Discharge instructions were originally created to alleviate the burden of transitioning from inpatient hospitalization to outpatient care. The US healthcare model's evolution throughout the 20th and 21st centuries has firmly distinguished inpatient providers from outpatient providers, with little continuity between them. As a patient leaves inpatient care there is an increasing need for clear discharge instructions to help navigate complex diseases and care regimens. However, comprehension of discharge instructions, both oral and written, is a major obstacle for many populations, with certain demographics especially affected. Populations with limited English proficiency (LEP), for example, are commonly provided discharge instructions in English, preventing them from fully engaging in their care and from understanding information that is paramount to a smooth transition to outpatient settings. Many factors contribute to the failure to provide this and other care in LEP patients' primary languages. Factors include but are not limited to: misinformation regarding price of interpreter services and time necessary to use these services, biases against LEP populations, and ignorance regarding the effect this has on the LEP population. This paper discusses the background of discharge instructions, reasons for development, the price LEP patients pay when we fail to provide care in their primary language, and possible reasons why we fail to provide that care. / Urban Bioethics

Rapid establishment of interpreting skill and knowledge standards for public school sign language interpreters has created a virtual mandate for their immediate, time-compressed, professionalization. A series of federal laws requiring accessibility to communication for deaf people have escalated demand for interpreters far beyond the supply. Thousands of people with varying levels of knowledge, skill, and experience, have been drawn into service in schools without professional preparation. Responding to specialized research, evaluation, technology, and education related to educational interpreting, states have quickly been establishing standards for interpreting skill and knowledge including phased in degree requirements. Educational interpreters have had to find ways of gaining necessary skill and knowledge rapidly, even though they typically work full-time, in isolation, and have little ready access to resources. Few occupations have experienced a juggernaut-like transition of this nature, leaving insufficient information to understand and address the phenomenon. This study was designed to investigate what we can learn from adults absorbing intense pressure of elevating their education and skills unfolding on a daily basis, most of whom are already experiencing "high-demand low-control" work environments. The findings give voice to members of a field of practice at a historic point in the professionalization of their field: sixty five experienced educational interpreters with diverse foundational preparation who completed a specialized, two-year, inservice program delivered at a distance. Online survey research, using a variety of response formats complemented by open-ended questions, generated data which were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics as well as coding schemes for themes and patterns that emerged from the qualitative data. The study illuminated a variety of challenges, successes, and, for some, the transformative nature of the experience, which warrants further study. Beyond acquiring knowledge and skills participants learned how to learn and achieved self-realization of their resilience points. They especially experienced themselves transforming into professionals with abilities to actively contribute to the school environment, reporting themselves to be informed, competent, and confident in all typically expected roles. Challenges typical of the adult distance learner abounded. It is recommended that adult learning principles be incorporated into any such program design, and that the wider interpreting community of practice be expanded as a learning resource. Equally important to recognize are the many people who have the same enthusiasms for the work, and the same professionalizing experiences as their more skilled peers, but who may never become sufficiently skilled to pass interpreting skill exams or their state standards. A follow up study is recommended to learn what emerges next. Is there a place for them in education that fully acknowledges and uses their experience and competencies? / Ph. D.

