This Bachelors essay aims to investigate the interaction and relationships between young, Swedish YouTube viewers and the YouTubers they watch from a parasocial point of view, and further discuss the role of these relationships in influencer marketing on YouTube. Moreover, we examine the general effectiveness of influencer marketing through an audience perspective. What follows below is a mainly quantitative survey study, with a strain of qualitative data. The investigation and the discussion that follows, is largely based on Horton and Wohl’s concept of Parasocial Interaction, alongside Word of Mouth theories including Influencer Marketing. Reflecting over the results, our general conclusion is that Parasocial Interaction seems to occur on YouTube and that YouTubers’ recommendations affect, rather than determine consumer behaviour. Furthermore, PSI does play a role in both our sample group’s general YouTube consumption, and the effectiveness of influencer marketing according to the findings in this study.

The topic of the diploma thesis is testimonial and influencer marketing. The aim of this work is to find out whether influencer increases the likelihood of purchasing a healthy nutritional product for Slovak women aged 20-40 years, and also whether Peter Sagana as a testimonial enhances brand credibility. The theoretical part deals with general communication and presentation of testimonial and marketing influence, their categories and examples. The practical part of the thesis is set into the environment of healthy nutrition. It shows an example of a marketing communication for a company that uses this specific type of marketing. Futhermore, own qualitative and quantitative research is included.

Problem formulation: What factors affect the consumers perception of credibility in influencer marketing on social media? How and why do certain factors affect the credibility of influencer marketing? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to understand what factors affect the perception of credibility in influencer marketing on social media. Moreover, the aim is to understand how and why certain factors affect the credibility in influencer marketing in order to elaborate a conceptual model consisting of factors generating credible influencer marketing. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of this paper consists of existing theories regarding social identity theory, perception, brand communication, word-of-mouth (WOM), celebrity endorsement and social influencers. Methodology: This study is conducted through both a quantitative and a qualitative study with a deductive approach. The collection of primary data consists of an online survey where 120 respondents participated followed by five qualitative interviews. In order to determine what aspects to examine, a conceptual model was created based on the previous findings within credibility in WOM and celebrity endorsement. The secondary data building the theoretical framework of this thesis are collected from peer reviewed articles published in scientific journals as well as books. Empirical findings: The empirical findings consist of the result from the qualitative and quantitative study. The result of the quantitative study presents the outcome from 24 Likert scale items presented in text, charts and tables. The empirical findings from the qualitative study presents the outcome from the interviews conducted through personal communication face to face or through Skype and are presented in text that are strengthened with citation from the interviews. Conclusion: The findings show that the credibility in influencer marketing is positively affected by the perception of the influencer being a credible source and the influencer and the brand being a good fit.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur ungdomar som tränar upplever att fitness-influencers på YouTube påverkar deras hälsobeteenden. Detta för att på så sätt bidra med kunskap åt samhället om den konkreta effekt som marknadsföringen av träning och kost har på sociala mediekanaler för att börja täcka det forskningsgap som berör hälsorelaterade beteenden. Metod: Vid insamling av empiri användes en kvalitativ metod i form av semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Det empiriska materialet analyserades utifrån det teoretiska ramverket om influencermarknadsföring, parasociala relationer, electronic word-of-mouth och tvåstegshypotesen samt tidigare forskning om hälsobeteenden på sociala medier. Slutsats: Respondenterna påvisade en medvetenhet om den påverkan som influencers har på deras motivation kring hälsa, träning och kost. Majoriteten ser både för- och nackdelar med sociala medieinfluencers då de kan bidra med motivation samtidigt som det framkommer att de även kan leda till minskad motivation. Fitnessinfluencers kan påverka ungdomar till att variera sin kost på ett mer hälsosamt sätt. Det framkommer även att fitness-influencers kan bidra med kunskap inom träning och kost vilket följarna kan ta lärdom av. Det delade innehållet hos fitness-influencers har däremot även visats kunna ha negativa hälsoutfall då det kan leda till upplevd hets för respondenterna. Parasociala relationer är en betydande faktor då följare med dessa relationer till influencers kan se dem som förebilder som kan bidra med motivation och inspiration till mer hälsosamma beteenden. Den påverkan som dessa relationer kan ha är dock inte avgörande, utan det är enligt respondenterna den egna disciplinen som är det viktigaste. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how adolescents experience that fitness-influencers on YouTube influence their health behaviors. This to contribute knowledge for the society about the concrete effect which the marketing of exercise and diet has on social media platforms regarding bridging the gap related to healthy behaviors. Method: While collecting empirical data, a qualitative method was used in the form of semi-structured interviews. The empirical material was analyzed based on the theoretical framework of influencer marketing, parasocial relationships, electronic word-of-mouth, the two-step flow theory and earlier studies about health behaviors on social media. Conclusions: The respondents demonstrate an awareness of the impact that influencers have on their motivation regarding their health, exercise and diet. The majority see both advantages and disadvantages of social media influencers as they can contribute with motivation at the same time as it emerges that they can also lead to reduced motivation. Fitness influencers can influence young people to a more varied diet in a healthier way. It also appears that fitness influencers can contribute knowledge about health and exercise, which the followers can learn from. However, the shared content of fitness influencers also appears to have negative health outcomes as it can lead to negative body perceptions. Parasocial relationships are a significant factor as followers who experience these relationships with influencers can perceive them as role models who can contribute with motivation and inspiration for healthier behaviors. However, the impact that these relationships can have, is not the most crucial since the own discipline is explained to be the most important factor according to the respondents.

