation pour satisfaire un donneur d’ordre. Cela nous a permis de définir une Ingénierie Système de l’Innovation Basée sur les Modèles (ISIBM).Finalement, nous avons appliqué l’ISIBM dans un scénario expérimental concernant un projet industriel de transfert de technologie entre un centre technique et une PME. Les résultats montrent que l’approche de modélisation proposée supporte l’intégration des éléments théoriques de l’ingénierie de l’innovation qui n’étaient pas liés avant / This work aims to be a contribution for innovation engineering using systems engineering as theoretical framework. The term innovation engineering is related to systematically applying any kind of resource to accelerate the passage of an idea to a saleable product. Our main objective is to propose a product-centered innovation system modeling framework to provide guidance and enable the objective selection of the strategy, processes, equipment and organization to create an individualized (and innovative) product.For this, our research first focused in formalizing and characterizing an individualized product. More precisely, it was about describing a product as a system considering that it has several representational forms (physical, informational…) that were to be integrated into a unique view. This part’s main objective was to obtain the model of an individualized product that allowed using it with the models concerning the innovation process.Secondly, we designed and proposed a modeling approach for the innovation system. For this, we postulated that the descriptive model of the innovation system had to emerge from the individualized product model. The objective here was to design it as a coherent whole that would allow the model’s adaptation for any reorganization of the innovation system to satisfy one client. This led us to define a Model Based Innovation Systems Engineering (MBISE).Finally, we applied the MBISE within an experimental scenario concerning an industrial technology transfer project between a technical center and a SME. It was found that the modeling approach supports the integration of theoretical elements of innovation engineering that were not linked before

Au Japon, le mariage est une importation partielle de l'idée européenne au sein de la tradition japonaise. Pendant l'époque de modernisation japonaise, l'idéalisation de la famille est établie par ce mariage et a servi à donner de l'importance à un état de femme, « être bonne épouse et bonne mère » pour la reproduction des bons citoyens. Les idées du mariage et de la famille sont ancrées dans la société japonaise, et cet ancrage a déterminé la division du travail du sexe et la discrimination contre les autres formes de la famille (célibataire, divorcé, enfants naturels, etc.). Dans notre époque, la société japonaise parait donner la supériorité à l'individu en couple conjugale afin de détourner toutes les difficultés découlant de l'individualisation, ou plus globalement, de la radicalisation de la modernité en détriment de la liberté et l'égalité de l'individu. Cette particularité du mariage japonais repose sur la distinction entre la relation amoureuse « qualifiée » (qui mène au mariage et finalement à la procréation) et la relation amoureuse « simple » (les autres relations) qui correspond à la démarcation de la sexualité matrimoniale et extra-conjugale. Le mariage comme « qualification finale » doit être destiné à la relation « qualifiée » avec quelqu'un spécial et définitivement à la sexualité maritale-procréative, et cette relation doit être distinguée de celles « simples » dès le début de la relation. Autrement dit, une fois que la relation est définie comme « qualifiée », il faut absolument atteindre au mariage. Nous proposons le concept d'« individualisation de la maternité » en qualifiant d'« auto-érotisme féminin »: si la maternité appartient à l'individu (la femme), il n'est plus nécessaire d'encadrer la procréation dans la relation amoureuse « qualifiée ». Ainsi la procréation se libère de cette norme sociale et de telles discriminations n'ont plus de sens dans la société japonaise. / In Japan, marriage is a partial importation of the European model in the Japanese tradition. During the epoch of Japanese modernization, family idealization was derived by the European model and was useful for raising woman's status, “A good wife and wise mother” for good citizens’ reproduction. The ideas of marriage and family had taken its root in the Japanese society and determined sexual division and the discrimination against other forms of family. (Singles, divorced persons, illegitimate children, etc.) In our time, the Japanese society seems to give superiority to the conjugal couple’s individual with the purpose of avoiding all of the difficulties that came from the individualization, or in general sense, the radicalization of modernity, by the sacrifice of individual liberty and equality. Japanese marriage's particularity is based on the distinction between “qualified” relationships (which arrive at the marriage and finally at procreation) and “simple” relationships (the other relationships) which correspond to the boundary between matrimonial sexuality and extra-conjugal sexuality. The marriage as “final qualification” is the natural evolution only for a “qualified” relationship with a special person, and finally for the marital-procreative sexuality. This “qualified” relationship has to be distinguished from the "simple" relationships from the beginning. In other word, once the relationship is defined as “qualified”, it should end up in a marriage. We suggest a concept of “Individualization of motherhood” by introducing the idea of “women’s auto-eroticism": if the motherhood is an attribute to individual (woman), it is not necessary to limit procreation into “qualified” relationship. Thus procreation is free from the social norm and such discriminations have no sense in the Japanese society.

