Foi caracterizada uma amostra de 81 doentes com dor relevante crônica pélvica de origem indefinida e na ausência de afecções viscerais, segundo a expressão sintomática, aspectos clínicos e síndromes álgicas. A média das idades foi de 48,6 anos. Foram identificadas anormalidades miofasciais pélvica em 55 doentes (67,9%), neuropáticas em 10 (12,3%) e miofasciais e neuropáticas em 16 (19,8%). A descrição verbal da dor e as regiões acometidas pela dor, impactos funcionais, a evidenciação de pontos dolorosos e em gatilhos e os aspectos psicossociais dos doentes foram estabelecidos para melhorar a compreensão da condição clínica dos doentes. Traumatismos decorrentes de traumatismos cirúrgicos estavam relacionados à ocorrência da dor em 36 (44,4%) doentes, sendo dor miofascial em 15 doentes (18,5%), 6 (7,4%) como neuropática e 15 (18,5%) como dor miofascial e neuropática / Eighty-one chronic pelvic pain patients (mean of ages 48.6 years old) without visceral abnormalities and uncertain etiology were characterized according to the symptomatic expression, clinical findings and pain syndromes. It was observed that in 55 patients there was pelvic miofascial pain (67.9%), in 10 patients neuropathic (12.3%) conditions and 16 (19.8%) had miofascial and neuropathic abnormalities. The verbal description of pain, pain aspects as localization, aggravating and improvement factors, functional impact, the occurrence of trigger or tender points and the psychosocial aspects were determined to improve the comprehension of the clinical presentation of the patients. Surgical traumas were related to pain in 26 (32.0%) patients, miofascial pain in 11 (13.6%), neuropathic pain in 5 (6.2%) and miofascial and neuropathic pain in 10 (12.3%)

Introdução: Os principais objetivos do tratamento das metástases cerebrais (MC) são no auxílio do controle da doença no encéfalo e a melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A cirurgia convencional tem um importante papel no tratamento das MCs e os métodos de monitoração intraoperatória podem auxiliar na obtenção de resultados cirúrgicos melhores. Objetivos: Avaliar a influência da ultrassonografia encefálica durante cirurgia para ressecção de MC no índice de Karnofsky e no grau de ressecção do tumor. Métodos: Neste estudo prospectivo controlado e não randomizado, doentes com indicação de tratamento cirúrgico de MCs foram incluídos. A ultrassonografia intraoperatória (USIO) foi realizada por um neurossonologista. O índice de Karnofsky foi avaliado por equipe multidisciplinar de oncologia; o grau de dificuldade para ressecção cirúrgica do tumor foi avaliado pelo cirurgião e o volume tumoral foi avaliado pelo neurorradiologista por meio da RM realizada no pré e pós-operatório. Resultados: Dos 78 doentes, 40 homens e 38 mulheres com idade média de 53 anos, 35 foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico com auxílio da USIO. Não houve diferença estatística no KPS e volume tumoral pré-operatório entre os grupos. O KPS pós-operatório no grupo da USIO foi de 80 e no grupo-controle de 70 (p=0,045). Considerando-se a melhora do KPS no pós-operatório, a quantidade de doentes tiveram melhora do KPS foi superior no grupo da USIO (p=0,036) destacando-se os seguintes subgrupos: tumores com grau de dificuldade de ressecção < 4 (p=0,037), tumores nas áreas eloquentes (p=0,043), tumores não relacionados aos grandes vasos e nervos (p=0,007), e lesões únicas no leito cirúrgico (p=0,038). O tumor residual na RM pós-operatória foi menor no grupo da USIO: 9,5% no grupo da USIO e 30,8% no grupo-controle; 1,6 mm3 no grupo da USIO e 9 mm3 do grupo-controle; p=0,05. Considerando-se doentes com KPS >= 70, o número de doentes com volume de tumor residual inferior a 10% em relação ao volume pré-operatório foi superior no grupo da USIO (p=0,032 e OR de 3,8). Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo sugerem que a USIO encefálica pode influenciar na melhora do índice de Karnofsky e na redução do volume de tumor residual / Object: The goals of treating a cerebral metastasis (CM) are to achieve local control of the disease and to improve patient quality of life. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of using conventional surgery supported by intra-operative ultrasound (IOUS) to approach a CM. To perform this analysis, we determined Karnofsky post-operative scores (KPS) and tumour resection grades. Methods: Patients with CM who were eligible to undergo a surgical approach were included in this study. Surgical treatment was either supported or not supported by IOUS. A neural oncology team determined the pre- and post-operative KPS. A radiologist examined the tumour volume using pre- and post-operative magnetic resonance imaging. Before the surgery, the surgeon determined whether it was possible to perform a total CM resection. Results: A total of 78 patients with CM diagnosis were treated using a surgical approach (35 with and 43 without IOUS). The post-operative median KPS was higher in the IOUS group (80 versus 70, p=0.045). Within the IOUS group, KPS evolution was superior (p=0.036), especially in the following CM subgroups: a difficulty of tumour resection ranking score<4 (p=0.037), the tumour was in an eloquent area (p=0.043), the tumour was not associated with vessels or nerves (p=0.007), and solitary lesions (p=0.038). The volume of residual tumours was lower in the IOUS group (9.5% and 1.6 mm3 versus 30.8% and 9 mm3, p=0.05). In patients with a KPS >= 70, the residual tumour volume was categorized as < 10% or >= 10%, and 62% of patients had < 10% residual tumours (76% in the IOUS group and 45% in the non-IOUS group; p=0.032 and OR=3.8). Conclusion: This study suggests that IOUS can play a role in improving post-operative KPS and in decreasing residual tumours in CM surgeries

Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) constitute a major challenge for health care because of their location and nature. LGGs are often found in eloquent areas, and their infiltrative growth cause neurological reorganization, which complicates the mapping of important functions. Awake surgery in combination with direct electrical stimulation (DES) and intraoperative tests is a relatively new method for mapping the brain's functional limits, thus eliminating as much of the tumor as possible while maintaining important functions. At present there is no available intraoperative test for semantic processing in Swedish. Tests of specific linguistic abilities improves the specificity of mapping which reduces post-operative linguistic impairments. Intraoperative tests can thus contribute to increased quality of life in the patient group. This study was based on the Dutch Lingusistic Intraoperative Protocol (DuLIP) test battery to create a Swedish version of the subtest semantic odd word out (SOWO). SOWO tests semantic processing via lexical reading. The adjusted and extended version of SOWO was tested during a pilot trial on 26 standard-language people. The study has resulted in a new semantic intraoperative test in Swedish that will be clinically examined at University Hospital in Uppsala. Hopefully, the new test contributes to better treatment options for patients with LGG. / Lågmaligna tumörer (LGG) utgör en stor utmaning för vården på grund av deras lokalisation och karaktär. LGG återfinns ofta i elokventa områden och deras infiltrativa växtsätt orsakar neurologisk omorganisering, vilket komplicerar kartläggning av viktiga funktioner. Vakenkirurgi i kombination med direkt elektrisk stimulering (DES) och intraoperativa tester är en relativt ny metod för att kartlägga hjärnans funktionella gränser och därmed kunna avlägsna så stor del av tumören som möjligt samtidigt som viktiga funktioner kan bevaras. I dagsläget finns det inget tillgängligt intraoperativt test för semantisk bearbetning på svenska. Tester av specifika lingvistiska förmågor förbättrar specificiteten av kartläggningen vilket minskar postoperativa språkliga nedsättningar. Intraoperativa tester kan därmed bidra till ökad livskvalitet hos patientgruppen. Denna studie har utgått från det nederländska testbatteriet Dutch Lingusistic Intraoperative Protocol (DuLIP) för att skapa en svensk version av deltestet semantic odd word out (SOWO). SOWO testar semantisk bearbetning via lexikal läsning. Den anpassade och utökade versionen av SOWO pilottestades på 26 normalspråkiga personer. Studien har resulterat i ett nytt semantiskt intraoperativt test på svenska som ska prövas kliniskt på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala. Förhoppningsvis bidrar det nya testet till bättre behandlingsmöjligheter för patienter med LGG.

