Criminology’s most recent theoretical tradition involves examination of the developmental onset, continuity, and desistance from offending behavior across the life course. A prominent life course perspective organized around social bonding was proffered by Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub in dual volumes that include Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life (1993), and Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives (2003). Because Sampson and Laub’s age-graded theory is based on a sample of White males born in the 1920s and 1930s, and matured during a historical period of vast economic growth, the universal theoretical processes emphasized in their theory may be overstated. Such assumptions may not generalize to more heterogeneous samples that includes minorities and individuals that vary in their levels of offending. The present research evaluates the generalizability of the age-graded theory through examination of data collected from a representative and contemporary sample of adolescents followed into adulthood. In addition, this study seeks to examine an alternate turning point from deviant conduct, specifically religiosity/spirituality. Building on prior studies that explore the role of religiosity on change processes across race and ethnicity (Chu & Sung, 2009; Stansfield, 2017), the current investigation addresses open questions relating to the nature of the religion-desistance relationship. Multilevel mixed effects models are utilized to estimate over time the separate impact of religious behavior and religious beliefs on deviant conduct, to further assess a religious turning point effect across subgroups disaggregated by race/ethnicity, and to evaluate the influence of religiosity on change from deviant outcomes characterized as violations of secular and ascetic standards. Analyses of religiosity/spirituality on these differing forms of deviance across race/ethnicity are also conducted. In contrast to the hypothesized relationships, study findings reveal very little evidence of a religious/spiritual turning point effect in enacting change from deviant behaviors in the main models. Similar results indicate that religiosity indicates minimal differences in change from deviant conduct when the sample is disaggregated across race and ethnicity. Findings point to the nuances of the religion-desistance relationship, and depends upon processes that may involve attendance to church services or spiritual beliefs, and may be conditional on the type of deviance outcome examined—whether in violation of a secular or ascetic standard. Along with a discussion of these findings, limitations of the study, directions for future research, and implications for policy are provided.

Syfte: Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur kultur kan användas som styrverktyg och hur en grundares kulturella intentioner återspeglas i organisationen. Studien undersöker ett mikroföretag där grundaren är aktivt närvarande i den dagliga verksamheten. Vi har analyserat hur styrverktygen formats av kulturella aspekter genom att studera hur kultur implementerats som styrverktyg. Metod: Metoden utgörs av en flervalsmetod och genomför i form av en enkel fallstudie. Empirin som presenteras är insamlad genom intervjuer, enkät och observation. Teoretisk referensram: Den teoretiska referensramen innehåller teorier kring kulturens uppbyggnad, grundarens roll i kulturstyrningen samt teorier kring ekonomistyrning. Malmi och Browns paket (2008) kommer att användas tillsammans med Andersson och Funcks (2017) styrprocess för att förklara hur de olika kontrollerna kan användas och hur alla dessa påverkas av organisationskulturen. Slutsats: Resultatet av denna studie visar hur och att grundaren har använt sig av kultur som styrverktyg. Det framkommer även att grundarens värderingar påverkar hur styrverktygen utformas och används samt att detta resulterat i att styrverktygen är informella. Resultatet visar även på att grundarens intentioner återspeglas till viss del i organisationen. / Purpose: This study aims to investigate how culture can be used as a control tool and how a founder's cultural intentions are reflected in the organization. The study investigates a micro company where the founder is present in the daily business. We have analyzed how the control tools are shaped by cultural aspects by studying how culture has been implemented as a control tool. Method: The method consists of a multiple-choice method and takes the form of a simple case study. The empirical findings presented is collected through interviews, surveys and observation. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework contains of theories about the structure of culture, the role of the founder in cultural control and theories of management control systems. Malmi and Brown's package (2008) will be used in conjunction with Andersson and Funcks (2017) control process to explain how the different controls can be used and how all of these are affected by organizational culture. Conclusion: The finding of this study shows how and that the founder has used culture as a control tool. It also appears that the values of the founder affect how the control tools are designed and used, and that the control tools are informal. The conclusion also shows that the founder's intentions are reflected to some extent in the organization.

