Submitted by Gilvan Almeida (gilvan.almeida@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2016-09-26T14:06:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 201.pdf: 7278143 bytes, checksum: fe63a93e17549fe77ec6e9643fe1dc2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Barata Manoel (msbarata@coc.fiocruz.br) on 2016-10-05T14:06:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 201.pdf: 7278143 bytes, checksum: fe63a93e17549fe77ec6e9643fe1dc2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T14:06:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 201.pdf: 7278143 bytes, checksum: fe63a93e17549fe77ec6e9643fe1dc2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Este trabalho analisou, através da trajetória científica de Rudolf Kraus (1868-1932), alguns aspectos das dinâmicas de elaboração, produção e circulação de soros e vacinas nos países em que ele trabalhou, bem como na esfera internacional. Kraus foi diretor do Instituto Bacteriológico de Buenos Aires (1913-1921), do Instituto Butantan em São Paulo (1921-23), do Instituto Soroterápico Federal de Viena (1924-1929), e do Instituto Bacteriológico do Chile (1929-1932). Além de ter dirigido estas instituições de pesquisa e produção biomédica, Kraus possuía um discurso e atividades internacionalistas que permitiram entender que as relações científicas de âmbito transnacional eram regidas mais por contatos informais entre cientistas do que por filiações a organizações internacionais ou orientadas pelos interesses dos governos. Ao longo de sua carreira acadêmica, Kraus fundou quatro revistas especializadas e quatro sociedades, sendo duas de âmbito internacional, além de ter organizado três manuais técnicos de microbiologia. A partir de sua vida profissional foi possível perceber o surgimento de uma cultura do uso de produtos biológicos, a qual derivou não apenas do contexto transnacional de institucionalização da bacteriologia, mas do advento da técnica de padronização da produção do soro antidiftérico. Nas primeiras décadas do século XX, tal cultura se estabeleceu também devido à facilidade de se experimentar os novos produtos elaborados no laboratório em razão da ausência de sistemas regulatórios ou legislação que normatizasse o teste de novos terapêuticos em humanos. Em suma, esta tese contribui tanto para a compreensão da dinâmica de elaboração, fabricação e circulação de soros e vacinas nos países em que Rudolf Kraus trabalhou, quanto para o entendimento das formas de contatos entre cientistas de diferentes nacionalidades. / Through the scientific history of Rudolf Kraus (1868-1932) this work shed light to aspects of invention, production and circulation of sera and vaccines in the countries he worked as well as on the international level. Kraus directed the Bacteriological Institute of Buenos Aires (1913-1921), the Butantan Institute in São Paulo (1921-23), the Federal Serum Therapy Institute of Vienna (1924-1929) and the Bacteriological Institute of Chile (1929-1932). Besides those directorships, his internationalist discourse and activities showed that the transnational scientific relations were framed more by informal contacts between scientists than by international organizations or governments interests. During his academic career, Kraus founded four specialized journals, four scientific societies, two of which of international scope, and organized three microbiology manuals. Following his professional history it was possible to identify the emergence of a therapeutic culture of using biological products, which was establish with the advent of a standard method to the diphtheria serum production in the context of transnational institutionalization of bacteriology. In the beginnings of twentieth century, this culture was also determined by the ease of trying new laboratory products in the absence of legislation or regulatory systems. His performance as a research institute´s director has generated much controversy as the mobilization of the Brazilian scientific community in response to the development of microbiology in Argentina and the indignation of France after the prohibition of BCG vaccination in Chile. In short, this thesis shows some aspects of the dynamics of development, production and circulation of sera and vaccines and contributes to the understanding of the ways of relation between scientists of different nationalities.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DiogoPO.pdf: 1415310 bytes, checksum: 78ae21f5e982a548d2645509c00f8963 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The apportionment of natural resources between sovereign States is a subject that relates many aspects of International law, as long as Constitutional Law, at the execution and application phases of international treaties that regulates the exploration of common goods. In this sense, because of their natural characteristics that creates an environment of constant migration and fixation in transboundary regions, terrestrial or maritime, the petroleum and the natural gas bound a complex juridical apparatus that can control the sovereign rights involved. This research is aim at accomplishing a study concerning the international agreements that enable the non-unilateral action, specifically the unitization treaties between sovereign States, as a manner to resolve situations related to the individualization of oil and/or gas reservoirs that go across their national borders. These agreements will be analyzed considering the international public law sources theory, bearing in mind yet the already existed experiences in this sense, not disregarding the way that this fact could affect Brazil. It will begin with an historical incursion over the unitization institute, covering its main characteristics and its formation and execution procedures, and finally it will address the Brazilian legal system and the comparative law threats the institute. The clauses of these relevant agreements will be analyzed in details, concerning its particularities and its contents. Because these agreements are international obligatory rules of law, it is indispensable that they are considered under the auspices of the international law system, focusing their nature and the subjects of international law and establishing them as sources of the international law, analyzing them, then, as international rules and the applicable law to these juridical relations, the conventional established, the consolidated international custom and the applicable International Law principles, appearing the State s responsibility as an important subject for the verification of the acts lawful practiced by States. The analysis of the apportionment of these natural resources ends with the individualization of possible exploitable marine oil fields located between the exclusive economic zone and the continental platform ends and the region administrated by the International Seabed Authority. At last, the Brazilian constitutional system appears as the mechanism of integration, application and execution of the international unitization agreements in Brazil, detaching the format and the proceedings that the international treaties take to acquire validity at the national legal system, passing through the treaties interpretation and the applicable constitutional principles, coming to its application in Brazil, considering the existing constitutional peculiarities and the role played by the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and bio-fuel ANP / O compartilhamento de recursos naturais entre Estados soberanos ? um assunto que relaciona diversos aspectos do Direito Internacional P?blico, bem como do Direito Constitucional dos Estados, quando mais especificamente se volta ? execu??o e aplica??o de acordos internacionais que regulamentam o aproveitamento de bens comuns soberanamente. Neste contexto, por serem recursos naturais detentores de caracter?sticas ?nsitas que lhes possibilitam a migra??o constante e o dep?sito em posi??es transfronteiri?as, terrestres ou mar?timas, o petr?leo e o g?s natural surgem como bens que quando compartilhados necessitam de um aparato jur?dico complexo que regulamente sua explora??o e produ??o, de maneira a n?o afetar os direitos soberanos dos envolvidos. A proposi??o da presente disserta??o ? o de realizar um estudo sobre os acordos internacionais que possibilitam a concretiza??o desse fim voltado ? atua??o conjunta, mais especificamente os tratados de unitiza??o celebrados internacionalmente entre Estados, a fim de solucionarem quest?es relativas ? individualiza??o de campos de petr?leo e/ou g?s que atravessem suas fronteiras. Esses acordos ser?o analisados ? luz da teoria das fontes do direito internacional p?blico, tendo por base as experi?ncias j? existentes neste sentido, n?o podendo olvidar a forma como isto poderia ser efetivado no Brasil. Iniciar-se-? por uma incurs?o hist?rica sobre o instituto da unitiza??o, passando pelas suas caracter?sticas principais e seu procedimento de forma??o e execu??o, at? se chegar ao tratamento conferido ao instituto pelas legisla??es brasileiras e o direito comparado. As cl?usulas desses relevantes acordos ser?o enfocadas em an?lise minuciosa das particularidades do conte?do dos acordos de unitiza??o internacional. Por se tratar de norma jur?dica cogente internacional, imprescind?vel que se enquadre esses acordos no ordenamento jur?dico internacional, ressaltando a natureza de tal direito e os sujeitos internacionais, para s? ent?o poder estabelec?-los como fonte do direito internacional e analis?-los como norma internacional, enquadrando como conseq?ente direito aplic?vel nessas rela??es jur?dicas interestatais tanto o convencionalmente estabelecido, assim como o costume internacional consolidado e os princ?pios de Direito Internacional aplic?veis, de modo que a responsabilidade internacional dos Estados surge como importante t?pico sobre a constata??o da licitude dos atos praticados pelos Estados quando da ocorr?ncia destas situa??es. A an?lise do compartilhamento desses recursos naturais ? luz do ordenamento jur?dico internacional finaliza com o enfrentamento da individualiza??o de poss?veis campos explor?veis situados em ?reas marinhas entre o fim da zona econ?mica exclusiva e da plataforma continental e a regi?o controlada pela Autoridade Internacional. Por fim, o sistema constitucional brasileiro aparece como norteador da integra??o, aplica??o e execu??o dos acordos de unitiza??o internacional no Brasil, destacando o formato e o procedimento que os tratados internacionais percorrem para adquirir vig?ncia no plano interno brasileiro, passando pela interpreta??o dos tratados internacionais de unitiza??o e os princ?pios constitucionais aplic?veis, at? chegar ? sua aplica??o no Brasil com as devidas peculiaridades constitucionais existentes, ressalvando o papel assumido pela Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo, G?s Natural e Biocombust?veis ANP