Bakgrund: I Sverige bor det över två miljoner utrikesfödda, hälsan hos nyanlända är bättre jämfört med dem som har bott i Sverige i över fem år. Genom kommunikationen bygger sjuksköterskan och patienten en mellanmänsklig relation. Relationer blir svåra att bygga när språkbarriärer existerar. Språkbarriärer i vårdmötet medför bland annat hinder i form av missförstånd, feltolkning, feldiagnostisering och minskad delaktighet. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av språkbarriärer i möten med patienter inom hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: En litteraturbaserad studie baserad på elva vetenskapliga artiklar med sjuksköterskeperspektiv. Resultat: Ur analysen framkom tre teman: Kommunicerar på ett annat sätt, Tolk som budbärare och Brist på kunskaper om kulturella skillnader samt sex subteman. Språkbarriärer kunde överkommas med hjälp av kreativa icke-verbala kommunikationsstrategier och med hjälp av tolk som budbärare. Även kultur var ett fenomen som sjuksköterskan behövde respektera och förstå. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor kan hantera språkbarriärer via kreativa lösningar, däremot finns det brister i sjuksköterskors kunskap om kultur. Ämnet behöver lyftas för att öka medvetenheten hos sjuksköterskor om språkbarriärer i vården. / Background: There are over two million foreign-born in Sweden. The health of newly arrived immigrants is better compared to those who have lived in Sweden for over five years. Through communication, nurses and patients build interpersonal relationships. However, relationships become difficult to build when language barriers exist. Language barriers in healthcare encounters result in obstacles such as misunderstanding, misinterpretation, misdiagnosis and reduced participation. Aim: To describe nurses' experiences of language barriers in encounters with patients in health care. Method: A literature based study based on 11 articles with a qualitative approach from a nurse perspective. Findings: From the analysis three themes were identified; Communicating in a different way , Interpreter as messenger and Lack of knowledge about cultural differences with six subthemes. The result showed that language barriers could be overcome with the help of creative non-verbal communication strategies and with the helpof an interpreter as a messenger. Additionally culture was also a phenomenon that the nurse needed to respect and comprehand. Conclusion: Nurses can handle languagebarriers trough creative solutions, but there are gaps in nurses' knowledge of culture. The topic needs to be raised to increase awareness about language barriers among nurses.

Interpreter services play an integral role in ensuring equity in healthcare for patients with limited English proficiency (LEP), whose language barrier places them at increased risk for healthcare disparities. Even with the growing number of non-English-speaking patients, a sizeable number being Spanish-speaking, and although such training leads to more culturally competent care with better patient outcomes, there is little curricular time during medical school devoted to effectively using interpreters. This study aimed to understand better how medical education prepares future physicians for their encounters with LEP patients and what experiences they would appreciate in their medical training. Temple LKSOM student from the class of 2024-2027 (M1-M4s), were recruited through flyers and educator announcements to participate in three virtual focus groups with a total of 26 participants. Qualitative data analysis resulted in five themes which were: students felt that interpreters were integral to culturally competent care, students who speak another language have the undue burden of interpreting even when not comfortable doing so, students felt that there was not enough training in medical school regarding various types of interpreters, how to reach them or how to use them properly, students are open to doctoring sessions or simulations with non-English speaking standardized patients and interpreters, and the final theme was that there mixed feelings amongst students regarding the desire to have OSCEs with non-English speaking standardized patients and interpreters. / Urban Bioethics

Signed language interpreting in South Africa has not received much academic attention, despite the profession having undergone major transformation since the advent of democracy. This study aims to create a better understanding of signed language interpreters’ behaviour in one specific setting in South Africa – post-secondary education. During the researcher’s own practice as an educational interpreter at a post-secondary institution, she experienced role conflict and found little information available to assist her in making professional decisions on which direction to take. This provided the impetus to embark on this research. The study begins by outlining the field of liaison interpreting and educational interpreting, and examining the existing literature regarding the interpreter’s role and norms in interpreting. It then goes on to examine authentic interpreted texts, filmed in actual lectures in post-secondary settings. These texts are analysed with reference to interpreter shifts and deviations from the source text, with particular focus on interpreter-generated utterances (additions), borrowing (fingerspelling), omissions (both errors and conscious choice) and various types of collaboration between the interpreter and primary participants. These shifts are examined in more detail to explore whether they indicate any change in the interpreter’s role. Further, interpreters’ own views about their practice, elicited from individual interviews, enable the reader to understand how the interpreters view the role(s) that they fulfil. The research will provide information for interpreter trainers about the roles assumed by SASL interpreters in higher education and provide a platform from which to scaffold future educational interpreter research and training. / Linguistics / M.A. (Linguistics)