Background Camera-based photoplethysmography (cbPPG) is a measurement technique which enables remote vital sign monitoring by using cameras. To obtain valid plethysmograms, proper regions of interest (ROIs) have to be selected in the video data. Most automated selection methods rely on specific spatial or temporal features limiting a broader application. In this work, we present a new method which overcomes those drawbacks and, therefore, allows cbPPG to be applied in an intraoperative environment. Methods We recorded 41 patients during surgery using an RGB and a near-infrared (NIR) camera. A Bayesian skin classifier was employed to detect suitable regions, and a level set segmentation approach to define and track ROIs based on spatial homogeneity. Results The results show stable and homogeneously illuminated ROIs. We further evaluated their quality with regards to extracted cbPPG signals. The green channel provided the best results where heart rates could be correctly estimated in 95.6% of cases. The NIR channel yielded the highest contribution in compensating false estimations. Conclusions The proposed method proved that cbPPG is applicable in intraoperative environments. It can be easily transferred to other settings regardless of which body site is considered.

<p>Degenerativne bolesti kičme nastaju kao posledica promena na dinamičkim segmentima kičmenog stuba. Klinički ove promene se mogu manifestovati u vidu radikulopatije, mijelopatije i radikulomijelopatije. Najče&scaron;će primenjivana metoda operativnog lečenja kod ovih pacijenata je prednja cervikalna diskektomija sa fuzijom koja omogućava adekvatnu anatomsku i funkcionalnu restituciju degenerativno promenjene cervikalne kičme. Imajući u vidu da su već kompromitovane nervne strukture u riziku od dodatnih o&scaron;tećenja u različitim fazama operativnog zahvata primena intraoperativnog neurofiziolo&scaron;kog monitoringa je dobila svoje mesto i u hirur&scaron;kim tretmanima degenerativnih oboljenja kičme. Svrha primene neuromonitoringa je da obezbedi povratnu informaciju hirurgu o promenama u funkciji nervnih struktura pre nego &scaron;to dođe do ireverzibilnih o&scaron;tećenja. Na ovaj način moguće je prevenirati nastanak novog ili pogor&scaron;anje postojećeg deficita. Takođe intraoperativni nalazi neurofiziolo&scaron;kih parametara mogu da ukažu na težinu postojećeg oboljenja i da budu prediktori ishoda lečenja. Ciljevi ove doktorske disertacije bili su utvrđivanje faza operativnog zahvata u kojima najče&scaron;će dolazi do promena u neurofiziolo&scaron;kim parametrima, kao i postojanje korelacije nalaza intraoperativnog neurofiziolo&scaron;kog monitoringa sa preoperativnim kliničkim nalazom pacijenta kao i rezultatima procene ishoda nakon prednje cervikalne diskektomije se fuzijom. Ova studija je obuhvatila 30 pacijenata kod kojih je indikovano operativno lečenje degenerativnih promena u vratnom segmentu kičmenog stuba prednjom mikrodiskektomijom sa fuzijom. Preoperativno je izvođen klinički pregled pacijenata i kori&scaron;teni su Numerička skala bola i Upitnik za pacijente sa bolom u vratnoj kičmi, koji su takođe popunjavani na otpustu i mesec dana nakon operacije. U toku hirur&scaron;ke procedure upotrebom intraoperativnog neurofiziolo&scaron;kog monitoringa registrovani su somatosenzorni (SSEP) i motorni evocirani potencijali (MEP), kao i spontana elektromiografija. Kod svih SSEP do&scaron;lo je do statistički značajnog povećanja amplitude (p&lt;0,05), dok je kod desnog n. medianusa zabeleženo i statistički značajno skraćenje latence (p&lt;0,05). Značajne promene se beleže između početka i kraja operativnog zahvata, kao i u fazi uklanjanja intervertebralnog diska kada dolazi do dekompresije. U vrednostima pražne struje potrebne za dobijanje MEP nije bilo statistički značajnih promena izuzev kod m. triceps brachii obostrano. Kod pacijenata sa radikulopatijom vrednost pražne struje za dobijanje mi&scaron;ićnog odgovora je statistčki značajno niža u odnosu na pacijente sa mijelopatijom (p&lt;0,05). SSEP koreliraju sa poremećajem senzibiliteta, refleksnim odgovorom i bolom. MEP koreliraju takođe sa refleksnim odgovorom, dok negativna korelacija sa manuelnim mi&scaron;ićnim testom pokazuje da klinički očuvana gruba mi&scaron;ićna snaga ne mora biti pokazatelj pravog stanja motornog sistema. Preoperativne vrednosti NDI su se statistički značajno smanjile mesec dana nakon operacije (p&lt;0,05). U vrednostima bola postoji statistčki značajna razlika između svih merenje (p&lt;0,008), izuzev između bola na