5 Abstract This thesis aims to provide an overview of Russia's narratives surrounding the anti-Russian sanctions implemented by the West in the wake of the Ukrainian crisis. Employing the concept of "strategic narratives", the thesis aspires to outline the content and usage variation of Russia's strategic communication regarding the sanctions regime. After exploring what countries can, in theory, do to defend themselves against sanctions, it was predicted that Russia would strive to reach two goals with its strategic narratives, delegitimizing the sanctions regime and downplaying the sanctions' negative economic effects. The qualitative method of thematic analysis was used to explore the statements of Russia's political leaders on the sanctions and found that Russia indeed seeks to delegitimize the sanctions and downplay their effects. When investigating the usage of the two strategic narratives over time with the help of a quantitative Chi-square test, no significant differences could be found between economically turbulent and prosperous times for two out of three politicians, with the third one resorting more often to the delegitimizing strategic narrative in economically prosperous times. Meanwhile, two other external factors were identified as significantly influencing the strategic narratives' usage...

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender como as regras formais e informais que determinam a decisão alocativa do Fundo de Desenvolvimento Urbano do município de São Paulo são capazes de influenciar o conflito distributivo no âmbito da política urbana municipal. Para isso, foram analisados os processos ou etapas decisórias do fundo entre 2003 e 2016, afim de identificar os loci ou arenas decisórias nas quais se deu a tomada de decisão, os atores envolvidos e seu papel no processo, os critérios utilizados na priorização de secretarias e projetos, além de realizar uma análise quantitativa da distribuição entre pastas e áreas da política. Para tanto, procurou-se operar em uma lacuna teórica entre a ciência política e os estudos urbanos ao se empregar a literatura neoinstitucionalista em especial suas vertentes histórica e sociológica, particularmente a sociologia da ação pública, com a instrumentalização de políticas públicas com o intuito de entender os reflexos de um instrumento que se insere no contexto de instrumentos urbanísticos de recuperação da valorização da terra urbana. O estudo demonstra que o FUNDURB, ao determinar o processo de decisão sobre a alocação de recursos, limita parcialmente o comportamento dos atores e, dessa forma, estabelece relações assimétricas de poder entre diferentes demandas e interesses. Além disso, foram identificados efeitos próprios da instrumentalização como previsto pela literatura, na medida em que a vinculação e subvinculação de receitas produzem inércia e evitam questionamentos sobre a problematização em torno de uma política de desenvolvimento urbano. Ademais, os critérios utilizados para a alocação de recursos revelaram lógicas dissimuladas pela adoção do instrumento e realçaram o caráter seu arrecadatório, posicionando-o em um contexto mais amplo dentro do processo orçamentário da prefeitura de São Paulo / This research aims to understand how formal and informal rules that determine the allocation of resources of the Urban Development Fund (FUNDURB) of the municipality of São Paulo are able to influence the distributive conflict within the municipal urban policy. To that end, the decision-making processes or steps of the fund between 2003 and 2016 were analysed, in order to identify the loci or arenas where decisions were taken, along with the actors involved and their role in the process, as well as the criteria used in the prioritization of departments and projects, in addition to conducting a quantitative analysis of the distribution among departments and policy areas. The research operates in a theoretical gap between political science and urban studies and, therefore, it employs new institutionalist literature particularly its historical and sociological streams, particularly the sociology of public action, with the instrumentalization of public policies in order to understand the reflections of an instrument that is inserted in the context of urban land value recovery. The study shows that the FUNDURB, while determining the decision-making process on resource allocation, partially limits the behaviour of the actors and thus establishes asymmetric power relations of power among different demands and interests. Moreover, effects of the instrumentalization were identified, as predicted by the literature, as public earmarking produce inertia and avoids questioning over the problematization around urban development. Furthermore, the criteria used in the allocation of resources revealed a disguised logic in the adoption of the instrument, which lies within a broader context of the budgetary process of the municipality of São Paulo

Cette thèse porte sur la fonction tutorale telle que prescrite dans le référentiel de formation des étudiants en soins infirmiers. Nous nous inscrivons dans le cadre théorique de la didactique professionnelle dont nous avons utilisé les concepts comme révélateurs de l’instrumentalisation de Rabardel. Notre recherche se propose d’appréhender le tuteur comme un instrument psychologique dont les étudiants pourraient se saisir pour développer leur professionnalité. Nous avons ainsi élargi le cadre de la théorie instrumentale en proposant une typologie de l’instrumentalisation puis en décrivant le schème de l’interaction tutorale. / This thesis focuses on the role of tutors as prescribed in the repository of training nursing students. We are part of the theoretical framework of professional didactic we used the concepts as indicative of the instrumentalization of Rabardel. Our research aims to understand the tutor as a psychological instrument that students could take to develop their professionalism. We have expanded the scope of the instrumental theory by proposing a typology of the instrumentalization and articulating the schema of tutorial interaction.