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as categorias de cidadania e inclusão social na política de desinstitucionalização nos sujeitos em sofrimento psíquico diante do processo de individualização na teoria social contemporânea. Assume como hipótese que a saída do hospital psiquiátrico por si só não garante a inclusão social e nem o livre exercício da cidadania. Considerado o objetivo desta pesquisa, optou-se por fazer uma pesquisa bibliográfica como procedimento metodológico. O material de estudo foi dividido em três conjuntos: (1) 56 artigos científicos, visando a compreender a visão da academia; (2) um conjunto de legislação, composto de 10 leis que implementaram a política de desinstitucionalização no Brasil e a reforma dos serviços de saúde psiquiátrica, visando a compreender as ações do Estado; (3) quatro Relatórios Finais das quatro Conferências Nacionais de Saúde Mental, para também compreender a participação da sociedade civil. Para a análise do material, utilizou-se uma combinação de duas técnicas complementares: leitura bibliográfica com a análise de conteúdo. Dentre os vários processos que caracterizam a sociedade contemporânea, optou-se por analisar a individualização que impacta nas formas de exercício da cidadania e na inclusão social. Na análise dos resultados da categoria de cidadania foram identificadas associações em relação à interdição civil, liberdade, moradia, saúde, trabalho, educação e participação política. Relacionadas à categoria de inclusão social foram identificadas as referências à família, estigma, laços sociais, autonomia, contratualidade e trabalho. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o campo da saúde mental não está em completa consonância com as transformações da sociedade contemporânea, o que provoca um descolamento da realidade social da própria politica de desinstitucionalização e, portanto, maior dificuldade para a efetiva inclusão social e o exercício da cidadania desses indivíduos. / This study aims to analyze the categories of citizenship and social inclusion related to the deinstitutionalization policy of individuals in psychological distress, considering the individualization process in the contemporary social theory. The hypothesis is that leaving the psychiatric hospital does not guarantee the social inclusion and the exercise of citizenship. Considered the objective of this research, it was decided to do a literature review as a methodological procedure. The object of this study has been divided into three groups: (1) 56 scientific papers reviewed in order to identify how the academy deals with this issue; (2) a set of legislation, made up of 10 laws that have implemented deinstitutionalization policy in Brazil and the reform of psychiatric health services analyzed in order to understand the State\'s actions; (3) Reading of the four Final Reports of the Fourth National Conference of Mental Health, to understand how the civil society has been participating in this process. As a research tool to analyze the material mentioned above, we used a technique of reading literature focusing on content analysis. Among the various processes that characterize contemporary society, we chose to examine the individualization that affects the forms of citizenship and social inclusion. In analyzing the citizenship category, associations between the civil interdiction, freedom, housing, health, work, education and political participation were found. Related to the category of social inclusion were identified references to family, stigma, social ties, autonomy, contractually and work. The result of this study shows that the field of mental health is not in complete harmony with the changes of contemporary society, which causes a detachment of the social reality of the deinstitutionalization policy and therefore it is more difficult to guarantee an effective social inclusion and the exercise of citizenship of these individuals.

