This research investigated teachers'perceptions, understandings and implementation of education standards in elementary and primary schools in Papua New Guinea. The main research question and two sub-questions were designed to explore teachers' perceptions and understanding of national standards. This exploration engaged teachers in identifying factors which they believed influenced their professional work. This study also explored stakeholders' perceptions of teachers' interpretations of national education standards. This study adopted social constructivist epistemology, symbolic interactionism, and ethnographic case study methodology. This provided the basis for its theoretical framework to purposefully understand human interactions within their culture and context. Social constructivism accommodates situated learning, a conceptual framework which was adapted to interrogate understanding and implementation of national education standards. A variety of research methods were used to elicit teachers' and stakeholders' perceptions and experiences of their professional world. These methods included in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, documentary analysis, field notes and observations. Most of the focus group discussions engaged participants to "tell their stories", thus storytelling became an avenue for eliciting teachers' and stakeholders'perceptions. Workshops conducted for teachers became another important strategy for data collection. Two schools, one rural and one urban, became case studies to understand national education standards as an external phenomenon. A total of 595 participants were involved in this study including teachers and pupils, parents and community members, school board members, members of curriculum committees, and policy makers. The study found numerous contextual factors influenced teachers' understandings, interpretation and implementation of standards at the school level. Foremost, teachers' own knowledge of formal education standards was deficient thus influencing their commitment to and enthusiasm in their professional work. Teachers' content knowledge and pedagogical skills influenced their ability to translate content standards into clear benchmarks for pupils' learning. The absence of effective monitoring systems of teachers' performance contributed to pupils' superficial assessment reports and of uncoordinated mastery of subject content and performance skills. The absence of effective school leadership affected teachers' commitment, attitudes and professionalism. This generated a culture of isolationism acute in both schools. Teachers were performing to hierarchically externally imposed requirements, and in the process, overlooked essential knowledge and skills that were needed to improve quality of students' learning. The national education standards are an inherited policy from the colonial administration. This study found that successful implementation of education standards is highly dependent on the social and cultural expectations of Papua New Guinea's rapidly changing society. At the local level, education standards are highly influenced by teachers' professionalism, provincial education boards and community expectations. This is compounded by the mismatch of priorities and policies between the national and provincial education divisions. Such a practice impacts negatively on the successful implementation of educational reform agendas. The study implies that a reconsideration of national education standards is necessary. This process will involve a rethinking of teacher education programmes, dismantling previous assumptions of national standards and local implementation, and accommodating challenges presented by economic, political, social and cultural change in Papua New Guinea.

The field of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) traditionally encompasses care and education for children aged from birth to eight years. In this study, the focus is specifically on the field that provides services for children in prior to school settings, that being the birth to five sector. This sector is highly feminised and has emerged over the last century from philanthropic roots. Despite considerable work into leadership in other areas, until recent times, attention to aspects of leadership has been limited within the ECEC field and much of the research undertaken has focused heavily on centre-based leadership. This study investigated how personnel, from a range of services, understand and enact leadership. In terms of data analysis it draws heavily on symbolic interactionism as a methodological tool and engages standpoint feminist theory to inform the analytical process. Data were gathered from semi-structured interviews with twenty-six participants who also identified artefacts, which they considered influenced and supported their understandings of leadership. In addition, two focus groups were conducted to explore themes emerging from early analysis of the data. Findings indicate two categories, which emerge as relevant to how leadership is understood and enacted by participants. The first of these is the concept of interpreted professional identity, which reflects participants' interpretations of who they are as early childhood professionals informed by their own views and the views of others. How individuals interpret their sense of self (manifest in their professional identity) is influential in the secondary category, which is interpreted leadership capacity. This category reflects participants' leadership activity or inactivity. The analysis reflects a complex interplay between how participants interpret their professional sense of self (interpreted professional identity) and their capacity and willingness to enact leadership (interpreted leadership capacity). Individuals in the formation of their professional identity interpret factors, both internal to the ECEC field and external (through social expectations). The culture of the ECEC field (internal factors) includes competing elements such as a discourse of niceness juxtaposed against examples of horizontal violence. Factors external to the field suggest there are lingering social associations between heroic male images and leadership, which make women as leaders problematic. Within a highly feminised field such as ECEC, this study brings new perspectives to understandings of leadership and its enactment.

