I NTRODUÇÃO: Apesar da importância do tabagismo no processo de doença cardiovascular da sociedade moderna, os estudos de avaliação de risco cardíaco pré-operatório não têm demonstrado a associação entre o hábito de fumar (como variável independente) e os eventos cardíacos pós-operatórios. Nestas pesquisas, as variáveis independentes continuam sendo infarto do miocárdio prévio, insuficiência renal crônica, diabetes, angina, idade, dentre outras. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel do tabagismo nas complicações cardíacas pós-operatórias de operações não cardíacas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva de um Hospital Geral, onde foram incluídos 1072 pacientes. Estes foram estratificados em Tabagistas Atuais (n=265), Ex- Tabagistas (n=335) e Não Tabagistas (n=472). Os três grupos foram analisados para os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório (infarto, edema pulmonar, arritmia com instabilidade hemodinâmica, angina instável; morte cardíaca) e mortalidade em 30 dias. Foram usados o teste quiquadrado e Regressão logística, considerando-se p<0,05 como significante. RESULTADOS: Os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório e a mortalidade em 30 dias foram 71 (6,6%) e 34 (3,2%), respectivamente. Os Tabagistas Atuais e Pregressos apresentaram 53 (8,8%) eventos cardíacos combinados enquanto que os Não Tabagistas 18 (3,8%), p=0,002. Em relação à mortalidade, Tabagistas Atuais e Pregressos apresentaram 26 (4,3%) enquanto que os Não Tabagistas 8 (1,7%), p=0,024. Na análise multivariada, faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, revascularização do miocárdio e extra-sístole ventricular associaram-se independentemente aos eventos cardiovasculares perioperatórios enquanto que faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, alterações laboratoriais, história de hepatopatia, operações por neoplasia e tabagismo se associaram a mortalidade em 30 dias após a operação de alto risco. CONCLUSÃO: Os Tabagistas atuais e pregressos apresentaram mais eventos cardíacos e mortalidade do que os Não tabagistas. Entre as variáveis independentes associadas a eventos cardíacos e mortalidade em 30 dias, o tabagismo Atual foi á única variável modificável detectada. / I NTRODUCTION: Despite the importance of smoking in the process cardiovascular disease in modern society, the assessments of cardiac risk preoperative haven´t demonstrated an association between smoking (as independent variable) and postoperative cardiac events. Generally, in the researches, indicate as independent variables : myocardial infarction, chronic renal failure, diabetes, angina, age, etc. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of smoking in postoperative cardiac complications of non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study designed at General Hospital with 1072 patients. The patients were divided into Current Smokers (n = 265), Past Smokers (n = 335) and Nonsmokers (n = 462). The three groups were analyzed for combined cardiovascular outcomes in postoperative (infarction, pulmonary edema; arrhythmia with hemodynamic instability, unstable angina, cardiac death) and 30-days mortality. The chi-square test and logistic regression were used, considering p<0.05 as significant. RESULTS: The combined cardiovascular outcomes in postoperative and 30-days mortality were 71 (6.6%) and 34 (3.2%), respectively. The Current and Past Smokers presented 53 (8.8%) combined cardiac events than Nonsmokers which showed 18 (3.8%), p = 0002. The 30-days mortality, Current and Past Smokers presented 26 (4.3%) while Nonsmokers 8 (1.7%), p= 0024. At multivariate analysis, age, emergency operation, cardiac failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary-artery revascularization and ventricular premature contractions were independent variables associated with postoperative cardiac events. Another hand, age, emergency operation, cardiac failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, operation of cancer, liver failure, and abnormality laboratories tests were independent variables associated with 30-days mortality after surgery. CONCLUSION: There are more cardiac events and high mortality with Current and Past smokers when compared to nonsmokers. Many independent variables were associated with cardiac postoperative cardiac events and 30-days mortality. However, Current Smoking was unique modifiable variable find out.