The diploma thesis Analysis of the political instrumentalization of the periodic press Mladá fronta DNES in the period before elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic in 2013 examines, if leader of the political party ANO Andrej Babiš used his position of the owner of the media group MAFRA to influence media content in the periodic press Mlada fronta DNES during the period before elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic in 2013. Theoretical framework briefly describes the basic concepts of political communication and geopolitical division of the models of political communication including the Czech media scene. Focus is primarily on the development and possible ways of instrumentalization of printed media operating in the Czech media market after 1989. Results of quantitative research showed that four other political parties gained more media attention then political party ANO which ended up second in the election. The title pages of the Mlada fronta DNES therefore was not used to increase promotion of Andrej Babis and his political party. The final part of the research interprets the results of quantitative analysis regarding the possible instrumentalization in terms of political topics presented on the front pages of the...

L'utilisation du jeu pour les apprentissages n'est pas une idée nouvelle. Cependant, l'étude de jeux à but éducatif montre que les concepteurs de jeux éprouvent des difficultés pour articuler didactique et ludique. C'est à ce niveau que se porte notre réflexion, particulièrement sur les conditions d'une articulation du ludique et du didactique lors du processus de conception d'une ressource. La prise en compte de cette articulation nous a conduit à introduire un nouveau terme jeu-situation désignant cet objet situé entre une situation didactique où les apprentissages sont prioritaires et un jeu où le ludique est prédominant. Notre travail se décompose en deux temps : la conception d'un jeu-situation numérique pour l'apprentissage de l'énumération à l'école maternelle d'une part et l'appropriation de cette ressource par des professeurs d'école maternelle d'autre part.La conception de la ressource repose sur différents cadres théoriques, notamment sur la théorie des situations didactiques. De plus, la conception associe la méthodologie d'ingénierie didactique et de Design-Based Research. Notre étude se poursuit par l'élaboration d'un modèle de conception d'un jeu-situation élaboré autour d'un processus fondamental qu'est l'intégration. Ce modèle est mis à l'épreuve lors de la conception du jeu-situation numérique " A la ferme " pour l'apprentissage de l'énumération à l'école maternelle.Nous abordons, dans un deuxième temps, l'appropriation de ce jeu-situation par des professeurs d'école maternelle. La conceptualisation de la notion d'appropriation s'appuie sur plusieurs domaines : celui de la psychologie de l'environnement et de gestion, celui de la didactique en convoquant notamment l'approche documentaire du didactique. Nous accordons aussi une place importante aux connaissances professionnelles des professeurs qui impactent les processus d'appropriation de ressources. Nous pouvons ainsi présenter un modèle théorique général du concept d'appropriation d'une nouvelle ressource que nous instancions à l'école maternelle et au numérique avec l'outil tablette tactile. L'appropriation est observée à travers trois regards : l'instrumentation, l'instrumentalisation et les orchestrations que nous lions aux connaissances professionnelles / The use of the game for learning is not a new idea. However, the study of educational purpose games shows that game designers have difficulty articulating didactic and ludic. It is at this level that our thinking is focused, especially on the conditions of articulating ludic and didactic during the process of designing a resource. Taking into account this articulation led us to introduce a new term game-situation for this object between a didactic situation where learning is a priority and a game where the ludic is predominant. Our work is divided into two stages: the conception of a digital game-situation for the learning of enumeration skills in the kindergarten on the one hand and the appropriation