Att vara ung kvinnlig chef är ett outforskat område som behöver belysas. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vad det innebär att arbeta som offentligt anställd ung kvinnlig chef. Urvalet bestod av fyra unga kvinnliga chefer verksamma inom en stor kommun i Sverige. Med en etnografisk metodansats utfördes åtta deltagande observationer inklusive en fokusgruppsintervju. Resultatet påvisade att cheferna ansåg att faktorer som ålder och kön inte spelade roll när det gällde ledarskap. Trots detta uppfattades en känsla av ambivalens i synen på betydelsen av sin ålder och kön genom att man gjorde skillnad på sina medarbetares ålder och kön. Då ansåg cheferna att yngre, äldre, manliga och kvinnliga medarbetare behövde olika bemötanden. För att förstå studiens resultat i sin helhet användes teorier med inspiration från Charon och den symboliska interaktionismen som betonar att vi blir till i den sociala interaktionen med andra. Systemteori användes även för att synliggöra hur cheferna påverkas och påverkar den samhälleliga bilden av chefsrollen. / Being a young female manager is an unexplored area that needs to be highlighted. This study therefore aims to explore what it means to work as a young female public servant manager. The sample consisted of four young female managers in a large municipality in Sweden. With an ethnographic research approach, eight participating observations including a focus group interview was performed. The result showed that the managers felt that factors such as age and gender did not play a role in their leadership. Despite this, we perceived a sense of ambivalence in the view of the importance of age and gender by making a difference in their employees’ age and gender. The managers considered that younger, older, male and female employees were needed different treatment. To understand the result of the study in its entirety, theories inspired by Charon and symbolic interactionism was used which emphasizes that we become us by the social interaction with others. Systems theory was also used to show how the managers are affected and also affecting the society’s image of the general management role.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1605971 bytes, checksum: 1193d1759458095119bf1887a0060ca0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Based on the Applied Linguistics and understanding that it is by means of the language activities organized in discourse or texts that human beings perform, represent and represent themselves discursively and socially, the present research aimed at investigating the teaching work in the light of the Sciences of Work and the Sociodiscursive Interactionism (SDI) theoretical framework (BRONCKART, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2008; MACHADO, 2004, 2007), which conceive language as an activity in its social and discursive perspective. This dissertation investigated the representations of the teaching work, by means of the discourse of two students, as well as two English teachers who experienced the learning process in two different contexts: the private lessons and the language school environment. Through the analysis of semi-structured interviews we were able to find out that the teacher who works in a language school is defined by the students as a professional who has his work curtailed by pressure coming from varied instances and, therefore finds little room to reconceive norms and prescriptions. Concerning the private teacher, he is seen as a flexible and dynamic professional who finds enough room to reconceive norms and prescriptions, but who has to face restrictions to his work, such as financial instability and the compromise of the evaluation of his work due to the lack of a professional partner. The outcome of the teachers‟ linguistic and discursive analysis brought to light that the teachers‟ behaviour is first aligned with the concept of a professional moulded by the restraints of the school where he works (DE SOUZA, 2007), then with the concept of the Sciences of Work (CLOT, 1998; 2007[1999]; 2010) which conceive the worker as autonomous before the prescriptions that the institutions impose on them. The analysis also showed that the Collective of Work is present in the discourse of both, students and teachers and that there were divergences about the distance that the teachers notice between the prescribed and the realized work within the two contexts. There was convergence about the perception that the Internet, some educational sites and digital books may figure as professional partners for the private teacher. / Com alicerce na Linguística Aplicada, e compreendendo ser através das atividades de linguagem, organizadas em textos, que os seres humanos agem, representam e se representam discursiva e socialmente, a presente investigação fez uma abordagem do trabalho docente à luz das Ciências do Trabalho e dos pressupostos teóricos do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo ISD (BRONCKART, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2008; MACHADO 2004, 2007), que concebe a linguagem como uma atividade em sua perspectiva social e discursiva. Investigamos as representações do trabalho docente, por meio do discurso de duas alunas e duas professoras de Língua Inglesa que vivenciaram o processo de ensino-aprendizagem em dois contextos de ensino: a aula particular e a escola de idiomas. Por meio da análise de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, foi possível constatar que, em suas representações, as alunas definem o professor que atua em escola de idiomas como um profissional que tem seu trabalho cerceado por pressões advindas de várias instâncias e que tem poucas chances para reconcepção de normas e prescrições. O professor particular, por sua vez, é visto como um profissional flexível e dinâmico que encontra espaço para reconceber normas e prescrições, mas que tem restrições, como a instabilidade financeira e o comprometimento da avaliação do seu trabalho, devido à ausência de um par profissional. Os resultados da análise docente revelaram que, linguístico-discursivamente, a conduta das professoras, ora se alinhava ao conceito de profissional moldado pelas coerções da instituição (DE SOUZA, 2007), ora ao conceito idealizado pelas Ciências do Trabalho (CLOT, 1998; 2007[1999]; 2010), que reconhecem o trabalhador como autônomo diante das prescrições que lhe são impostas pela instituição em que trabalha. Verificamos, ainda, que o coletivo de trabalho está presente no dizer das alunas e das professoras, que houve uma divergência no tocante à distância que as professoras percebem entre o trabalho prescrito e o trabalho realizado nos dois contextos e uma convergência na percepção de que a internet, os sites educacionais e os livros digitais podem figurar como pares profissionais para o professor particular.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2006503 bytes, checksum: f2ed3cb9c9c944804e5211916d07a7de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The performance of an English language teacher in high schools, as well as of any worker, is regulated by course plans, governmental rules, decisions of coordinators and school directors, among other guidelines. However, teachers are not mere reproducers of the norms, as they are professionals who reflect on all aspects of their practice in order to reconfigure it when appropriate (PERRENOUD, 2002; MEDRADO, 2008; BÁRBARA e RAMOS, 2009; PIMENTA e GHEDIN, 2012). Looking for representations of guidelines in the speech of high school English language teachers, this study investigates how mutual collaboration contributes to the definition and understanding of the praxeological dimension of the collective of professionals the teachers belong to. Taking oral texts produced in reflective sessions as corpus for analysis, the discussion proposed in this study is supported by the theories and methodologies from the Socio-discursive Interactionism (BRONCKART, 1999, 2006, 2008; MACHADO, BRONCKART, 2009), but it also considers the principles and concepts of the Clinic of Activity (CLOT, 2006; 2010), when discussing issues relating to the professional genre, collective work and guidelines. The discussion signals to the fact that the reflective attitude of the teachers participating in this research has contributed not only to reveal their representations in relation to their praxis, but also to their own continuing education and the strengthening of the collective of professionals. / A atuação do professor de língua inglesa no Ensino Médio, assim como a de qualquer trabalhador, é orientada por planos de curso, diretrizes governamentais, decisões de coordenadores e diretores, dentre outras prescrições. Contudo, os professores não são apenas meros reprodutores das normas, pois são profissionais que refletem sobre os aspectos que envolvem sua prática de forma a reconfigurá-la quando oportuno (PERRENOUD, 2002; MEDRADO, 2008; BÁRBARA e RAMOS, 2009; PIMENTA e GHEDIN, 2012). Buscando as representações das prescrições no discurso do professor de língua inglesa no Ensino Médio, a presente pesquisa investiga de que forma a colaboração mútua contribui para a construção da definição e compreensão do agir do coletivo do qual os docentes fazem parte. Tomando textos orais produzidos em sessões reflexivas como corpus para nossas análises, a discussão que propomos baseia-se no construto teórico e metodológico do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (BRONCKART, 1999, 2006, 2008; MACHADO, BRONCKART, 2009), como também considera os princípios e conceitos da Clínica da Atividade (CLOT, 2006; 2010), quando abordamos questões relativas ao gênero profissional, coletivo de trabalho e prescrições. A discussão dos resultados apontou para o fato de que a postura reflexiva dos professores participantes da presente investigação contribuiu não apenas para evidenciar suas representações sobre o seu fazer, mas também para a sua própria formação continuada e para o fortalecimento do coletivo de trabalho.