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-12-22T12:14:15Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T12:14:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A irradiação de alimentos é um meio de preservação de alimentos onde se utiliza uma técnica de processamento que expõe os alimentos a uma radiação ionizante controlada de alta energia. O tratamento realizado com o uso das radiações ionizantes em alimentos tem muitas aplicações tecnologicamente e tecnicamente viáveis incluindo a capacidade de melhorar a segurança microbiológica, reduzir os níveis de bactérias patogénicas, inibir a germinação de tubérculos, aplicação fitossanitária, conservar alimentos armazenados ou a estabilidade de armazenamento e também é utilizada para aumentar a vida de prateleira de determinados produtos devido à redução da contaminação por microrganismos. Em função do aumento do comércio internacional de alimentos e das crescentes exigências regulatórias dos mercados consumidores, cada vez mais países importadores e exportadores têm demonstrando interesse na irradiação de alimentos e desenvolvido pesquisas na aplicação prática desta tecnologia e de métodos de detecção do tratamento. Inúmeras pesquisas foram realizadas mundialmente, resultando em eficientes protocolos para identificar quais alimentos foram ou não irradiados. Até então, o \"mito\" que alimentos irradiados não poderiam ser detectados e que não eram formados quaisquer produtos únicos da radiação foi substituído pelo conhecimento que muitas mudanças podem ocorrer nos alimentos irradiados e essas mudanças poderiam ser utilizadas como ferramentas para identificar essa tecnologia. O processamento por radiação resulta em formações de padrões característicos de hidrocarbonetos saturados, aldeídos, metil e etil ésteres e 2-alcilciclobutanonas, dependendo da composição do ácido graxo do lipídio que compõe o alimento. Com isso a proposta do trabalho foi levantar dados para comparar os efeitos das diferentes doses de radiação gama e de elétrons em alimentos que possuem gordura para verificar as possíveis alterações decorrentes do uso da irradiação, como a presença de 2-Alcilciclobutanonas e também, mostrar os principais equipamentos utilizados para a irradiação de alimentos e suas categorias, com o objetivo de informar o publico em geral. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