In South Africa there is no legislation defining the role of court interpreters. This has resulted in legal officials (magistrates and judges) forming their own opinions as to what the role of court interpreters is. As such court interpreters find themselves performing tasks that are outside their scope of duties, for example acting as magistrates, in turn compromising their own tasks in the process. The aim of this study therefore is to determine the degree to which the lack of a definition of the role of court interpreters affects the quality of court interpreting. In the study, the researcher was guided by the Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) approach. The research procedures that were followed in the study combined the top-down and bottom-up approaches. In the top-down approach, two legislations, namely, “The Magistrates’ Court Act 44 of 1944 (as amended)” and “The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 93 of 1996 (as amended)”, were examined in order to determine whether the role of court interpreters is defined and, if so, to what extent. In the bottom-up approach, examples of court proceedings were studied in order to determine specific roles that are played by court interpreters during trials. Extracts from transcripts of mechanically-recorded court proceedings were also analysed to establish whether magistrates made any references to the role of court interpreters in these trials. It is hoped that this study will shed more light on the role of court interpreters which could lead to better quality interpreting. / Linguistics / M.A. (Linguistics (Translation studies))

The aim of this study is to contribute to the existing knowledge about court interpreting in the Czech Republic, focusing on court interpreting as a communication process. The study brings an overview of findings on court interpreting in both the international and Czech context, particularly regarding the definition of court interpreting, its professionalization, institutionalisation, academisation and the fields of research. It subsequently details the specific issues regarding court interpreting in the Czech Republic, i.e. the entities connected with court interpreting, formal conditions of working as a court interpreter, the relevant legislation and ethical codex in the field of court interpreting, the court interpreter's job in practice and a focus on interpreting during criminal trials. Furthermore, the study looks into communicative situations, forms of interpreting, the process of the trial in criminal procedures and the participants in communicative events. The core part of the study includes three case studies conducted on the basis of authentic recordings and the transcription of relevant parts of the interpreted trials in criminal procedures. Each case study consists of a communicative situation analysis, contrastive structural analysis and pragmatic and interaction analysis. These...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:46:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5907.pdf: 1559324 bytes, checksum: 4581292172b0b35e505317e4b9667fa9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-27 / In the mid-1990s, Brazil becomes a signatory to documents assume Inclusive Education as a fundamental task for any country. The deaf education from the perspective of inclusive education, bilingual education and advocates regarding the involvement of different professionals. Among them is given the emphasis on the role of Teacher Interlocutor of Libras (PI). The PI is one of the recent positions that compose the staff of the state of São Paulo Public Schools. Is predicted that he works at schools from state schools who present deaf or hard of hearing students regularly enrolled, with the task of conducting the dialogue between teachers and students with deafness and / or hearing impairment. This study aims to analyze a strategy of continuing education for teachers interlocutors. Three PIs working in state schools in a midsize city of São Paulo participated in this research. The participants comprised a group of training who proposed hold discussions and reflections on the activities of PIs, based on theoretical studies and exchanges of experience. Training group meetings occurred weekly with an average duration of two hours each, totaling ten meetings. Data collected during the training group (open questionnaire, script analysis of the filming of the group, script analysis of the filming of the action of PI and training group transcripts) were discussed in three areas of analysis: 1) The role / function of PI in the classroom and school; 2) Challenges, possibilities and limits of action of PI; and 3) the training group as a space for dialogue / mediation among participants. Analysis of the sequences revealed the need for an area of continuing education among PIs in order to facilitate discussion and reflection on practice. The testimonies of PIs indicate the precariousness of education for deaf students in the reality experienced by the PIs and PRs, since there is not a guideline or a direction work, or even targets set to be followed. This shortcoming of goals and guidelines causes confusion among the doings of each professional. The solutions remain palliative, work is carried out without tenders or purpose, and there is not a policy to bilingual inclusion for the deaf. We therefore conclude that a commitment to quality education for the deaf student becomes practically impossible in the absence of Pedagogical Political support and an effective project that embases and pay attention in fact to the practice of principles of governing a bilingual education for the deaf in school. / Em meados da década de 1990, o Brasil torna-se signatário de documentos que assumem a Educação Inclusiva como tarefa fundamental para todo o país. A educação dos surdos, na perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva, advoga uma educação bilíngue e tange o envolvimento de diferentes profissionais. Entre os profissionais envolvidos, dá-se o destaque para a função do Professor Interlocutor de Libras (PI). O PI é uma das recentes funções que compõem o quadro de funcionários das Escolas Públicas estaduais de São Paulo. É previsto que ele atue nas unidades escolares da rede estadual de ensino que apresentarem alunos surdos ou com deficiência auditiva regularmente matriculados, com a função de realizar a interlocução entre professores e alunos com surdez e/ou deficiência auditiva. Esse estudo tem como objetivo geral analisar uma estratégia de formação continuada para professores interlocutores. Participaram desta pesquisa três PIs, atuantes nas Escolas Estaduais de uma cidade de porte médio do interior paulista. Os participantes compuseram um grupo de formação que propôs, com base em estudos teóricos e em trocas de experiências, realizar discussões e reflexões acerca da atuação dos PIs. Os encontros do grupo de formação aconteceram semanalmente com duração média de duas horas cada, totalizando dez encontros. Os dados coletados durante o grupo de formação (questionário aberto, filmagem, roteiro de análise das filmagens do grupo, atuação do PI, e transcrições do grupo de formação) foram discutidos em três eixos de análises: 1) O papel/função do PI em sala de aula e na escola; 2) Desafios, possibilidades e limites da atuação do PI; e 3) O grupo de formação enquanto espaço de interlocução /mediação entre os participantes. As analises das sequências revelaram a necessidade de um espaço de formação continuada entre PIs com a finalidade de possibilitar discussões e reflexões sobre a prática. Os depoimentos dos PIs indicam a precariedade do ensino para alunos surdos na realidade vivenciada pelos PIs e pelos PRs, já que não há uma diretriz ou uma orientação de trabalho, ou mesmo metas estabelecidas para serem seguidas. Essa lacuna de metas e diretrizes causa confusão entre os fazeres de cada profissional. As soluções continuam sendo paliativas, o trabalho é realizado sem propostas ou finalidade, e não há uma política que alicerce de fato a inclusão bilíngue para o surdo. Portanto, concluímos que assumir um compromisso de educação de qualidade para o aluno surdo torna-se extremamente complicado com a ausência do alicerce Político Pedagógico de um Projeto efetivo que embase e atente de fato às práticas dos princípios que regem uma educação bilíngue para o surdo na escola.