Ce travail de recherche s'intéresse aux pratiques de maîtrise des risques d'acteurs engagés dans des situations critiques, distribuées et instables, à savoir de vastes projets de modernisation des installations ferroviaires. Il interroge la façon dont la division technique et « morale » du travail, la complexité socio-technique, la distribution du travail et des pressions de production peuvent affecter ces pratiques, en développant une perspective interactionniste. Il montre le rôle joué par les dynamiques intra et inter-groupes professionnels dans la maîtrise des risques, et questionne tout particulièrement le lien entre travail d'articulation et sécurité. Il s'appuie sur une méthodologie dite de « retour d'expérience élargie » de plusieurs incidents, ainsi que sur des entretiens et des observations de situations de travail. Il s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un programme de recherche lancé en 2006 par la FonCSI intitulé ‘Facteurs socio-culturels du retour d'expérience'. / This work is about the risk control practices of workers engaged in critical, distributed and unstable work situations, i.e. large modernization projects of railway operation system. It questions the way the technical and “moral” division of work, socio-technical complexity, distribution of work and production pressures can affect these practices, by adopting an interactionnist approach. It shows the role played by intra and inter-groups dynamics in risk control practices and questions especially the link between articulation work and safety. It uses a “broad learning from experience” methodology based on the comparative analysis of several near-misses and “normal” work situations. This work falls within the framework of a research program supported by the FonCSI called ‘Socio-cultural factors of learning from experience'.

The struggles with patriarchy in the marriages of highly educated married black women are not clearly defined by research, leading to generalisations that all women experience, interpret and resist patriarchy in a uniform way. Written from an African feminist and symbolic interactionist perspective this qualitative study sought to investigate the cognitive processes of highly educated married black women that develop from their lived experiences, interpretations and resistance with regard to patriarchy in their marriages. Data were collected through (auto)biographical narrative essays, semi-structured interviews and observations and analysed using thematic data analysis. The findings indicate that highly educated married black women experience, interpret and resist patriarchy in diverse ways, highlighting three clusters of these women – the liberal, the conformist and the secretive. Their self-concept and identity are more likely to be shaped by their social experiences and interactions with their husbands and the extended family than interactions in their professions. / Sociology / M.A. (Sociology)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:32:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paula_lf_me_mar.pdf: 709077 bytes, checksum: 872752546ed0dc645a8864ce0bd77139 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A fim de contribuir para a compreensão da história do ensino de língua portuguesa no Brasil e para a compreensão da proposta de João Wanderley Geraldi acerca desse ensino, são analisados, nesta dissertação, aspectos da coletânea O texto na sala de aula, organizada por Geraldi e editada pela ASSOESTE, em 1984, e pela Ática, em 1997. Foram utilizados, para a pesquisa de que resultou esta dissertação, procedimentos de localização, reunião e ordenação da bibliografia de João Wanderley Geraldi e sobre sua obra e atuação profissional, que viabilizaram a análise da configuração textual da coletânea O texto na sala de aula, com ênfase nos artigos assinados por Geraldi. Foi possível concluir que o projeto do Wanderley, baseado nos pressupostos teóricos do interacionismo lingüístico e disseminado em nosso país a partir da década de 1980, por meio da coletânea em questão, pode ser considerado como uma revolução conceitual no âmbito desse ensino, especialmente em decorrência da centralidade atribuída ao texto e ao trabalho com as três práticas. / Aiming to contribute to the understanding of the history of the Portuguese language teaching in Brazil and to the understanding of the proposal of