The understanding of the mesorectal spread in rectal cancer has lead to wide acceptance of total mesorectal excision (TME) as the surgical technique of choice for carcinoma in the lower and mid rectum. While oncological results and survival have improved with TME-surgery, morbidity and mortality remain important issues. The most feared complication is symptomatic anastomotic leakage. The aim of this thesis was to focus on the role of the defunctioning stoma, risk factors, and postoperative monitoring in regard to anastomotic leakage in sphincter saving resection of the rectum. Intraoperative adverse events were analysed in a retrospective population based case-control study in which all patients who underwent elective anterior resection in Sweden between 1987 and 1995, and who died within 30 days or during the initial hospital stay (n=140), were compared with patients chosen at random (n=423) who underwent the same operation during the same period, but survived the operation. Intraoperative adverse events were more frequent in those who died, and reconstruction of an anastomosis judged unsatisfactory by the surgeon improved the outcome. In a population based retrospective case-control study, risk factors for symptomatic anastomotic leakage were investigated in randomly chosen sample of patients who underwent anterior resection in Sweden between 1987 and 1995 (n=432). Twelve per cent of the patients developed symptomatic leakage, and 25% of the patients with leakage ended up with a permanent stoma. In multivariate regression analysis, low anastomosis, preoperative radiotherapy, male gender and intraoperative adverse events were independent riskfactors for anastomotic leakage. In a randomised multicentre trial patients operated with sphincter saving TME¨surgery for rectal cancer were randomised to a defunctioning stoma (n=116) or not (n=118). The overall rate symptomatic leakage was 19%. Patienst without a defunctioning stoma leaked in 28% and patients with a defunctioing stoma in 10%, a statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.001) not previously demonstrated in any randomised trial of adequate size. Postoperative monitoring with computed tomography scan (CT-scan) on postoperative day 2 and 7, and C-reactive protein (CRP) daily in 33 patients operated on with anterior resection of the rectum, demonstrated larger pelvic fluid collections in patients with leakage before the leakage was clinically diagnosed. CRP was increased from postoperative day 2 and onwards in patients in whom clinical leakage was diagnosed on median postoperative day 8. In 23 patients who underwent anterior resection of the rectum, intraperitoneal metabolism was investigated using microdialysis technique measuring the carbohydrate metabolites lactate, pyruvate and glucose. Intraperitoneal cytokines IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were collected through a pelvic drain and analysed. In patients who developed leakage, the latate/pyruvate ratio was increased near the anastomosis on postoperative day 5 and 6, as well as IL-6 and IL-10 which were increased postoperatively day 1 and 2, while TNF-α was higher on day 1.

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Comprendre comment le cerveau humain engendre les formes les plus élaborées de comportements est profondément lié à nos connaissances générales sur son organisation anatomique et fonctionnelle. Jusqu'à récemment encore, on pensait que les fonctions cognitives n'étaient rien d'autre que le sous-produit de l'activité neurale de régions corticales discrètes et hyper-fonctionnalisées. Les découvertes majeures obtenues ces dix dernières années dans le champ de la neuro-imagerie, et plus particulièrement de la connectomique, invitent cependant à complexifier nos représentations sur les liens qu'entretiennent structures et fonctions cérébrales. Le cerveau semble en effet être organisé en systèmes neurocognitifs complexes, hautement distribués et plastiques. C'est dans cet esprit qu'a été réalisé ce travail de thèse dont l'ambition première a été de repenser les modèles actuels de la cognition sociale, et en particulier ceux ayant trait à la fonction de mentalisation, à travers l'étude comportementale des patients porteurs d'un gliome diffus de bas-grade. Cette tumeur neurologique rare constitue un excellent modèle physiopathologique en vue du démasquage des structures maîtresses des systèmes cognitifs complexes, en ce qu'elle induit des phénomènes majeurs de réorganisation fonctionnelle, et s'infiltre préférentiellement le long de la connectivité axonale associative. Des corrélations anatomo-cliniques ont été réalisées suivant une approche topologique classique (analyse de groupe en régions d'intérêt, cartographie voxel-based lesion-symptom, stimulation électrique corticale intra-opératoire) mais également hodologique (degré de déconnection des faisceaux d'association, stimulation électrique de la connectivité axonale). Les résultats principaux de nos différents travaux nous permettent de jeter les premières bases d'un modèle à double voie dynamique (plastique) et hodotopique (contraint par la réalité anatomique) de l'organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle des processus de mentalisation. Spécifiquement, une voie dorsale, interconnectant le aires corticales fronto-pariétales « miroirs » via le système périsylvien de substance blanche associative (faisceau arqué et faisceau longitudinal supérieur latéral), sous-tendrait les processus perceptifs de « bas-niveau » nécessaires à l'identification préréflexive des états mentaux ; une voie cingulo-médiane, interconnectant les régions préfrontales médiales et rostro-cingulaires aux régions pariétales postérieures médiales via le faisceau cingulaire, sous-tendrait les processus de «haut-niveau » nécessaires aux inférences mentalistiques conscientes. Ces découvertes constituent une avancée substantielle en neurosciences sociales, ont des implications importantes pour la prise en charge clinique des patients, et peuvent permettre de mieux comprendre certaines psychopathologies caractérisées à la fois par