The function of a journalist is not only to inform but also to investigate. Since the public has a right to information, jurists need to protect journalists that report from dangerous war-torn regions in order to keep the world informed. As the primary reliable source and often eyewitness to humanitarian atrocities a journalist has a duty to report such atrocities. There has for several decades now been uncertainty regarding the fact whether journalists should be granted special protection or not. On the one hand it is argued that journalists should be protected in terms of humanitarian law due to their humanitarian function, the service that they render in facilitating the free flow of information to the world and the role that journalists play in society. On the other hand, some argue that the protection of journalists is not the responsibility of the international community but rather their individual national governments or local news organisations. / Jurisprudence / LL.M.

Diploma thesis is focused on summary of EU security requirements. Especially it is about EU regulations, security programs and international conventions. These regulations are applicated on Airport České Budějovice, which is now in the process of modernization and expansion. From this view is thesis concentrated on airport area segregation, their border, security check planing, capacity of each part of airport and comparison of appropriate security devices. It deals about possibility of deviation from common security rules and accept alternative security rules. There is a small mention about kinds of airport threats and theirs consequences.

<p>Potreba za organizovanom za&scaron;titom i upravljanjem za&scaron;tićenim područjima prirode javila se krajem XIX&nbsp; vijeka. To koindicira sa konstituisanjem prvog Nacionalnog parka na svijetu, Jelouston, Amerika. Formalno su za nacionalne parkove progla&scaron;ena područja Durmitora, Lovćena i Biogradske gore 1952. godine. Sljedeće za&scaron;tićeno područje, Skadarsko jezero, progla&scaron;eno je 1983. dok je najmlađi Nacionalni park Prokletije formiran 2009. godine. Najmlađe za&scaron;tićeno područje u Crnoj Gori je Regionalni park Piva. Činjenica da je Crna Gora prva deklarisana ekolo&scaron;ka država na svijetu, &scaron;to je Ustavom definisana kategorija, obavezuje sve subjekte na lokalnom, regionalnom i<br />državnom nivou da se aktivno uključe u proces organizovanog upravljanja i za&scaron;tite područja prirode i da na kompleksan način rade na unapređenju i održivom kori&scaron;ćenju njihovih resursa. Primarna funkcija u svim tim procesima mora biti za&scaron;tita prirodnih elemenata, stani&scaron;ta, vrsta i habitata.</p> / <p>The need for an organized protection&nbsp; and management of protected natural areas&nbsp; emerged in the late XIX century. it coincides with the establishment of the first national park in the world, Yellowstone, USA. Areas of Durmitor, Lovcen and Biogradska Gora were formally declared national parks in 1952.Skadar Lake became protected area in1983, while the youngest national park Prokletije was declared in 2009. The youngest protected area in Montenegro is the Regional Park Piva.The fact that according to theConstitution Montenegro was declared the world&#39;s first ecological state, obliges all parties at local, regional and state level to actively engage in a process of organized management and protection of natural areas, as well as to work on improvementand sustainable usage of their resources. Primary function in all those processes&nbsp; should be the protection of natural elements, species and habitats.</p>