João Wanderley Geraldi about this teaching, in the dissertation, aspects of the collection O texto na sala de aula, organized by Geraldi and edited by ASSOESTE in 1984, and by Ática, in 1997, are analyzed. For the research that resulted in this dissertation, procedures of localization, meeting, and ordering of the bibliography of João Wanderley Geraldi and about his work and professional acting that led to the analysis of the textual configuration of the collection O texto na sala de aula, with emphasis on the articles signed by Geraldi. It was possible to conclude that Wanderley's project based on the theoretical assumptions of linguistic interactionism and disseminated throughout our country from the 80's, through this collection, can be considered as a conceptual revolution in the field of this teaching, mainly in the arising of the centrality attributed to the text and to the work with three practices.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6658.pdf: 2411076 bytes, checksum: 7bc9be97ac332df4218f651c91914697 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-16 / This research's overall aim is to identify which meanings on teaching are produced and put into circulation by language schools advertising and which of these meanings refer specifically to Spanish Language. This is a qualitative-interpretative research that takes as object of analysis advertisements of four of the main Brazilian language schools franchising. We consider that the aspects related to the material conditions of the profession, linked with other historical aspects, contribute to the creation of meanings about the Spanish language and its teaching in Brazil. We trace, then, a historical overview on the Spanish language teaching in Brazil since Leffa (1999), Picanço (2003), and Daher(2006), we discuss theoretical aspects of the teaching professionalism based on Shulman (2005), Tardif (2002), and Gauthier (2006), and we support our studies on the Socio-discursive Interactionism proposed by Bronckart (2006, 2008,2009, 2012) and Machado (2009) to substantiate our discussions and text analysis. As results, our analysis indicates that language schools advertisements give emphasis to didactic material use (unique, updated, modern ones), and also on the school s Teaching Methods and their technologies, considering the teacher's role as something less important in the process. In this aspect, they confirm the results of previous researches about prescriptive texts (MACHADO et alii, 2009, p.25) in which teachers take position as simple adjuvants or instruments of a process ( ) her/his main work is represented as being the one who applies principles, contents, and the prescribed methodologies . / O objetivo geral da pesquisa é identificar quais sentidos sobre a docência são produzidos e postos em circulação pela publicidade de escolas de idiomas e quais desses sentidos referemse especificamente à língua espanhola. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativointerpretativista, que toma como objeto de análise publicidades das 4 principais franquias de escolas brasileiras de idiomas. Consideramos que os aspectos relacionados com as condições materiais da profissão, aliados a outros de caráter histórico, contribuem para a criação de sentidos sobre a língua espanhola e seu ensino no Brasil. Traçamos, dessa forma, um panorama histórico sobre o ensino de espanhol no Brasil a partir de Leffa (1999), Picanço (2003) e Daher (2006), discutimos aspectos teóricos da profissionalidade docente baseados em Shulman (2005), Tardif (2002) e Gauthier (2006) e nos apoiamos na proposta do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo de Bronckart (2006, 2008, 2009, 2012) e Machado et alli (2009) para fundamentar nossas discussões e análises dos textos. Como resultados, nossas análises apontam que as publicidades das escolas de idiomas enfatizam o uso dos materiais didáticos (exclusivos, atualizados, modernos), dos métodos de ensino da escola e das tecnologias, considerando o papel do professor como algo menor no processo. Nesse sentido, confirmam resultados de pesquisas anteriores sobre textos prescritivos (MACHADO et alii, 2009, p.25) nos quais os professores ocupam posição de simples adjuvantes ou instrumentos de um processo (...) seu trabalho maior é representado como sendo o de aplicar princípios, os conteúdos e as metodologias prescritas .