otpustu i mesec dana nakon operacije (p&gt;0,008). Latenca desnog n.medianusa pokazuje negativnu, a amplituda pozitivnu korelaciju sa vrednostima bola mesec dana postoperativno (p&lt;0,05). Povećanje amplitude i skraćenje latence SSEP ukazuje na značajan stepen dekompresije. Stabilnost MEP ukazuje na intraoperativnu očuvanost motornih puteva i da nije do&scaron;lo do novog motornog deficita niti produbljivanja postojećeg. SSEP i MEP koreliraju sa kliničkim nalazom, dok su vrednosti bola i NDI statistički značajno manje nakon operacije. Ovi rezultati ukazuju da klinički nalaz pacijenta korelira sa neurofiziolo&scaron;kim nalazom, kao i da introperativne promene neurofiziolo&scaron;kih parametara mogu biti prediktivni faktor ishoda operativnog lečenja.</p> / <p>Degenerative spinal diseases are consequence of spondylotic changes on dynamic segments of spinal column. These changes can result in different clinical appearances such as radiculopathy, myelopathy and radiculomyelopathy. The most common surgical procedure used in treatment of this group of patients is anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) which can provide adequate anatomical and functional restitution of degenerative cervical spine. Considering the fact that already compromised neural structure can be additionally damaged in different stages of surgical procedure, use of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) has role in surgical treatment of degenerative spinal diseases. The aim of use of IONM is to provide real time feedback for surgeon regarding changes in function of neural structures before irreversible damage occurs. This is the way to prevent new neurological deficit from occurring or to prevent worsening of preexisting deficit. Results of intraoperative monitoring can additionally emphasize severity of disease and help in outcome assessment. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to determine phases of surgical procedure in which changes in neurophysiological parameters occurs most commonly. Another aim was to determine correlation between findings of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring and clinical assessment and outcome prediction in patients treated with anterior cervical discectomy with fusion. Thirty patients who met inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. All of them were treated surgically due to degenerative changes of cervical spine and ACDF were performed in all cases. Patients were thoroughly examined before surgery. Detailed neurological examination were performed together with Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and Neck Disability index (NDI) questionnaire. NPRS and NDI were applied on discharge from the hospital and one month after surgery. During surgery we registered somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), motor evoked potentials (MEP) and spontaneous elektromiography. In all SSEP there were statistically significant increase in amplitude (p&lt;0.05), while in the case of right n. medianus statistically significant shortening of the latency (p&lt;0.05) was recorded. Significant changes are recorded between beginning and the end of the surgical procedure, as well as in the phase of removing of the intervertebral disc when decompression occurs. In the threshold intensity needed to elicit the MEP there were no statistically significant changes except for m. triceps brachii bilaterally. In patients with radiculopathy, the value of the stimulus intensity needed for obtaining muscular response was statistically significantly lower in comparison with patients with myelopathy (p&lt;0.05). SSEP showed the best correlation with sensory disorder, tendon reflexes and pain. MEPs also correlate with tendon reflexes, while a negative correlation with a manual muscle strength testing results shows that clinically preserved muscle strength does not have to be reliable indicator of the motor system condition. Preoperative NDI values were statistically significantly reduced a month after surgery (p&lt;0.05). In pain values there is a statistically significant difference between all measurements (p&lt;0.008), except between pain on release and a month after surgery (p&gt;0.008). The right n.medianus latency shows a negative, and the amplitude shows positive correlation with pain values one month postoperatively (p&lt;0.05). Increasing amplitude and shortening latency of the SSEP indicates a significant degree of decompression. The stability of the MEP indicates the intraoperative preservation of motor pathways and absence of both new motor deficiency or worsening of the existing one. SSEP and MEP correlate with clinical findings, while pain and NDI values are statistically significantly less after surgery. These results indicate that clinical findings in the patients correlate with the neurophysiological findings. Results also points out that the intraoperative changes in neurophysiological parameters can be a predictive factor for the outcome of surgical treatment.</p>