The aim of this thesis is to inform in detail about the latest clinical and nursing practice trends concerning the needs of patients in vegetative state and their carers. It also deals with relations in the system of long-term nursing care, providing medical and social services and rehabilitation. It also tries to point out the most pressing problems of the current situation of patients in vegetative state and their families, especially in terms of patient discharge to home care and availability of services specified for this target group. The latest findings and proven methods will be summarized in a simple and understandable form, which will serve as a guide both for health professionals and caregivers.For this thesis the Review and synthesis method will be used. The overview of current knowledge and studies in the field of care for patients in vegetative state will be synthesized and focused on home care with recommendations for practice and indications of weak spots.Long-term follow-up nursing and rehabilitative care is necessary for these patients. A special chapter is focused on the specific needs of patients in vegetative state and appropriate nursing care, rehabilitation and release issues. The fundamental part is the consistency of formal and informal care, caregiver preparation for their future role and related socio-economic issues. In conclusion the legal and ethical aspects of the whole field are mentioned regarding medical and nursing care of patients in vegetative state.In line with the objective of this thesis a manual will be created for potential informal carers on how to care for their loved ones, where to go in the case of emergency and what steps to take during the intermediate stage of institutional and home care. The results can be used for further exploration and as an additional source of information for health professionals.

Submitted by Rafael Machado Parente (rparente@fgvmail.br) on 2016-04-25T16:53:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2016-04-25T19:44:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-04-27T18:10:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:10:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / Population ageing is a problem that countries will have to cope with within a few years. How would changes in the social security system affect individual behaviour? We develop a multi-sectoral life-cycle model with both retirement and occupational choices to evaluate what are the macroeconomic impacts of social security reforms. We calibrate the model to match 2011 Brazilian economy and perform a counterfactual exercise of the long-run impacts of a recently adopted reform. In 2013, the Brazilian government approximated the two segregated social security schemes, imposing a ceiling on public pensions. In the benchmark equilibrium, our modelling economy is able to reproduce the early retirement claiming, the agents' stationary distribution among sectors, as well as the social security deficit and the public job application decision. In the counterfactual exercise, we find a significant reduction of 55\% in the social security deficit, an increase of 1.94\% in capital-to-output ratio, with both output and capital growing, a delay in retirement claims of public workers and a modification in the structure of agents applying to the public sector job.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:58:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 SemIdentificacao2006.pdf.jpg: 66094 bytes, checksum: 91891727b378b8ffe5ebb4a0c6cd945a (MD5) SemIdentificacao2006.pdf.txt: 83799 bytes, checksum: 8fc036781812ac47e52128efc9347d4d (MD5) SemIdentificacao2006.pdf: 580276 bytes, checksum: 491813bb2fcd137e3d995914bca6b90c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-03T00:00:00Z / It is consensus that long run demographic trends are behind fiscal deterioration around lhe globe. The problem is even worst in Brazil because millions of potential contributors ' are left out of lhe pay-as-you-go system as a result of labor market informality. Based on long run model simulations, this work measures lhe demographic transition fiscal effect. And, admitting this new age distribution will hold, simulates which reform proposals have greater impact on reducing pension system deficits. Among lhe main conclusions are: (i) demographic transition alone is responsible for (almost) doubling lhe pension system equilibrium tax rale, and; (ii) although it is extremely important to approve traditional pension system reform proposals, increasing lhe regime's coverage through including part of lhe 45 million informal workers as contributors helps reducing deficits as much. / É consenso que as tendências demográficas de longo prazo estão por trás da deterioração das contas previdenciárias na grande maioria dos países do globo. O problema se agrava no Brasil, pois a informalidade do mercado de trabalho exclui milhões de potenciais contribuintes do regime de repartição. O trabalho mensura, através de simulações de um modelo de longo prazo, qual o impacto fiscal das mudanças introduzidas pela transição demográfica. E, admitindo a persistência dessa nova estrutura etária no país, simula quais propostas de reforma da previdência têm maior resultado na redução dos déficits atualmente registrados no INSS. Dentre as principais conclusões estão: (i) a transição demográfica sozinha é responsável por quase dobrar a alíquota previdenciária necessária para equilibrar o sistema, e; (ii) apesar de ser extremamente importante aprovar as propostas de reforma tradicionais (instituição de idade mínima, taxação dos inativos e mudanças nas regras de cálculo dos benefícios), aumentar a cobertura do regime de repartição através da inclusão dos aproximadamente 45 milhões de trabalhadores informais não-contribuintes reduz déficits em magnitude semelhante.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:59:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Jankiel Aparecido Lima dos Santos.pdf.jpg: 2303 bytes, checksum: a0ca8347041bcb6693a7074b1a26434c (MD5) Jankiel Aparecido Lima dos Santos.pdf.txt: 93307 bytes, checksum: 36e05bde81d78ed4202d37eeee095dad (MD5) license.txt: 4712 bytes, checksum: 4dea6f7333914d9740702a2deb2db217 (MD5) Jankiel Aparecido Lima dos Santos.pdf: 403467 bytes, checksum: acb999ee8dc222a4d7a8009bd181d5a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-26T00:00:00Z / There is a plethora of essays assessing the topic of labour market segmentation, but their common strategy of appraising jointly several categories of workers has seemingly made it harder for researchers to reach a consensual view about the existence (or lack) of segmentation in the Brazilian labour market. In this essay just a lone category is chosen as the focus of analysis – namely the one comprising domestic female employees - so as to try to dim that difficulty whereas dealing with a relevant group of the Brazilian labour force, whose components represent 1/6 of total female job posts or roughly 7% of total Brazilian employees. Therefore, should one succeed in finding robust evidences that important group of workers faces a segmented market and one will not be able to state the Brazilian labour market as a whole is an integrated one. That is the conclusion that arises in this survey using two different methods (ordinary least squares and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition), thus reinforcing the common sense there is a wage differential between formal and informal workers, even when controlling for the productive features of each group. / Existe uma variedade de ensaios tratando do tema de segmentação do mercado de trabalho, porém todos utilizando a estratégia de avaliar diversas categorias de atividade conjuntamente, algo que tem tornado aparentemente mais árdua a obtenção de um consenso acerca da existência ou ausência de segmentação no caso brasileiro. Neste estudo, avalia-se apenas uma categoria específica, que é a de empregadas domésticas, na tentativa de se reduzir esta dificuldade, ao mesmo tempo em que se estuda um grupo relevante da força brasileira de trabalho, cujas representantes somam 1/6 dos postos de trabalho femininos ou 7% do total de pessoas empregadas no país. Desta forma, caso se consiga encontrar evidências robustas de que esta parcela significativa do mercado de trabalho seja segmentada, não se poderá supor que a sua totalidade tenha a característica de um mercado integrado. E esta é conclusão a que se chega por meio da aplicação de dois métodos (mínimos quadrados ordinários e a decomposição de Blinder-Oaxaca), reforçando a impressão geral de que existe diferencial de ganho entre os setores formal e informal, ainda que se faça o controle das características produtivas de cada grupo.