In South Africa there is no legislation defining the role of court interpreters. This has resulted in legal officials (magistrates and judges) forming their own opinions as to what the role of court interpreters is. As such court interpreters find themselves performing tasks that are outside their scope of duties, for example acting as magistrates, in turn compromising their own tasks in the process. The aim of this study therefore is to determine the degree to which the lack of a definition of the role of court interpreters affects the quality of court interpreting. In the study, the researcher was guided by the Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) approach. The research procedures that were followed in the study combined the top-down and bottom-up approaches. In the top-down approach, two legislations, namely, “The Magistrates’ Court Act 44 of 1944 (as amended)” and “The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 93 of 1996 (as amended)”, were examined in order to determine whether the role of court interpreters is defined and, if so, to what extent. In the bottom-up approach, examples of court proceedings were studied in order to determine specific roles that are played by court interpreters during trials. Extracts from transcripts of mechanically-recorded court proceedings were also analysed to establish whether magistrates made any references to the role of court interpreters in these trials. It is hoped that this study will shed more light on the role of court interpreters which could lead to better quality interpreting. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics (Translation studies))

Signed language interpreting in South Africa has not received much academic attention, despite the profession having undergone major transformation since the advent of democracy. This study aims to create a better understanding of signed language interpreters’ behaviour in one specific setting in South Africa – post-secondary education. During the researcher’s own practice as an educational interpreter at a post-secondary institution, she experienced role conflict and found little information available to assist her in making professional decisions on which direction to take. This provided the impetus to embark on this research. The study begins by outlining the field of liaison interpreting and educational interpreting, and examining the existing literature regarding the interpreter’s role and norms in interpreting. It then goes on to examine authentic interpreted texts, filmed in actual lectures in post-secondary settings. These texts are analysed with reference to interpreter shifts and deviations from the source text, with particular focus on interpreter-generated utterances (additions), borrowing (fingerspelling), omissions (both errors and conscious choice) and various types of collaboration between the interpreter and primary participants. These shifts are examined in more detail to explore whether they indicate any change in the interpreter’s role. Further, interpreters’ own views about their practice, elicited from individual interviews, enable the reader to understand how the interpreters view the role(s) that they fulfil. The research will provide information for interpreter trainers about the roles assumed by SASL interpreters in higher education and provide a platform from which to scaffold future educational interpreter research and training. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)