Bakgrund: Operationssalens kommunikation är komplex och kommunikationsproblem är den mest rapporterade orsaken för operativa misstag. Ljudnivå och munskydd är faktorer som försvårar kommunikationen. Teamarbete i operationssalen är nödvändigt för att vården ska vara patientsäker. Operationsteamet utgörs av olika professioner som har ansvaret för patientens säkerhet intraoperativt. Kravet från samhället är att operationssjuksköterskan ska besitta kompetensen att skydda patienter från vårdskador. World Health Organization har utformat en checklista för att förbättra patientsäkerheten på operation. Syfte: Att undersöka operationssjuksköterskans upplevelse av intraoperativ kommunikation. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor utfördes på två sjukhus i södra Sverige. Sju intervjuer hölls med operationssjuksköterskor som spelades in och transkriberades. Datan analyserades enligt Graneheim och Lundmans (2004) latenta innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras under fyra teman. Temat Vikten av att kommunicera belyser att kommunikationen måste fortlöpa under operationen för att inte riskera patientsäkerheten. Temat Intraoperativa Teamgrupperingar beskriver att operationsteamet arbetar i separata team tills den peroperativa fasen där de är ett gemensamt operationsteam. Professionerna är kopplade till varandra vilket ger stort ansvar i kommunikationen. I temat Ledarens Inverkan på Teamkommunikation framkommer att auktoritära ledare kan medföra en nervös stämning och upplevd minskad patientsäkerhet. Operatören har betydelse för användningen av WHO:s checklista och följsamheten till den. I temat olika uttryck för Intraoperativ Kommunikation framträder olika typer av kommunikation ha påverkan intraoperativt. Slutsats: Operationsteamet sammanhålls av respekt och gemensamt ansvar. Kvaliteten av den intraoperativa kommunikationen är beroende av ett ansvarstagande från varje teammedlem och kräver en långsiktig plan för utveckling från verksamhetens ledning. / Background: Communication in the operating room (OR) is complex. Communication failures is the most reported cause of operative misstakes. Sound levels and operating masks are some factors that complicates the communication. Teamwork in the OR is necessary for patient safe care. The operating team consists of various professionals who are responsible for patient safety intraoperatively. The society’s requirement is that the operating room nurse must possess competence to protect patients from medical harm. The World Health Organization designed a checklist to improve patient safety in the OR. Aim: To investigate the operating room nurse's experience of intraoperative communication. Method: A qualitative interview study with semi-structured questions was conducted at two hospitals in southern Sweden. Seven interviews were held with surgical nurses which were recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed according to Graneheim and Lundman's (2004) latent content analysis. Results: The result is presented under four themes. The theme The Importance of Communicating highlights that communication must continue throughout the surgery in order not to risk patient safety. The theme of Intraoperative Team Groupings describes that the operating team works in separate teams until the peroperative phase where they are a joint operation team. The professions are linked to each other, which gives great responsibility in communication. The theme The Leader’s Impact on Team Communication reveals that hierarchical leaders can cause a nervous mood and cause reduced patient safety. The surgeon is important for the use of WHO's checklist and its compliance. In the theme Different Expressions for Intraoperative Communication, different types of communication have an impact intraoperatively. Conclusion: The operating team is united by respect and shared responsibility. The quality of intraoperative communication depends on the responsibility of each team member and requires a long term plan for development from the management.