Há uma relação recíproca entre um dos objetivos das ciências administrativas – aumentar a produtividade do trabalho – e o crescimento do desemprego. Contudo, este tema é pouco explorado nessa área do conhecimento. Estudos que tratam direta ou indiretamente desta problemática costumam considerar que os desempregados ou são agentes empreendedores ou estão excluídos das relações de trabalho. Intentamos abordar este tema superando essas abordagens duais. Defendemos a tese de que os desempregados compõem um estrato populacional denominado exército de reserva (ER) e que este pode cumprir, no atual estágio de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas, um duplo papel, qual seja: regulador do preço da força de trabalho e agente contestatório do sociometabolismo do capital. Fundamentados, principalmente, nos estudos de Marx, Oliveira e Iasi, analisamos o mercado de trabalho tal como representado por instituições de pesquisas nacionais e internacionais e os dados coletados junto aos integrantes de um movimentos social formado por desempregados, o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Desempregados (MTD). O método dialético permitiu reconstituir o movimento dos múltiplos determinantes que sintetizaram a possibilidade de alterações qualitativas em parte do contingente em questão. Concluímos que o ER cumpre função estrutural econômica e ideológica de regular o preço da força de trabalho devido a, basicamente, dois fatores: 1) como superpopulação fluente, é uma reserva de força de trabalho que tende a deprimir o preço desta mercadoria à níveis crescentemente inferiores; 2) enquanto força de trabalho não utilizada diretamente pelo capitalista no processo de produção, os membros do ER, em sua manifestação como superpopulação estagnada, tendem a efetuarem trabalhos, seja na considerada economia informal seja na economia doméstica ou ainda na economia subterrânea, que satisfazem necessidades dos membros do exército ativo (EA) e do exército de reserva em sua manifestação fluente. Ao oferecerem produtos e serviços à baixo custo ao EA e ao próprio exército de reserva, a superpopulação estagnada colabora para o rebaixamento do valor da mercadoria força de trabalho, tendo em vista que esta, segundo a lei do valor, deve equivaler ao valor dos produtos necessários a sua reprodução. Defendemos, portanto, que no atual modo de produção capitalista em países periféricos opera-se, gradativamente, uma mudança qualitativa na consciência de classe desta parcela da classe trabalhadora que, sobretudo após o advento da reestruturação produtiva, apresenta tendência crescente de reposição contínua, isto é, mudança quantitativa que tem sido oportunizada, dentre outros fatores, pelo desenvolvimento do conhecimento administrativo. / There is a mutual relation between one of the administrative sciences objectives – increase labor productivity and unemployment growth. However, this theme is little exploited in this knowledge field. Studies which deal direct or indirectly with this problematic usually consider that unemployed people can be enterprising agents or are excluded from labor relations. We intended to address this theme overcoming these dual approaches. We defend the thesis that unemployed people are part of a population extract known as reserve army (RA) which can have, in the current stage of production forces, a double role, namely: regulator of the labor force price and oppositional agent of the capital’s social metabolism. Based, mainly, on the studies of Marx, Oliveira and Iasi, we analyze the labor market as it is represented by national and international research institutions and through collected data among the members of a social movement formed of unemployed people, the Unemployed Workers Movement (MTD). The dialectical method allowed us to reconstitute the movement of multiple determinants that synthesized the possibility of qualitative changes in part of the mentioned contingent. We have concluded that the RA performs an economic and ideological structural function of regulating the labor force price basically due to two factors: 1) as a fluent super population, it is a reserve of labor force, which depresses the price of this merchandise to levels increasingly inferiors; 2) as a labor force not directly used by the capitalist in the production process, the members of the RA, on their expression as a stagnant super population, tend to make works, whether in the so called informal economy, whether in the domestic economy or even in the underground economy, that satisfy needs of both the active army (AA) and the reserve army on its fluent manifestation. When offering products and services with low cost to the AA and even for the reserve army, the stagnant super population contributes to depreciate the value of the labor force merchandise, taking into consideration that according to the value law, this must be equivalent to the value of the products needed for its reproduction. The reserve army can play the role of oppositional subject whereas the concrete conditions of its pauperism tension the movement of formation and the construction of struggle organizational forms, enabling the constitution of a class consciousness process mediated by moments of denial and consent to the capital‟s social metabolism. We defend, therefore, that in the current capitalist way of production in peripheral countries a qualitative change gradually occurs in class consciousness of this portion of class-of-labor that shows, especially after the advent of productive restructuring, an increasing tendency of continuous replacement, that is, quantitative change which have been possible, among other factors, by the development of the administrative knowledge.