Dans ce mémoire, nous analyserons l’influence du droit international des droits humains sur la législation interne et la jurisprudence marocaines et tunisiennes. Nous tenterons de prouver que le droit international des droits humains a une influence sur le comportement des États et qu’il serait une cause de l’effervescence de la législation en matière de droits de la personne au Maroc et en Tunisie. Pour ce faire, le premier chapitre étudiera le système de réception du droit international de ces pays afin de comprendre comment ces conventions acquièrent force obligatoire et comment celles-ci s’intègrent dans l’ordre juridique national des deux pays. Dans un deuxième chapitre, nous examinerons de près les récentes modifications législatives relatives aux droits de la personne au Maroc et en Tunisie afin d’étudier leur conformité avec les conventions internationales onusiennes des droits humains et de mesurer l’influence de ces conventions. Dans un troisième chapitre, nous survolerons la jurisprudence marocaine et tunisienne pour vérifier l’application des conventions internationales des droits humains ainsi que les législations nationales sur les droits humains. Enfin, dans un dernier chapitre, nous tenterons de prouver l’influence du droit mou, plus particulièrement celui des rapports des comités onusiens relatifs aux droits humains et de l’examen périodique universel du Conseil des droits de l’Homme sur le comportement du Maroc et de la Tunisie. Ce mémoire vise ainsi à prouver l’efficacité du droit international des droits humains au Maroc et en Tunisie. / In this paper, we will analyze the influence of international human rights law on Moroccan and Tunisian domestic legislation and jurisprudence. We will try to prove that international human rights law has an influence on the behaviour of states and that it is a cause of the effervescence of human rights legislation in Morocco and Tunisia. To this end, the first chapter will study the system of reception of international law in these countries in order to understand how these conventions acquire binding force and how they are integrated into the national legal order of both countries. In a second chapter, we will closely examine recent legislative changes related to human rights in Morocco and Tunisia in order to study their conformity with international UN human rights conventions and to measure the influence of these conventions. In a third chapter, we will review Moroccan and Tunisian jurisprudence to verify the application of international human rights conventions as well as national human rights legislation. Finally, in the last chapter, we will attempt to demonstrate the influence of soft law, particularly the reports of the UN human rights committees and the Universal Periodic Review process of the Human Rights Council on the behavior of Morocco and Tunisia. This brief thus aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of international human rights law in Morocco and Tunisia.

Le présent mémoire a pour but la présentation des mécanismes permettant une réduction des émissions de gaz à effets de serre du secteur du transport aérien dans le contexte de la crise climatique . L’aviation est un domaine essentiel à la croissance des transports et des États, mais il s’agit d’une industrie polluante. Son aspect transfrontière et intrinsèquement international a demandé un encadrement au-delà des frontières. Les États se sont accordés sur la nécessité de solutions globales, notamment par l’entremise de conventions internationales, présentant des avancées, mais aussi des faiblesses. Le Protocole de Kyoto a confié à l’Organisation de l’aviation civile internationale (OACI), le soin de régler la question environnementale au niveau de l’aviation civile internationale. Ce mandat, donné à l’OACI, ne s’est pas fait sans embûche, notamment dans sa relation avec la mesure de marché de l’Union européenne, le système d’échange de quotas d’émissions (SEQE). Le droit européen ne s’applique qu’à une échelle régionale, mais son impact n’en demeure pas moins important. De plus, en parallèle de l’Union, l’OACI a elle aussi créé sa propre mesure de marché, le Carbone Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). Le mémoire présentera ainsi certaines des conventions internationales utiles sur le changement climatique, signées et ratifiées dans le but d’une baisse des gaz à effets de serre au niveau mondial. Dans le prolongement de ces textes et plus particulièrement le Protocole de Kyoto, il sera étudié les mesures de marchés mises en place par l’Union européenne, qui est concurrencée par celle de l’OACI, le CORSIA. / The purpose of this brief is to present the mechanisms that will enable the civil aviation sector to flourish in the face of the climate crisis. Aviation is essential to growth, but it is a polluting industry. Its cross-border and intrinsically international nature requires a framework that transcends borders. States have agreed on the need for global solutions, through international conventions. However, these are not sufficient in themselves to enable the aviation sector to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The Kyoto Protocol, which is not called into question by the 2016 Paris Agreement, entrusts the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) with the task of regulating these issues at the level of international civil aviation. Another source of law also deals with these issues: European law. Although this is a regional competence, its impact is nonetheless essential. The brief will present some of the international conventions on climate change that have been signed and ratified to reduce greenhouse gases. It will also look at the market measures put in place by both the ICAO and the European Union to reduce the sector's emissions.

No description available.

La kafala n’est pas un concept de droit musulman mais un concept nouveau de droit positif. Il est fort complexe dès lors qu’il est analysé sous l’angle juridique. Sa complexité est inhérente aux multiples questions qu’il soulève. La kafala ne crée pas de filiation, mais confère l’autorité parentale , et le nom pour l’enfant makfoul sans filiation. La transposition de la kafala en droit français a posé problème. L’interdiction de l’adoption posée par le droit algérien a eu un impact négatif sur la kafala car elle est souvent comparée à l’adoption. Le droit français a en effet interdit l’adoption d’un enfant recueilli par kafala. Le makfoul souvent sans filiation n’a pas de statut juridique en France. / Kafala is not an Islamic law concept but a new concept of positive Law. Kafala is a complex legal concept. Its complexity is inherent to the many legal questions it raises. Kafala does not create affiliation, but confers parental authority, and a name for the makfoul (adopted child) without filiation. The transposition of the concept of kafala by the French law has generated a problem. The prohibition of adoption imposed by the Algerian law has had a negative impact on the kafala concept because it is often compared to adoption. French law has actually banned the adoption of a child raised by kafala. The makfoul , often without filiation, has no legal status in France