For the past 20 years, the European Union has extended its political cooperation and bilateral trade agreements with Morocco, while not taking a clear stance against the occupation of Western Sahara. Bound by EU law as well as principles of human rights and international law, the institutions of the EU are obligated to respect human rights in the EU external action. This includes the right to self-determination, a customary principle of international law. In two rulings, the Court of Justice of the European Union has concluded that agreements between the EU and Morocco do not apply to Western Sahara. But since then, two new agreements have been concluded whose respective scope include the territory and the waters of Western Sahara. Yet, the people of Western Sahara are not party to any of the agreements which authorises the exploitation of its natural resources. Drawing upon this context, this thesis examines the human rights aspect of the EU’s international agreements using a set of different research methods. The research question, if and how the EU’s external action affecting Western Sahara complies with EU law, is answered through a doctrinal analysis of the human rights clause of three separate agreements between the EU and Morocco, and the relevant case law of the Court. The conclusions are discussed in a following extrajudicial assessment based on Nancy Fraser’s critical theory of social justice.  The thesis finds that the EU external action as manifested in the three agreements with Morocco, by including the territory of Western Sahara, does not comply with EU law. Further, the analysis discovers that the lack of coherence between the institutions creates a fragmented external policy, whose legal basis and objectives in regard to respect for human rights is not reflected in its implementation. The discussion discovers that the EU fails to recognise the people in Western Sahara as equal subjects of social justice by upholding an unjust political frame. This framing maintains the status quo and obstructs the people’s claims for redistribution, recognition and political representation. The thesis therefore concludes that the EU should change its policy regarding Western Sahara, and align with the guiding principles for the external action stated in the treaties (Article 21 TEU). The thesis suggests that the EU adopts a comprehensive critical democratic and inclusive approach, in order to improve its institutional framework for how international agreements are negotiated, implemented and monitored in occupied territories.