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-23T12:00:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4521812 bytes, checksum: 10da6a20318b8d2e86e5a2301a5d55ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-23T12:00:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4521812 bytes, checksum: 10da6a20318b8d2e86e5a2301a5d55ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper presents a reflection on the importance of using text genres in the teaching of young people and adults, with a supported approach in the socio-discursive interactionism. The option to use the saying gender was due to the importance of valuing popular culture as a way to build and improve in new knowledge, as Paulo Freire believed. We had intended to add one more reflection on teaching practice in adult education (Youth and Adult Education). This paper presents the results of a qualitative-interpretative character of action research that aims to present reflections on the possible contributions of ISD, from the didactic sequence proposed. With this observation applied and interventionist nature, promote the exploitation of our students, in the sense that they can act as producers of relevant texts, from a teaching proposal that considers the situational context of oral saying genre and enhances the textual production and their linguistic and discursive features, through writing and rewriting. The survey was conducted in the cycle II of AYE, at the Municipal School Major José de Barros Moreira, in the city of João Pessoa, PB. The methodological procedures used involved participant observation with audio recording and records the activities of students through a teaching sequence (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). The corpus consists of the transcript of the recording a few classes, where students discussed some popular sayings and the textual productions of the students. The analysis occurred after observation in the classroom, through audio discussion with students about proverbs and written productions. Thus, these results were compared with our theoretical framework and it was identified that the written productions can be beneficial from the world of reading that students undertake in their daily lives. The results of this work were the reading and interpretation of proverbs, entries production and a book prepared by the students, to support these entries. It was observed that the writing activities and rewriting of entries resulted in the development of language skills. / O presente trabalho apresenta uma reflexão acerca da importância da utilização de gêneros textuais no ensino-aprendizagem de jovens e adultos, com uma abordagem respaldada no interacionismo sócio-discursivo. A opção pelo uso do gênero provérbio deveu-se à importância da valorização da cultura popular como forma de construir e avançar em novos conhecimentos, como Paulo Freire acreditava. Tivemos a finalidade de acrescentar mais uma reflexão sobre a prática de ensino na EJA (Educação de Jovens e Adultos). Esse trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa-ação de caráter qualitativo-interpretativista que objetivou apresentar reflexões acerca das possíveis contribuições do ISD, a partir da proposta de sequência didática. Com essa observação de natureza aplicada e intervencionista, promovemos a instrumentalização dos nossos alunos, no sentido de que possam atuar como produtores de textos competentes, a partir de uma proposta de ensino que considere o contexto situacional do gênero oral provérbio, bem como valorize a produção textual e suas características linguístico-discursivas, por meio do da escrita e reescrita. A pesquisa foi realizada no ciclo II da EJA, na Escola Municipal Major José de Barros Moreira, na cidade de João Pessoa, PB. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados envolveram a observação participante com gravação em áudio e registros das atividades dos alunos, por meio de uma sequência didática (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). O corpus é constituído pela transcrição da gravação de algumas aulas, em que os alunos discutiram alguns provérbios populares e pelas produções textuais dos alunos. A análise ocorreu após a observação nas aulas, através dos áudios com discussão dos alunos sobre os provérbios populares e as produções escritas. Assim, comparamos com nossa fundamentação e identificamos que as produções escritas podem ser beneficiadas a partir da leitura de mundo que os alunos realizam no cotidiano deles. Obtivemos como resultado desse trabalho, que a princípio se tratava da leitura e interpretação de provérbios, a produção de verbetes e de um livro elaborado pelos alunos, como suporte desses verbetes. Pudemos observar que as atividades de escrita e reescrita dos verbetes resultaram no desenvolvimento das capacidades linguísticas.