un trouble de la mentalisation et des anomalies structurales de la connectivité associative (troubles du spectre autistique). / Understanding how the brain produces sophisticated behaviours strongly depends of our knowledge on its anatomical and functional organization. Until recently, it was believed that high-level cognition was merely the by-product of the neural activity of discrete and highly specialized cortical areas. Major findings obtained in the past decade from neuroimaging, particularly from the field of connectomics, prompt now researchers to revise drastically their conceptions about the links between brain structures and functions. The brain seems indeed organized in complex, highly distributed and plastic neurocognitive networks. This is in this state of mind that our work has been carried out. Its foremost ambition was to rethink actuals models of social cognition, especially mentalizing, through the behavioural study of patients harbouring a diffuse low-grade glioma. Because this rare neurological tumour induces major functional reorganization phenomena and migrates preferentially along axonal associative connectivity, it constitutes an excellent pathophysiological model for unmasking the core structures subserving complex cognitive systems. Anatomo-clinical correlations were conducted according to both a classical topological approach (region of interest analyses, voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping, intraoperative cortical electrostimulation) and a hodological approach (degree of disconnection of associative white matter fasciculi, intraoperative axonal connectivity mapping). The main results of our different studies enable us to lay the foundation of a dynamic (plastic) and hodotopical (connectivity) dual-stream model of mentalizing. Specifically, a dorsal stream, interconnecting mirror frontoparietal areas via the perisylvian network (arcuate fasciculus and lateral superior longitudinal fasciculus), may subserve low-level perceptual processes required in rapid and pre-reflective identification of mental states; a cingulo-medial stream, interconnecting medial prefrontal and rostro-cingulated areas with medial posterior parietal areas via the cingulum, may subserve higher-level processes required in reflective mentalistic inferences. These original findings represents a great step in social neuroscience, have major implications in clinical practice, and opens new opportunities in understanding certain pathological conditions characterized by both mentalizing deficits and aberrant structural connectivity (e.g. autism spectrum disorders).

The topic of the thesis Nursing Care of Newborns in the Process of Perioperative Care deals with specific and distinct features of such care from the viewpoint of nursing. The main objective was to specify all tasks of nurses in the process of perioperative care and the procedures they use. Last but not least, we focused on how the nursing care differs with regard to the age of newborns. The selected research method was qualitative research using semi-structured interviews with nurses from perinatology centers. The research covered 10 respondents with various levels of education and lengths of practical experience. Nurses most frequently understand the term of perioperative care as the care provided before, during and after a surgery. Most of them actually perform preparation of the child before the surgery and then they provide postoperative care. Only 2 out of the 10 respondents are directly involved in the surgery procedure and thus accompany the newborns throughout the entire process of perioperative care. The care provided before the surgery most often includes identification of the child, checking of its vital functions, involvement in blood collection, including intravenous cannulation, administration of prescribed medication, preparation of the surgical site and communication with the parents. Children are most frequently accompanied by their mothers and nurses need to communicate with them. Nurses transport the child to the operating room, hand the child over and subsequently take it back after the surgery. They also record all those activities in the medical files and in some cases they check signed informed consents. Intraoperative care consists mainly of monitoring of the newborn, assisting to the physician in airway management - intubation and during the entire surgery procedure. The most common surgical procedures performed in children are hernia, bowel and heart surgeries. The nurses also generally mentioned surgeries of developmental disorders. After the surgery nurses usually move the child to the neonatology intensive care unit which is equipped with a ventilator, incubator and all types of medication. They regularly check and record child´s vital functions, monitor the surgical wound and its proximity, intake and excretion, they provide nutrition etc. Nurses also assess the pain, most frequently using the NIPS scale, and they educate the parents. Post-surgery complications occur only sporadically and they include infections, bleeding or abstinence syndrome after administration of opiates. The collected data have shown only one difference relating to the age of newborns who underwent a surgery. Specifically, certain surgeries, e.g. of necrotic enterocolitis, are performed more frequently on less mature newborns. In general, most of the surgeries are performed on prematurely born neonates and extremely immature neonates. When asked what they would like to change or improve in the perioperative care from the nursing point of view the nurses primarily mentioned more contacts between the mother and child and consistent compliance with aseptic procedures. The responding nurses were mostly content, they praised the highly specialized care and the good cooperation between the nursing team and the medical team which consists of pediatricians and specialists. Results of those teams thus contribute to continually decreasing mortality rate of high-risk and pathological newborns and to better quality of life of those children after the surgery.