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

<p>Hirur&scaron;ka inetrvencija aktivira odgovor organizma na stres, pokreću se neuroendokrine promene u organizmu, &scaron;to rezultira neželjenom hemodinamskom nestabilno&scaron;ću, promenama metabolizma, endokrinog i imunog sistema. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi uticaj kaudalnog bloka na nivo perioperativnog stresa i njegova efikasnot u zbrinjavanju intra- i postoperativnog bola. Ovo prospektivno, randomizirano kliničko ispitivanje obuhvatalo je 80 dečaka, uzrasta 2-5godina, kojima su bile indikovane urolo&scaron;ke operacije. Jedna grupa (n = 38) je primila op&scaron;tu anesteziju, a druga (n = 38) op&scaron;tu anesteziju sa kaudalnim blokom. Mereni su intraoperativno hemodinamski parametri u 8 merenja, ukupna potro&scaron;nja svih datih lekova i intenzitet bola u 3 navrata postoperativno. Uzorci krvi uzeti su pre uvoda u anesteziju i nakon buđenja pacijenta, i ispitivan je nivo glukoze, kortizola, leukocita, leukocitarne formule, pH i laktata. Deca koja su primila kaudalni blok imala su, postoperativno, značajno niži nivo glukoze u serumu (p &lt;0,01), koncentracije kortizola (p &lt;0,01), leukocita i neutrofila (p &lt;0,01), laktata i acidoze, a takođe su imali i niže ocene bola u sve tri momenta merenja (p&lt;0,01). Intraoperativno utvrđena je veća hemodinamska stabilnost i manja potro&scaron;nja analgetika perioperativno. Takođe, u toj grupi nije bilo komplikacija. Kombinacija kaudalnog bloka sa op&scaron;tom anestezijom je bezbedna metoda, koja dovodi do manjeg stresa, veće hemodinamske stabilnosti, nižih ocena bola i manje potro&scaron;nje<br />lekova.</p> / <p>Surgery generates a neuroendocrine stress response, resulting in undesirable haemodynamic instability, alterations in metabolic response and malfunctioning of the immune system. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of caudal blocks in intra- and postoperative pain management and in reducing the stress response in children during the same periods. This prospective, randomized clinical trial included 80 patients scheduled for elective urological operations. One group (n = 38) received general anaesthesia and the other (n = 38) received general anaesthesia with a caudal block. Haemodynamic paramethers, drug consumption and pain intensity were measured. Blood samples for serum glucose, cortisol level, leukocytes, pH and lactate level were taken before anaesthesia induction and after awakening the patient. Children who received a caudal block had, postoperativly, significantly lower serum glucose (p &lt; 0.01), cortisol concentrations (p &lt; 0.01), leukocytes (p&lt;0,01), lower lactate level and acidosis,also pain scores were lower at all 3 measurments (p&lt;0,01). Intraoperativly greater haemodynamic stability and lower drug consumption were noticed. Also, there were no side effects or complications identified in that group. The combination of caudal block with general anaesthesia is a safe method that leads to less stress, greater haemodynamic stability, lower pain scores and lower consumption of medication.</p>

Bakgrund: Obesa utgör 10% av befolkningen i Sverige. De riskerar på grund av sin anatomi attdrabbas av lungkomplikationer efter generell anestesi. De har rätt till säker,evidensbaserad och individanpassad omvårdnad utifrån sina behov för att förebyggariskerna för onödigt lidande och samhällskostnad. Det är anestesisjuksköterskansansvar att leverera anestesiologisk omvårdnad av sådan kvalitet, och medkompetensutveckling utifrån evidens och ett patientsäkert förhållningssätt är detlångt ifrån omöjligt. Syfte: Kartlägga effekter av intraoperativa ventilationsmetoder och åtgärder somanestesisjuksköterskor kan tillämpa för förbättrad ventilation hos obesa patientersom genomgår generell anestesi. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie, 13 randomiserade kontrollerade studier som presenteratsgenom en narrativ syntes. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier av ventilationsmetoder eller åtgärder som kanförbättra obesa patienters ventilation. Ventilatorinställningar, Alveolär rekryteringoch Applikation av positivt tryck vid spontanandning. Slutsatser: Högt/individanpassat PEEP i kombination med lungrekrytering kan förbättra denintraoperativa ventilationen. Både VCV och PCV kan tillämpas för effektivventilation av obesa patienter, PCV, icke-invasiv ventilation med positivt tryck, ochinverterad respirationsratio kan ge bättre intraoperativ syresättning. Ingen kopplingmellan i resultatet förekommande ventilationsmetoder och minskade postoperativakomplikationer kunde påvisas. / Bakgrund: Överviktiga utgör 10% av sveriges befolkning. Av anatomiska skäl riskerar de att drabbas av lungkomplikationer efter generell anestesi. De har rätt till säker, evidensbaserad och individualiserad vård som härrör från deras behov för att förehålla risken för onödigt lidande och börda för den nationella ekonomin. Det är narkosläkarens ansvar att leverera anestesiologisk vård av sådan kvalitet, och med kompetensutveckling som härrör från såväl bevis som en patientsäkerhetsapproach är det långt ifrån omöjligt. Sikta: Att kartlägga effekterna av intraoperativa ventilationsmetoder och åtgärder som dåurs narkosläkare kan ansöka om förbättrad ventilation av överviktiga patienter som utsätts förgenetisk anestesi. Metod: En systematisk litteratur översyn, 13 randomiserade kontrollerade prövningar analyserades och presenterades i en berättande syntes. Resultat: Analysen gav tre kategorier av ventilationsmetoder och åtgärder som kan bidra till ett positivt resultat när det gäller den överviktiga patientens ventilation. Ventilatorsettings, alveolar rekrytering och tillämpning av positivt tryck underspontanig andning. Slutsatser: Hög/individualiserad PEEP i kombination med rekryteringsmanövrering kan förbättra intraoperativ ventilation. Både VCV och PCV kan tillämpas för effektivventilation av överviktiga patienter, PCV, icke-invasiv positivt tryck ventilation och inverterade andning förhållandet kan resultera i högre intraoperativa syrenivåer. Ingen anslutning hittades mellan ventilationsmetoderna som inträffade i resultatetoch minskning av postoperativa pulmonell komplikationer.