The present dissertation has as purpose to investigate the problem of the effectiveness of the protection on the rights of persons with disabilities, in light of the Constitution of 1988. Thus, the study begins with a brief history about people with disabilities, seeking about the concept and terminology that were building over the centuries. The research is centered on the question of the implementation of the treaties and conventions on human rights in Brazil, notably the Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. This way, it will analyze the respect of receipt of international treaties and conventions dealing with human rights on the basis of the legal parental rights. For both, is used as a reference the earlier and the later the validity of Constitutional Amendment no. 45, December 30, 2004. In this context, we will examine the issue of the implementation of this Convention, from, in particular, the introduction of the new wording of paragraph 3, Article 5 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil, thereby strengthening the prism of constitutional hierarchy. On this occasion, there will be a holding on the various doctrinal positions relating to admission and success of international baccalaureate in Brazilian law. Finally, ventilate will be the fulfillment of the applicability conferred by Brazilian justice regarding the filing of actions that require the protection of the rights of people with disabilities; in this context, the object is examined on the prospect of contemplation of effectiveness with views into the materialization of the progress of the constitutionalism Brazilian directed to the achievement of an aspirated Humanistic nation and Constitutional Law. / A presente dissertação tem como desígnio investigar o problema da eficácia da proteção sobre os direitos das pessoas com deficiência, à luz da Constituição de 1988. Deste modo, o estudo tem início com um breve histórico sobre as pessoas com deficiência, buscando acerca do conceito e terminologias que foram se construindo ao longo dos séculos. A pesquisa está centrada na questão da efetivação dos tratados e convenções de direitos humanos no Brasil, notadamente da Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência. Dessa maneira, analisar-se-á a respeito da recepção dos tratados e convenções internacionais que versam sobre os direitos humanos com base no ordenamento jurídico pátrio. Para tanto, utiliza-se como referencial o anterior e o posterior da vigência da Emenda Constitucional nº45 de 30 de dezembro de 2004. Nesse contexto, examina-se a problemática da concretização de tal Convenção, a partir, em especial, da introdução da nova redação do § 3°, do artigo 5°, da Constituição Federal do Brasil, robustecendo-se no prisma da hierarquia constitucional. Neste ensejo, será realizada uma exploração sobre os diversos posicionamentos doutrináriosatinentes à admissão e êxito desse diploma internacional no direito brasileiro. Por fim, ventilar-se-á o cumprimento da aplicabilidade conferida pela justiça brasileira concernente ao ajuizamento das ações que demandam a proteção dos direitos das pessoas com deficiência; nessa conjuntura, o objeto é averiguado sobre a perspectiva da contemplação da eficácia com vistas na materialização do progresso do constitucionalismo brasileiro direcionado à realização de uma aspirada nação Humanística e Constitucionalista de Direito.