INTRODUÇÃO: a doença de Legg-Calvé-Perthes (DLCP) é a causa da osteoartrose de quadril em menos de 5% dos casos com indicação de artroplastia total do quadril (ATQ). Por isso, poucos estudos descrevem os resultados clínicos e radiológicos da ATQ nessa situação, em que deformidades no fêmur proximal e no acetábulo tornam a cirurgia um desafio técnico. MÉTODO: neste estudo tipo caso-controle, foram revisados os prontuários de pacientes admitidos num hospital público universitário de referência para serem submetidos à ATQ por osteoartrose primária ou secundária à DLCP entre 2008 e 2015, utilizando um determinado modelo de prótese não cimentada de um mesmo fabricante. Os pacientes foram convocados para análise clínica e radiográfica. Indivíduos com ATQ por osteoartrose secundária à DLCP foram comparados a um grupo controle de pacientes com osteoartrose primária quanto a dor e função por meio do questionário de Lequesne. Foram também avaliadas as seguintes variáveis radiográficas: inclinação lateral do componente acetabular em relação à pelve, offset femoral e posicionamento do componente femoral em relação ao canal femoral. As avaliações radiográficas no pós-operatório imediato e na última consulta de seguimento foram comparadas. O tempo cirúrgico, o tamanho dos componentes protéticos utilizados e as complicações decorrentes do ato cirúrgico foram comparados nos dois grupos. RESULTADOS: no período do estudo, foram analisados 22 pacientes no grupo estudo (25 quadris) e 22 pacientes (25 quadris) do grupo controle, que foram comparados. Os dois grupos eram homogêneos quanto a lateralidade, sexo, tempo de cirurgia, tempo de seguimento e tamanho dos componentes utilizados. Os pacientes do grupo controle, com osteoartrose primária, tinham idade superior aos do grupo estudo. Ocorreram quatro fraturas periprotéticas femorais intraoperatórias no grupo com sequela da DLCP e nenhuma no grupo com osteoartrose primária (p = 0,050). A avaliação clínica e funcional mostrou maior comprometimento no grupo de pacientes com sequela da DLCP (p = 0,002). As medidas angulares de inclinação lateral acetabular foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. Tanto no pós-operatório imediato quanto no final do seguimento, os componentes femorais estavam posicionados significativamente mais em valgo para o grupo com sequela da DLCP quando comparados ao grupo controle (com p = 0,008 no pós-operatório imediato e p = 0,002 no seguimento final). A medida do offset femoral lateral não teve diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Em nenhum dos casos dos grupos estudados houve infecção, luxação ou lesão neurológica decorrentes do ato cirúrgico. Não foi indicada ou realizada nenhuma cirurgia de revisão em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: há risco aumentado de fratura femoral periprotética intraoperatória e resultados clínico-funcionais piores em pacientes com osteoartrose secundária à sequela da DLCP submetidos a ATQ sem cimento convencional do que em pacientes com osteoartrose primária do quadril. Os componentes femorais da ATQ sem cimento convencional tendem a ser implantados mais em valgo no canal femoral nos casos motivados por osteoartrose secundária à sequela da DLCP comparados aos casos motivados por osteoartrose primária do quadril / INTRODUCTION: Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is the cause of hip osteoarthrosis in less than 5% of cases with an indication of total hip arthroplasty (THA). For that reason, few studies describe the clinical and radiological results of THA in this situation, in which proximal femur and acetabulum deformities make surgery a technical challenge. METHODS: In this case-control study, the medical records of patients admitted to a public university reference hospital to undergo THA due to primary osteoarthrosis or to LCPD sequelae between 2008 and 2015, using a cementless prosthesis from the same manufacturer, were reviewed. Patients were recruited for clinical and radiographic analysis. Individuals with osteoarthrosis secondary to LCPD were compared to a control group of patients with primary osteoarthrosis regarding pain and function using the Lequesne questionnaire. The following radiographic variables were also evaluated: acetabular component inclination in relation to the pelvis, femoral offset, and femoral component position in relation