Thesis advisor: John B. Williamson / This study assesses the influence of old-age pension policy on older adults' life satisfaction, and examines factors that shape this relationship. It theorizes that two distinct dimensions capture variation in the type of pension policy: individualization of risk (as opposed to socialization, or pooling, of risk) and redistribution of resources (that is, poverty prevention through income redistribution mechanisms such as non-contributory pensions). To empirically evaluate the presence of these two dimensions and to assess their influence of life satisfaction among older adults, this study analyzes data for 126,560 adults age 45 and over living in 91 countries over the period 1981-2008. Using principal component factor analysis, it finds support for the two-dimensional model of pension policy. Next, using three-level hierarchical linear regression, this study assesses the effects of pension policy individualization and redistribution on life satisfaction, generating three additional major findings. First, redistribution increases life satisfaction, but individualization--on average--has no significant effect on life satisfaction. Thus, the potential impact of individualization (whether positive or negative), and of the associated increased risk, choice, and opportunities for return, has been clearly overstated in theoretical debates on pension policy privatization. Second, the relationship between pension policy and life satisfaction is contingent on the macro-social context. Specifically, individualization that takes place in more affluent societies has beneficial impact on life satisfaction, while individualization unfolding in contexts of material scarcity has detrimental impact on life satisfaction. Further, the overall beneficial effects of redistribution on life satisfaction are substantially higher in the context of traditional cultures and lower in the context of secular-rational cultures. A third finding is that governmental commitment to social security (i.e., government expenditures on social security as a percentage of total government expenditures) also shapes the relationship between the type of pension policy and life satisfaction: Higher government commitment to social security substantially improves the life satisfaction outcomes of individualization. Findings from this study are used to integrate and advance theory on comparative public policy and the larger macro-social context shaping subjective well-being. Policy implications for pension reform are discussed, highlighting redistribution of resources and alleviation of need as more efficient avenues to increase older adults' life satisfaction than privatization or pooling of risk. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_wad_me_sjrp.pdf: 12005416 bytes, checksum: fa5d6ca4eaa76a0d1871fc008b8d1150 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise do processo de individualização do sujeito no discurso publicitário a partir da perspectiva teórica da Análise de Discurso. Nosso corpus constitui-se de algumas páginas publicitárias da Revista Veja do período de Maio a Julho de 2008. A partir dessas propagandas procuramos depreender as regularidades do funcionamento do discurso propagandístico, bem como delimitar as marcas lingüísticas e nãolinguísticas do processo de individualização do sujeito presentes no discurso em questão. A publicidade exerce papel fundamental na sociedade contemporânea, explicitando a relação do sujeito com o conjunto social, em determinada conjuntura histórica. O texto publicitário influencia a constituição de sentidos junto aos leitores, interpelando os mesmos enquanto sujeitos. O discurso publicitário tem um funcionamento que lhe é próprio e que, portanto, lhe dá especificidade. Assim sendo, esse discurso se particulariza, remetendo-nos às formações imaginárias e ideológicas ali presentes. Baseando-se na relação linguagem e contexto, a Análise de Discurso busca explicitar como, em seu funcionamento, o texto produz sentidos, sempre observando as condições de produção. Visa-se, ainda, à compreensão da historicidade dos sentidos e dos sujeitos. No que se refere às regularidades encontradas no funcionamento do discurso propagandístico, percebemos a relação estabelecida entre o sonho, o desejo e a ideologia; a sustentação dos dizeres dos anúncios pela forma-sujeito histórica da atualidade; o atravessamento (tanto no verbal quanto no não-verbal) do discurso publicitário por outros discursos como o ecológico, sobre a beleza, sobre a mulher, da globalização. Quanto às marcas lingüísticas da individualização, apontamos a pronominalização (seu, sua), que individualiza por marcar um certo tipo de abordagem junto... / This dissertation presents an analysis of the individualization process in the advertising discourse, based on the theoretical perspective of Discourse Analysis. The corpus consists of some advertising pages of Veja Magazine from May to July of 2008. Based on the advertisings, this research looked for describe some regularities of advertising discourse working, as well as set out some linguistic and non-linguistic marks of the individualization process in this discourse. Advertising plays a fundamental role in the contemporary society, expliciting