Au milieu des années 90, des changements de scénarios à la fois nationaux et internationaux ont conduit au développement d’un nouveau partenariat euro-latino-américain, fondé sur de nouveaux outils contractuels. Le Mexique et le Chili furent les premiers pays émergents de la région à bénéficier de cette rénovation contractuelle : cette rénovation est le sujet de cette thèse ; son but est de déterminer la nature juridique du point de vue du droit communautaire des accords Euro-Mexicain et Euro-Chilien, signés respectivement en 1997 et 2002, dans la mesure où ceux-ci ont cassé la tradition euro-latino-américaine de ne signer que des accords non préférentiels; ils inauguraient ainsi une nouvelle et ambitieuse étape dans ces relations. L’analyse du contenu de ces accords basés sur des valeurs et intérêts communs, démontre leur nature associative et révèle l’essence et la portée de ces relations qui sont devenues la base du nouveau modèle d’alliance stratégique au niveau international. / From the mid 90’s, changes in both internal and international scenarios led to a development of strategic Euro-Latino-American partnerships paving the way for new contractual tools. Mexico and Chile were the first emerging countries to benefit from this contractual renovation herewith the subject of this thesis which will seek to determine the juridical nature from the European Community Law point of view of the euro-Mexican and euro-Chilean agreements, signed respectively in 1997 and 2002 seeing as these broke the euro-Latino-American tradition of only signing non-preferential agreements, thus opening the way for a new and ambitious future for the relations between the parties. The content analysis of these agreements which are based on mutual values and interests demonstrates the associative nature as well as the essence and the scope of these relations which became the base of a new model of strategic alliances on the international level.

About 3850 men of the First Australian Imperial Force were captured on the Western Front in France and Belgium between April 1916 and November 1918. They were mentioned only briefly in the volumes of the Official Histories, and have been overlooked in many subsequent works on Australia and the First World War. Material in the Australian War Memorial has been used to address aspects of the experiences of these neglected men, in particular the Statements that some of them completed after their release This thesis will investigate how their experiences ran counter to the narratives of CEW Bean and others, and seeks to give them their place in Australia???s Twentieth Century experience of war.

L'objecte de la tesi és l'estudi de les missions de pau de la UE (militars, no militars i de caràcter mixt), en el marc de la Política Comuna de Seguretat i Defensa (PCSD). A través d'aquestes missions, creades entre els anys 2003 i 2011, la UE ha assumit un paper d'actor en el context de les relacions internacionals en aquelles àrees d'influència geopolítica, econòmica i estratègica, situades fora de les fronteres de la Unió, principalment a Àfrica, Àsia, Orient Mitjà i els Balcans occidentals. / El objeto de la tesis es el estudio de las misiones de paz de la UE (militares, no militares y de carácter mixto), en el marco de la Política Común de Seguridad y Defensa (PCSD). A través de estas misiones, creadas entre los años 2003 y 2011, la UE ha asumido un papel de actor en el contexto de las relaciones internacionales en aquellas áreas de influencia geopolítica, económica y estratégica, situadas fuera de las fronteras de la Unión, principalmente en África, Asia, Oriente Medio y los Balcanes occidentales. / This thesis aims to study the EU peacekeeping missions in the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). Through these missions, created between 2003 and 2011, the EU has become an active actor in the context of international relations in areas of geopolitical, economic and strategic influence located outside the borders of the EU.

About 3850 men of the First Australian Imperial Force were captured on the Western Front in France and Belgium between April 1916 and November 1918. They were mentioned only briefly in the volumes of the Official Histories, and have been overlooked in many subsequent works on Australia and the First World War. Material in the Australian War Memorial has been used to address aspects of the experiences of these neglected men, in particular the Statements that some of them completed after their release This thesis will investigate how their experiences ran counter to the narratives of CEW Bean and others, and seeks to give them their place in Australia???s Twentieth Century experience of war.

This diploma thesis is focused on taxation of personal income of dependent activity in the Czech republic and Finland. First, the basic context of primary freedoms in European union are defined. Then the relevant legislation concerning taxation of chosen income category in the Czech republic and Finland are described. Using these informations we calculate and compare the tax burden of several model taxpayers in these two countries.

The thesis is focused on some questions stemming from the limitations of the right to free access to information in connection with the implementation of classified information protection in the context of activities of state security organizations. The basic legislation covering this area has been summarized. Further, the thesis explores theoretical as well as practical procedures and principles aimed at minimization of both real and potential threats to individual rights and basic principles of the open society in cases of performance of such sorts of limitations. Besides, some examples of the solutions carried out in certain countries and in addition several decisions of the European Court on Human Rights are mentioned. Finally, the contemporary status of the matter in the Czech Republic is examined.