of this resource by kindergarten teachers, on the other hand. The design of the resource is based on various theoretical frameworks, notably on the theory of didactic situations. In addition, the design combines didactic engineering methodology with Design-Based Research. Our study continues with the development of a model of a game-situation concept based on a fundamental process of integration. This model is tested in the design of the digital game-situation "On the farm" for the learning of enumeration skills in kindergarten. In a second step, we deal with the appropriation of this game-situation by kindergarten teachers. The conceptualisation of the appropriation notion is based on several domains: social and management sciences, didactics by convening in particular the documentary approach to didactics. We also place an emphasis on the professional knowledge of teachers who impact on the processes of resource appropriation. We can thus present a general theoretical model of the concept of appropriation of a new resource that we instantiate in the kindergarten and the digital with the tactile tablet tool. The appropriation is observed through three perspectives: instrumentation, instrumentalization and orchestrations that we link to professional knowledge

Diante do processo de instrumentalização de que vem sendo objeto a língua espanhola nas práticas de ensino aprendizado, nas quais fica reduzida a uma língua veicular a serviço de resolver as urgências do sujeito contemporâneo, entendido como um sujeito pragmático, propomos trabalhar o texto literário como um suporte ligado a experiências de leitura nessas práticas. Pensamos que dessa forma poderíamos oferecer uma certa resistência à referida redução da língua, pois, nossa hipótese é que a materialidade do texto literário torna possível o confronto entre um sujeito e duas dimensões que consideramos que não devem ser escamoteadas, tal como, a nosso ver, acontece no processo de instrumentalização de que falamos. Este, de fato, não apenas evita a dimensão do equívoco mas também contorna a exposição à alteridade. De nossa perspectiva, determinados textos literários apresentam de forma potencializada a não estabilização semântica dos sentidos e exploram a relação com o estranho. Nesse sentido, realizamos uma experiência piloto com aprendizes brasileiros de língua espanhola que nos permitiu constituir um corpus no qual a partir do lugar teórico da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa analisamos as imagens detectadas nas respostas dos aprendizes aos questionários aplicados ao longo do processo, bem como as produções escritas por eles realizadas durante mesmo. Nessa análise, detectamos deslocamentos tanto no nível do registro imaginário quanto no da elaboração simbólica. / In teaching learning practices, the Spanish language has been suffering from the instrumentalization process in which it is transformed in a vector language so as to solve the contemporary subject urgencies, being this subject understood as a pragmatic subject. We propose here to deal with the literary text as a support linked to reading experiences in these practices and in this way we thought be possible to offer a certain resistance to the language usage as mentioned above. Our hypothesis is that the literary text materiality makes it possible the confrontation between one subject and two dimensions which, in our view, shouldnt be disguised such as it happens in the instrumentalization process . In fact, this not only would avoid the misconception dimension but also would minimize the exposition to the alterity. From our perspective, certain literary texts present the non-stabilization semantics of the senses in a potentialized form and explore the relation with the strange. In this sense, on the grounds of the Discourse Analysis in the French line of thought , we have done a pilot experience with Brazilian learners of the Spanish language , allowing us to constitute a corpus, in which the detected images in the learners answers to the questionnaires throughout the process are analyzed as well as the written productions. In this analysis, we have detected misplacement both in the imaginary register level and in the symbolic elaboration.