the relation between subject and the social set, in certain historical period. Advertising texts influence the construction of meanings , interpellating readers. Advertising discourse has a proper working that particularizes it. So, this discourse is very specific, and reveal the imaginary and ideological formations. Based on the relation between language and context, Analysis Discourse points out, how in its working, text creates some meanings, always observing the production conditions. The aim, even, is to understand the historicity of subjects and meanings. Regarding to the regularities that were found in the advertising discourse there are the relation among dream, desire and ideology; statements of advertising are supported by the historical form-subject; the “crossing” of advertisings by other discourses like environmental, about beauty, about women and globalization discourse. Referring to the linguistic marks of individualization process, there are the pronominalization (your) which individualizes due to a certain kind of reader’s approach; the use of some adjectives (exclusive, personalized) which refers to the reader named as “you”; imperative mood that establishes identification between to say and to do. In the enunciation, there are collectivization the shows the company’s position as an organized group... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as categorias de cidadania e inclusão social na política de desinstitucionalização nos sujeitos em sofrimento psíquico diante do processo de individualização na teoria social contemporânea. Assume como hipótese que a saída do hospital psiquiátrico por si só não garante a inclusão social e nem o livre exercício da cidadania. Considerado o objetivo desta pesquisa, optou-se por fazer uma pesquisa bibliográfica como procedimento metodológico. O material de estudo foi dividido em três conjuntos: (1) 56 artigos científicos, visando a compreender a visão da academia; (2) um conjunto de legislação, composto de 10 leis que implementaram a política de desinstitucionalização no Brasil e a reforma dos serviços de saúde psiquiátrica, visando a compreender as ações do Estado; (3) quatro Relatórios Finais das quatro Conferências Nacionais de Saúde Mental, para também compreender a participação da sociedade civil. Para a análise do material, utilizou-se uma combinação de duas técnicas complementares: leitura bibliográfica com a análise de conteúdo. Dentre os vários processos que caracterizam a sociedade contemporânea, optou-se por analisar a individualização que impacta nas formas de exercício da cidadania e na inclusão social. Na análise dos resultados da categoria de cidadania foram identificadas associações em relação à interdição civil, liberdade, moradia, saúde, trabalho, educação e participação política. Relacionadas à categoria de inclusão social foram identificadas as referências à família, estigma, laços sociais, autonomia, contratualidade e trabalho. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o campo da saúde mental não está em completa consonância com as transformações da sociedade contemporânea, o que provoca um descolamento da realidade social da própria politica de desinstitucionalização e, portanto, maior dificuldade para a efetiva inclusão social e o exercício da cidadania desses indivíduos. / This study aims to analyze the categories of citizenship and social inclusion related to the deinstitutionalization policy of individuals in psychological distress, considering the individualization process in the contemporary social theory. The hypothesis is that leaving the psychiatric hospital does not guarantee the social inclusion and the exercise of citizenship. Considered the objective of this research, it was decided to do a literature review as a methodological procedure. The object of this study has been divided into three groups: (1) 56 scientific papers reviewed in order to identify how the academy deals with this issue; (2) a set of legislation, made up of 10 laws that have implemented deinstitutionalization policy in Brazil and the reform of psychiatric health services analyzed in order to understand the State\'s actions; (3) Reading of the four Final Reports of the Fourth National Conference of Mental Health, to understand how the civil society has been participating in this process. As a research tool to analyze the material mentioned above, we used a technique of reading literature focusing on content analysis. Among the various processes that characterize contemporary society, we chose to examine the individualization that affects the forms of citizenship and social inclusion. In analyzing the citizenship category, associations between the civil interdiction, freedom, housing, health, work, education and political participation were found. Related to the category of social inclusion were identified references to family, stigma, social ties, autonomy, contractually and work. The result of this study shows that the field of mental health is not in complete harmony with the changes of contemporary society, which causes a detachment of the social reality of the deinstitutionalization policy and therefore it is more difficult to guarantee an effective social inclusion and the exercise of citizenship of these individuals.