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es más frecuente en mujeres y la segunda con mayor tasa de mortalidad en el Perú a pesar de la existencia de avanzadas técnicas oncológicas. Por ello, planteamos comparar la Radioterapia Externa (RE) con la Radioterapia intraoperatoria (RIO) en el tratamiento temprano. Esta última, técnica de concentración de dosis, cuenta con poca experiencia a nivel nacional. Objetivos: Comparar supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad a los 2 años, la incidencia de recurrencia local ipsilateral y toxicidad en pacientes con cáncer de mama temprano, que fueron sometidas a RIO o RE durante los años 2016-2018 en una clínica privada oncológica. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico de cohortes retrospectivo, con análisis bivariado para las variables dependientes; recurrencia local ipsilateral, toxicidad y sobrevida con las variables independientes. La diferencia entre estos grupos fue analizada con el modelo multivariado de regresión tipo Cox, para obtener el Hazard Ratio. El análisis de supervivencia se calculó mediante el método Kaplan-Meier, y la diferencia fue sometida a prueba log rank. Resultados: De un total de 482 pacientes con cáncer de mama temprano; 166 recibieron RIO y 316 recibieron RE convencional, con una mediana de seguimiento de 54 meses (RIC 27,1-63,4). La SG fue de 96,47% a los 2 años (98,8% RIO vs 95,25% RE), el análisis multivariado no mostró diferencia significativa. La SLE fue de 98,27% (97,97% RIO vs 98,73% RE). La recurrencia local ipsilateral de RE no fue inferior al de RIO y la toxicidad reportada como radiodermitis aguda fue mayor en el grupo que recibió RE (p<0,05). Discusión: Nuestro estudio es el primero en Perú que sugiere que dar RIO es al menos tan efectivo y con menor efecto colateral que la RE convencional. / Introduction: Breast cancer is more frequent in women and the second with the highest mortality rate in Peru despite the existence of advanced oncological techniques. For this reason, we propose to compare External Radiotherapy (EBRT) with intraoperative Radiotherapy (IORT) in early treatment. The IORT uses a dose concetration, has little experience at the national level. Objectives: To compare the global and disease-free survival at 2 years, the incidence of ipsilateral local recurrence and toxicity in patients with early breast cancer, who underwent conventional IORT or EBRT to conservation surgery during the years 2016-2018 in a private cancer clinic. Materials and Methods: An observational, analytical, retrospective cohort study was carried out, with bivariate analysis for the dependent variables; Ipsilateral local recurrence, toxicity and survival with the independent variables. The difference between these groups was analyzed with the Cox-type multivariate regression model to obtain the Hazard Ratio. Survival analysis was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the difference was subjected to a log rank test. Results: From a total of 482 patients with early breast cancer; 166 received IORT and 316 received conventional EBRT, with a median follow-up of 54 months (IQR 27,1-63,4). SG was 96.47% at 2 years (98,8% RIO vs 95,25% RE), the multivariate analysis did not show a significant difference. The DFS was 98,27% (97,97% RIO vs 98,73% RE), a significant difference according to multivariate analysis (HRa 6,44 CI95% 1,46-28-29). The ipsilateral local recurrence of EBRT was not inferior to that of IORT and the toxicity reported as acute radiodermatitis was higher in the group that received EBRT (p <0,05) Discussion: Our study is the first in Peru to suggest that administering IORT is at least as effective and with fewer side effects than conventional EBRT. / Tesis