À côté de la jeune histoire de l’archéologie sous-marine égyptienne qui est retracée dans ce travail, les expériences similaires dans le monde méditerranéen sont beaucoup plus anciennes. Elles remontent au XVe siècle avec la découverte d’une épave du Ier siècle ap. J.-C. dans le lac Nemi, puis à la récupération d'une partie de la cargaison de l'épave antique d'Anticythère en 1901 grâce aux pêcheurs d'éponges grecs, ainsi qu’à la découverte en 1907 de l'épave romaine de Mahdia en Tunisie. Elles constituent des événements marquants dans le domaine de l'archéologie sous-marine. Mais l’archéologie sous-marine s’est développée de manière spectaculaire avec l’invention du scaphandre autonome par les français Jacques-Yves Cousteau et l’ingénieur Émile Gagnan. Cette invention provoqua une véritable révolution dans le domaine des activités sous-marines en 1942-1943. Ensuite les découvertes se succédèrent dans le bassin méditerranéen pendant plus d’un demi-siècle et de nombreux pays à travers le monde décidèrent de la mise en place de service archéologique spécialement dédié aux activités subaquatiques et sous-marines.Cette thèse porte sur une politique de gestion des vestiges immergés en Egypte, à la lumière des autres expériences en Méditerranée, afin d’attirer l'attention sur la richesse du patrimoine subaquatique égyptien à travers une étude dans le détail et dans son ensemble de l’action du Conseil suprême des Antiquités de l’Égypte et des diverses missions étrangères travaillant en Egypte. Elle propose une politique de protection efficace du patrimoine culturel subaquatique en Egypte, et des suggestions de développement du tourisme archéologique sous-marin et subaquatique, pour transformer ces richesses englouties en vecteur économique, tout en assurant leur protection adéquate par une législation spécifique qui n’existe pas encore en Egypte. / Beside this short history of underwater archeology in Egypt which is described in this work, similar experiences in the Mediterranean are much older, they go back to the fifteenth century with the discovery of a wreck from the first century AD, in Lake Nemi, later, the recovery of some objects from the ancient wreck of Anticythère in 1901 by the Greek fishermen of sponge, and the discovery in 1907 of the Roman wreck of Mahdia in Tunisia, are remarkable in the field of underwater archeology. But the underwater archeology has developed with the invention of the aqualung by the French Jacques-Yves Cousteau and the engineer Emile Gagnan. This invention caused a revolution in the field of underwater activities in 1942-1943. Then the underwater discoveries in the Mediterranean were succeeded and increased for more than a half century, and many countries around the world decided the establishment of an archaeological service specifically dedicated to underwater activities. This study focusses on management policy of underwater archaeology in Egypt, in the light of other experiences in the Mediterranean, in order to draw attention to the importance of the Egyptian underwater archaeology through a study in details of the activities of the Supreme council of Antiquities in Egypt and of the different foreign missions working in Egypt and to propose an effective protection policy of underwater cultural heritage in Egypt, also to develop the tourism of underwater archaeology, and to transform these vestiges in an economic vector, while ensuring an adequate protection by specific legislation that does not exist yet in Egypt.

L’effet horizontal implique l’application de la Convention EDH dans les relations interindividuelles. Justifiée par la théorie des obligations positives, cette construction jurisprudentielle permet la mise en jeu de la responsabilité internationale de l’État lorsque celui-ci ne prend pas les mesures nécessaires pour prévenir et réprimer les violations de la Convention commises par les personnes privées. La reconnaissance de l’effet horizontal par le juge européen a pour conséquence la prolifération des obligations substantielles et procédurales de l’État. La transposition de celles-ci dans l’ordre juridique interne astreint les autorités publiques, y compris les tribunaux, à intervenir dans les rapports privés. Nécessaire à l’effectivité des droits de l’homme, la diffusion de l’effet horizontal a pour contrepartie l’accroissement de l’intervention étatique dans la sphère privée et l’apparition des devoirs individuels fondés sur le respect des droits et libertés d’autrui. La Cour EDH, pionnière de l’ « horizontalisation », refuse d’en élaborer une théorie générale. Le défi est dès lors de délimiter l’extension des droits de l’homme aux relations interindividuelles afin que celle-ci ne devienne pas un facteur d’affaiblissement de la protection verticale des droits de l’homme. / The horizontal effect involves the application of the ECHR in interindividual relationships. Justified by the theory of positive obligations, this jurisprudential construction allows to establish the international responsibility of the State when it fails to take necessary measures to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention committed by private persons. Recognition of the horizontal effect by the European judge results in the proliferation of substantive and procedural obligations of the State. Transposing them into domestic law compels public authorities, including courts, to interfere in private relations. Necessary for the effectiveness of human rights, the diffusion of the horizontal effect generates, in return, an extension of State intervention in the private sphere and the emergence of individual duties based on the respect of the rights and freedoms of others. The European Court of Human Rights, pioneer of the « horizontalization », refuses to develop a general theory. The challenge is therefore to delimit the extension of human rights to relations between individuals so that it does not become a factor of weakening of the vertical protection of human rights.