Diante do processo de instrumentalização de que vem sendo objeto a língua espanhola nas práticas de ensino aprendizado, nas quais fica reduzida a uma língua veicular a serviço de resolver as urgências do sujeito contemporâneo, entendido como um sujeito pragmático, propomos trabalhar o texto literário como um suporte ligado a experiências de leitura nessas práticas. Pensamos que dessa forma poderíamos oferecer uma certa resistência à referida redução da língua, pois, nossa hipótese é que a materialidade do texto literário torna possível o confronto entre um sujeito e duas dimensões que consideramos que não devem ser escamoteadas, tal como, a nosso ver, acontece no processo de instrumentalização de que falamos. Este, de fato, não apenas evita a dimensão do equívoco mas também contorna a exposição à alteridade. De nossa perspectiva, determinados textos literários apresentam de forma potencializada a não estabilização semântica dos sentidos e exploram a relação com o estranho. Nesse sentido, realizamos uma experiência piloto com aprendizes brasileiros de língua espanhola que nos permitiu constituir um corpus no qual a partir do lugar teórico da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa analisamos as imagens detectadas nas respostas dos aprendizes aos questionários aplicados ao longo do processo, bem como as produções escritas por eles realizadas durante mesmo. Nessa análise, detectamos deslocamentos tanto no nível do registro imaginário quanto no da elaboração simbólica. / In teaching learning practices, the Spanish language has been suffering from the instrumentalization process in which it is transformed in a vector language so as to solve the contemporary subject urgencies, being this subject understood as a pragmatic subject. We propose here to deal with the literary text as a support linked to reading experiences in these practices and in this way we thought be possible to offer a certain resistance to the language usage as mentioned above. Our hypothesis is that the literary text materiality makes it possible the confrontation between one subject and two dimensions which, in our view, shouldnt be disguised such as it happens in the instrumentalization process . In fact, this not only would avoid the misconception dimension but also would minimize the exposition to the alterity. From our perspective, certain literary texts present the non-stabilization semantics of the senses in a potentialized form and explore the relation with the strange. In this sense, on the grounds of the Discourse Analysis in the French line of thought , we have done a pilot experience with Brazilian learners of the Spanish language , allowing us to constitute a corpus, in which the detected images in the learners answers to the questionnaires throughout the process are analyzed as well as the written productions. In this analysis, we have detected misplacement both in the imaginary register level and in the symbolic elaboration.

法國在2010年發生了一件富社會與政治爭議性的大事：對非法吉普塞人移民的驅除。當時法國媒體極力報導這則消息，並皆由報導重新建構此事件。此篇論文探討法文報紙在報導吉普賽移民議題上如何被政治化。此研究由法國《世界報》與《費加洛日報》中挑選240篇文章出來做框架分析，《世界報》與《費加洛日報》分別代表法國兩大不同政治理念的國家日報，藉此分析支持學者哈林與曼席尼的媒體政治制度化與框架中的分化假設。《世界報》中大部分文章有著支持吉普賽移民框架報導(107篇文章)而《費加洛日報》中大部份文章則是反吉普賽移民框架報導的(76篇文章)。此外，結果顯示《世界報》中佔優勢的框架是支持吉普賽人安全制度的框架，而《費加洛日報》佔優勢的框架則是反吉普賽人移民的國家主義框架。 / Summer 2010 in France was marked by a major socio-political controversy: the expulsions of illegal Roma immigrants. The French news media widely broadcasted the issue, reconstructing the debate for the audiences. This thesis researched how French newspapers are being politicized in reporting the Roma immigration debate. Framing analysis of 240 articles in Le Monde and Le Figaro, two selected French national dailies of differing political ideology, supported Hallin and Mancini’s hypothesis of media instrumentalization and polarization in frame. Le Monde had a majority of pro-Roma immigration frames (107 articles) and Le Figaro had a majority of against Roma immigration frames (76 articles). Moreover, findings showed that Le Monde’s dominant frame was the pro-Roma securitization frame and Le Figaro’s dominant frame was the against Roma immigration nationalism frame.