Ethiopia is rapidly urbanising. Similar to other urban areas in developing countries, major issues in Ethiopia include a high level of income inequality, lack of formal employment opportunities and deeply rooted poverty, tenure insecurity, poor infrastructure, and limited access to electricity and energy. Frequently settlers end up in impoverished urban squatters and slums which do not offer them even the most basic infrastructure and hence lack to provide them with the perspectives they came for. Onward migration to farer off destinations such as the EU member states thus often remains as sole option for those caught in such urban poverty traps. Although the issue of informal urban settlements is not new to the context of Ethiopian cities, the current rapid urban growth rates are exposing urban rental markets as well as infrastructure and energy supply to considerable pressure. The paper investigates the respective situation in Ethiopia and demonstrates some best practice examples. In the context of Ethiopian cities, energy production and distribution have been highly centralised under state entities and the scope for exploring local/business driven and decentralised systems has been limited. Transitions can be implemented towards sustainability and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals if collective identification and structuring of issues along with collective envisioning of future is provoked or facilitated.

Cette thèse porte sur le rôle des aidants familiaux dans la prise en charge et les évolutions qu’il devrait connaître dans les années à venir. Premièrement, l’étude d’une cohorte d’individus de plus de 65 ans suivis pendant vingt-deux ans remet en question la capacité des proches à garantir le maintien à domicile des personnes âgées face à la survenue de troubles cognitifs. Puis, une modélisation jointe des décisions d’aide prises au sein des familles d’individus âgés dépendants précise et nuance les effets supposés des évolutions socio-économiques et démographiques actuelles sur l’implication future des membres de la famille. Enfin, l’analyse de la relation entre aide professionnelle et aide familiale à domicile indique qu’une réduction du prix de l’aide formelle ne devrait pas permettre de libérer du temps aux proches mobilisés. Ces résultats suggèrent des pistes d’action publique en vue d’améliorer l’efficience de la prise en charge des personnes âgées dépendantes. / In France, in-home support of the elderly dependents is encouraged and should contribute to the care provided by family members. In this thesis, several microeconometric models are estimated to analyse the role of the family in long-term care for elderly dependents. First, the analysis of a cohort of elderly dependents followed for more than twenty years calls into question the ability of family caregivers to protect their elderly dependent parent against the risk of institutionalisation. Then, a joint model of caregiving decisions within families nuances the effects of current socio-economic and demographic evolution on the future involvement of children. Finally, the study of the relationship between family care and formal home care indicates that a lower price of professional care cannot efficiently contribute to free up time for the informal caregivers. These results fuel thoughts about new public policies devoted to increase the efficiency of long-term care for elderly dependents.

A dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar as formas de tratamento pelos poderes públicos municipais voltadas aos assentamentos informais das áreas urbanas de duas cidades turísticas, Canela e Gramado, enquanto aglomeração urbana na Região das Hortênsias. Para tal, foram utilizadas três técnicas: observação não participante; aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 02 (dois) grupos distintos, sendo o primeiro grupo de líderes comunitários e segundo grupo com técnicos de ambas as Prefeituras; e cruzamento de dados. Observou-se que embora existam análises acadêmicas a respeito dessas cidades, os temas estão voltados a outros assuntos, como por exemplo, capital imobiliário e turismo. Os resultados apresentados nessa dissertação refutaram a hipótese inicial, de que Canela e Gramado compartilhassem de estratégias para gestão dos assentamentos informais nessas cidades. A hipótese inicial teve como principal consideração a quantidade de assentamentos existentes em Canela quando comparado com Gramado. No entanto, foram observadas diferentes formas de gestão nos assentamentos informais, o que implicam em diferentes formas de ocupação no espaço urbano. / The dissertation is to analyze the general forms of treatment by municipal authorities aimed to informal settlements in urban areas of two tourist cities, Canela and Gramado, while urban agglomeration in the Region of Hortênsias. To this end , three techniques were used: non-participant observation; application of semi-structured interviews with 02 ( two) distinct groups, the first group of community leaders and the second group with experts from both prefectures; and linking of data. It was observed that although there are academic analyzes of these cities, the themes are turned to other matters, such as real estate and tourism capital. The results presented in this dissertation disproved the initial hypothesis that Canela and Gramado share strategies for management of informal settlements in these cities. The initial hypothesis was the main consideration the amount of existing settlements in Canela compared to Gramado . However, different forms of management were observed in informal settlements , which imply different forms of occupation of urban space.