Social media channels are today an important marketing platform where companies effectively can reach their target groups online through paid advertisements, sponsored posts and electronic word of mouth. Electronic word of mouth can be used by companies to spread their brand through individuals sharing experiences and information with others within their social network in a process called influencer marketing. The challenge is identifying and selecting influencers who have a significant impact on the brand’s target audience. The purpose of this descriptive essay is therefore to gain a better understanding of how companies choose influencers to strengthen their brand and customer relationship.  The theories used to examine the purpose above are the Bandwagon-effect, the Source Credibility-model, Keen’s competence-theory, Competence-based view, Bacharach and Lawler’s power-theory, the Social Media Power-model and the Social Media Influencer Value-model. These theories presented in the theoretical framework is the foundation of the study used to investigate factors that affect companies’ choice of influencers. To verify or falsify these theories a qualitative case study consisting seven interviews with companies using influencer marketing have been executed. This was followed by observations of posts on social media from influencers whom the interviewed companies collaborate with, for the purpose of increasing the validity of the interviews.  Based on the results from the collected empirical data an interaction model, including significant factors when choosing an influencer, was formed. The model presents the factors in different levels of significance where the first level includes the most important factors to consider. The results also show a variance of each factor’s significance depending on company circumstances such as industry or target audience.  The contribution of the study is, above all, increased opportunities for companies in identifying influential people to benefit from in their influencer marketing. If companies are aware of these significant factors they will have a greater chance of success in choosing the right influencer for strengthening the company brand and customer relationship.

Social media is nowadays one of the best ways to reach new potential customers. Social media platforms allow influencers to promote brands and reach even more customers. These new platforms are relatively untested as regards its effectiveness. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate if influencers affected customers´ attitudes and purchase intentions more than online adverts, regarding energy drinks. The thesis used an experiment in order to investigate this further. Combined with previous research in this area and the data from the study’s questionnaire, a result for this thesis could be formulated. The study showed that there was no statistical significant difference of effectiveness between using an influencer or an online advert when it comes to what affects consumers attitudes and purchase intentions, regarding energy drinks.

Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka skillnaden mellan en mänsklig influencer och en virtuell influencers effekt på en konsuments varumärkesattityd och köpintention när ett varumärke marknadsförs på sociala medier. Metod: Studien tillämpar en kvantitativ forskningsmetod med en deduktiv ansats. Populationen som avses studeras är svenska Instagram-användare mellan 15 och 60 år. Urvalet är baserat på ett icke-slumpmässigt urval. Data har samlats in genom en webb-baserat enkät. Enkäten resulterade i 182 godtagbara svar som har analyserats via statistikprogrammen Jamovi och SmartPLS. En deskriptiv analys, ensidiga och parade t-tester, korrelationsanalys samt strukturerad ekvationsmodellering har använts för att tolka studiens resultat. Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att både en mänsklig- och en virtuell influencer har en effekt på en konsuments varumärkesattityd och köpintention. Effekten av en konsuments köpintention förmedlas i båda fall genom den varumärkesattityd respektive form av influencer genererat. Utifrån studiens teoretiska ramverk har studien även kunnat visa att olika faktorer har en relation till en mänsklig- respektive virtuell influencer, trots att de marknadsför samma varumärke. Bidrag: Studien bidrar till teoretisk kunskap om att en virtuell influencer har en effekt på en konsuments varumärkesattityd samt köpintention. Studien bidrar även med kunskap om att det finns olika faktorer som har en relation till en konsuments varumärkesattityd och köpintention i relation till en mänsklig- respektive virtuell form av influencer. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vidare forskning föreslås undersöka personlighetsdrag som är kopplade till en större omtyckbarhet gentemot virtuella influencers. En replikering med modifiering föreslås även samt studier om vilka organisationer/branscher som kan dra fördelar från att använda en virtuell influencer i sin marknadsföring. / Aim: The purpose is to investigate the difference between a human influencer and a virtual influencer's effect on a consumer's brand attitude and purchase intention when a brand is marketed through social media. Method: The study applies a quantitative research method with a deductive approach. The population to be studied is Swedish Instagram users between the ages of 15 and 60. The selection of respondents is based on a non-random sample. Data has been collected through a web-based survey. The survey resulted in a total number of 182 respondents. The data has been analyzed through the statistical programs Jamovi and SmartPLS. A descriptive analysis, one-sided and paired t-tests, correlation analysis and structured equation modeling have been used to interpret the study's results. Result and conclusions: The result of this study shows that both a human- and a virtual influencer have an effect on a consumer's brand attitude and purchase intention. In both cases, the effect of a consumer's purchase intention is mediated by the brand attitude the influencer has generated. Based on the study's theoretical framework, the study has also been able to show that different factors have a relationship to a human- and virtual influencer, even though they are marketing the same brand. Contribution: The study contributes to theoretical knowledge that a virtual influencer has an effect on a consumer's brand attitude and purchase intention. The study also contributes to the knowledge that there are different factors that have a relationship to a consumer's brand attitude and purchase intention in relation to a human- or virtual form of influencer. Suggestion for future research: Further research is suggested to investigate personality traits that are connected to a greater likability towards virtual influencers. A replication with modification is also proposed as well as a study on which type of organizations/industries that can benefit from using a virtual influencer in their marketing.

Digitalization in the music industry and the emergence of social media, has created opportunities to reach more potential music consumers. Companies are increasingly integrating through visual media such as photos and videos into their social media marketing content. The study aims to provide an understanding of the major record labels use of Content Marketing and its role on social media in the marketing of music. To understand how the major record labels work with Content Marketing and marketing music on social media the empirical data and study is based on a qualitative research method with 8 interviews with people working in the Swedish music industry.  Based on the empirical material the study found adaptation, interaction, authenticity and relevance were key attributes when publishing content on social media. Segmentation, Influencer Marketing and Electronic Word of Mouth were the most relevant and important strategies used when marketing and launching new music through social media. Finally, we propose that future research should be conducted using a quantitative research method to study music consumer behaviour and attitudes surrounding  Content Marketing on social media.

This diploma thesis, Ethical aspects of influencers' communication on Instagram as modern opinion leaders aims to understand the role of ethics of influencers' communication on Instagram with their audience. The theoretical part focuses on understanding the concept of social networks and also defines the concept of influencer. The introductory part also works with the key concepts of authenticity, self-branding or opinion leader, which brings interesting perspectives on the basis of which influencers can be viewed. The thesis further illustrates the phenomenon of influencer marketing and its possible pitfalls. The research part of the paper focuses on two levels of ethics on Instagram through a mixed research. The first part is a qualitative research that describes the perception of the ethics of influencer communication among users on Instagram, which also serves as preparation for the next phase. The next part is qualitative research using semi-structured interviews with influencers, which aims to map the view of influencers, and what role ethics plays in their work on Instagram.

This thesis deals with marketing communication. The first part of the work is focused on the theoretical and general concept of marketing, communication mix and marketing communication on social networks. In the second part of thesis is realized a survey in the field of influencer marketing and there are recommended suggestions for improving the activity of influencers towards followers, and especially suggestions inspiring companies that do not use this form of promotion on social networks.