This bachelor thesis is conducted as a Minor Field Study (MFS) in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between journalism and politics from three questions at issue: 1) What is the role of media according to the journalists? 2) How do journalists work with political reporting in the Sri Lankan print media? 3) How does print media and politics correspond to each other in Sri Lanka?. The theoretical framework consists of theories onmedia systems, democracy models, the notion of the public sphere, media during elections and types of regulations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 informants, both editors and journalists, at eight different editorial offices. The newspapers at which the informants were employed were either state-owned or privately owned. The qualitative material was transcribed and analysed using thematisation and meaning concentration to reveal patterns, attitudes and opinions. The analysis is divided into two major sections; 'Media's Role in the Society' and 'Media and Politics'. The first section investigates the first question at issue. Informing and educating people are valued as important responsibilities amongst the informants. Media is considered to be powerful in terms of affecting both people and politicians, although, some reservations are made. The second section examines the second and third questions at issue. The ideal execution of political reportage includes notions of neutrality, fairness, balance and unbiased reporting. In reality this is not necessarily accomplished. The state newspapers seem to report on behalf of the government in a positive and uncritical way. Private newspapers consider themselves to be more independent, but political ties and restrictions can disable their independence. Tendencies towards clientelism, political parallelism and instrumentalization are noted in the media environment. Sensitive, political news is often self-censored by journalists due to fear of consequences. In 'Conclusions and Discussion' the questions at issue are connected to each other in an attempt to discuss the complex relationship between journalism and politics in Sri Lanka.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur les destructions matérielles de la Grande Guerre et plus particulièrement sur la manière dont la société française s’est emparée des représentations de ruines pour en faire un symbole de douleur. Première conséquence directe et visible d’un conflit, les ruines témoignent de la guerre, de sa conduite, mais aussi des souffrances vécues par les militaires et les populations civiles. De l’artiste officiel rattaché aux armées au simple citoyen non mobilisé, en passant par le soldat anonyme, tous ont évoqué pendant la Première Guerre mondiale les destructions matérielles, les paysages désolés, la terre bouleversée par l’artillerie. Photographiées, dessinées, filmées, exposées à Paris, Londres ou Genève, les représentations de ruines se sont ainsi affichées dans les journaux, ont circulé sous forme de cartes postales et ont été reproduites dans divers ouvrages. Ces représentations iconographiques ont été instrumentalisées dès le commencement du conflit pour appuyer des discours contribuant à mobiliser les populations et à convaincre les pays neutres du bien-fondé de la guerre. Elles sont ensuite devenues une manière de rendre visible le conflit, mais surtout de témoigner de la violence nouvelle de cette guerre d’artillerie. Les descriptions littéraires en firent des corps vivants, blessés, transpositions anthropomorphes des soldats dont on montrait peu les corps. Cibles de la violence des armes, corps symboliques, fragiles, elles incarnèrent donc successivement le corps du combattant, puis le corps sacré de la Nation. La paix revenue, les ruines furent mobilisées une dernière fois pour appuyer les demandes de réparations de guerre. Elles furent aussi honorées par des remises de décorations et valorisées dans les circuits touristiques. Le débat autour des ruines se réduisit alors à un questionnement sur la conservation des vestiges de guerre. / This PhD work focuses on the material destruction caused by the Great War and more specifically on the way French society used the representations of ruins as a symbol of pain. As a first direct and visible consequence of conflict, ruins bear testimony to it, to its course, but also to the suffering of soldiers and civilian populations. Everybody, from the official military artist, the anonymous soldier to the ordinary citizen, evoked the material destruction, the desolate landscapes and the earth upheaved by artillery shells during the First World War. Photographed, drawn, filmed, exhibited in Paris, London or Geneva, the representations of ruins were shown in newspapers, they have been distributed as postcards and have also been reproduced in various works. These iconographic representations were used from the very beginning of the conflict to support the arguments used to mobilize populations and convince neutral countries of the validity of the war. They then became a way of making the conflict visible, but especially to testify the new violence caused by artillery. The Literary descriptions presented them as living, wounded bodies, as anthropomorphic transpositions of the soldiers whose bodies were rarely displayed. Targets of armed violence, symbolic bodies and fragile, ruins have embodied first of all the body of the warrior and subsequently the sacred body of the Nation. Once peace had been restored, the ruins were mobilized one last time to reinforce the demands for war reparations. They were also honoured through decorative ceremonies and valued through organized tourist tours. Since then the debate around ruins has been minimized to a question of their conservation as remnants of war.