to the femoral canal. Evaluations in the immediate postoperative period and at the last follow-up visit were compared. The surgical time, the size of the prosthetic components used and the complications resulting from the surgical procedure were studied and compared between groups. RESULTS: During the study period, 22 patients in the study group (25 hips) were compared to 22 patients (25 hips) in the control group. The two groups were homogeneous regarding the laterality, sex, surgery time, follow-up time and size of the prosthetic components used. Patients in the control group, with primary osteoarthrosis, were older than those in the study group. There were four intraoperative femoral periprosthetic fractures in the group with LCPD sequelae and none in the primary osteoarthrosis group (p = 0.050). The clinical and functional evaluation showed greater impairment in the group of patients with LCPD sequelae (p = 0.002). Angular measures of acetabular inclination were similar between the two groups. Both in the immediate postoperative period and at the end of the follow-up, the femoral components were positioned significantly more in valgus for the LCPD sequelae group when compared to the control group (p = 0.008 in the immediate postoperative period and 0.002 in the final follow-up). The measurement of the lateral femoral offset was similar between the groups. In none of the cases of the studied groups, there was infection, dislocation or neurological injury resulting from the surgical act. No revision surgery was indicated or performed in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is an increased risk of intraoperative periprosthetic femoral fracture and worse clinical-functional results in patients with osteoarthrosis secondary to LCPD sequelae undergoing conventional cementless THA than in patients with primary hip osteoarthrosis. The femoral components of the cementless THA tend to be implanted more in valgus in the femoral canal in the cases of osteoarthrosis secondary to the sequelae of the LCPD compared to cases of primary hip osteoarthrosis

A manutenção da integridade cutânea é um cuidado a ser prestado individualmente a cada paciente de forma integralizada com outros cuidados do intra-operatório, aplicando o conhecimento técnico e científico. Os cuidados de enfermagem promovidos ao paciente no período intra-operatório refletirão no pós-operatório3. Muitas lesões de pele têm seu início na sala de operação e segue se agravando no pós-operatório cirúrgico22. Esta pesquisa justifica-se pela escassez de estudos referentes às lesões de pele de pacientes desenvolvidas e observadas no período intra-operatório. Neste estudo exploratório, descritivo e de coorte o objetivo principal é verificar a incidência de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca que desenvolveram lesões de pele no período intra-operatório, caracterizar as lesões e identificar os fatores de risco. A coleta de dados foi realizada no Centro Cirúrgico (CC) de um hospital público de ensino, de atenção terciária à saúde, predominantemente cirúrgico, especializado em cardiologia no município de São Paulo, a amostra do estudo foi de 182 pacientes. O estudo foi feito com um p significativo ( 0,05) frente aos testes estatísticos não-paramétricos. A maioria dos pacientes estudados foi do sexo feminino (67%), com idade mediana de 63 (53 70) anos. A raça branca foi predominante (63,2%). Os pacientes obtiveram a mediana do IMC de 26,15 (23,3 29) e os dias de internação apresentaram mediana de 6 (2 11). Quanto ao perfil clínico dos pacientes 49,5% apresentavam insuficiência coronariana, 18,7% insuficiência da valava mitral; 83,5% dos pacientes apresentavam hipertensão arterial, 22,5% tinham diabete insulino não dependente e 9,3% diabete insulino dependente; 20,9 faziam uso de álcool e 13,2 faziam uso de tabaco. Com relação à avaliação clínica da pele houve predominância da pele de coloração rósea claro com 76,4%, textura normal 56%, turgor normal 67% e 61,5% dos pacientes tinham umidade normal. Quanto à incidência de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca que desenvolveram lesões de pele em decorrência do período intra-operatório obteve-se incidência de 20,9% (38). Tivemos que 35 (19,2%) lesões apresentaram-se como UP no estágio I, 02 (1,1%) lesões caracterizaram-se como abrasão, 02 (1,1%) feridas incisas, 01 (0,5%) laceração, 01(0,5%) queimadura elétrica superficial e 01(0,5%) UP no estágio II. Quanto aos fatores de risco para lesão de pele no período intra-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, na análise estatística, considerando p< 0,05 apresentou-se com estatisticamente significante: a idade elevada (63 anos) p= 0,053; pele pálida apresentou p= 0,015; umidade normal da pele revelou p= 0,042; o tempo total de procedimento anestésico cirúrgico apresentou p= 0,035. Os pacientes que utilizaram o equipamento Eco Trans Esofágico teve significância estatística com p= 0,031 e para os que utilizaram o equipamento Desfibrilador Externo p= 0,01. Muito se tem estudado sobre a integridade da pele, relacionando a prevenção de UPs, porem ainda são escassos os trabalhos referentes sobre lesões de pele. O paciente cirúrgico traz consigo fatores de risco que colaboram com o desenvolvimento de lesões, portanto a enfermagem perioperatória deve estar atenta a todos os riscos para realizar um planejamento de assistência e cuidado individualizado para os pacientes / The maintenance of skin integrity is an individual care given to each patient that is integrated to other intraoperative cares, applying both technical and scientific knowledge. Nursing care provided to the patient in the intraoperative stage will reflect in the post-operative one3. Many skin lesions start in the operating room and worsen in the post-operative stage22. This research is justified by the scarceness of studies referring to skin lesions on patients that developed and were observed during the intraoperative stage. In this exploratory, descriptive and cohort study, the main objective was to verify the incidence of patients that underwent heart surgery who developed skin lesion in the intraoperative stage, to characterize lesions and to identify risk factors. The collection of data occurred in an Operating Room (OR) of a public teaching hospital, with tertiary health care, predominantly surgical, and specialized in cardiology in the Municipality of São Paulo, and the study sample was taken from 182 patients. The study was performed with a significant p ( 0,05) compared to the non-parametric statistics tests. Most of the patients studied were females (67%), with an average age of 63 year (53 70). Caucasians were predominant (63,2%). Patients had a BMI medium of 26,15 (23,3 29) and the average of hospitalization days was 6 (2 11). As for the patients clinical profile 49,5% presented heart failure, 18,7% mitral valve failure; 83,5% of the patients presented high blood pressure, 22,5% had non-insulin dependent diabetes and 9,3% had insulin dependent diabetes; 20,9 used alcoholic beverages and 13,2 were smokers. Concerning the clinical skin evaluation, we found a predominance of light pink skin coloration in 76,4%, 56% normal texture, 67% normal turgor, and 61,5% of the patients had normal skin moister. As for the incidence of patients that underwent heart surgery, which developed skin lesions due to the intraoperative stage, an incidence of 20,9% was obtained.(38). We found that 35 (19,2%) lesions presented Stage I PU, 02 (1,1%), lesions were characterized as abrasions, 02 (1,1%) incise wounds, 01 (0,5%) laceration, 01(0,5%) superficial electric burn and 01(0,5%) Stage II PU. As for risk factors for skin lesions in the intraoperative stage of heart surgery, during the statistics analysis, considering p< 0,05, showed as statistically significant: the increased age (63 years) p= 0,053; the presentation of pale skin p= 0,015; normal skin moister of p= 0,042; the total time of the anesthesia procedure with p= 0,035. Patients that used Esophagic Trans Echo equipment had statistical significance with p= 0,031, e the ones that used the External Defibrillator equipment p= 0,01. The integrity of the skin referring to PUs prevention has been well studied however there are still few works about skin lesions. The surgery patient is followed by risk factors that co-operate with the development of lesions; hence perioperative nursing must be aware of all risks to elaborate an individual care and assistance plan for patients

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica sem utilização de circulação extracorpórea (CEC) tem sido cada vez mais utilizada, especialmente após a introdução de dispositivos estabilizadores da parede cardíaca. Entretanto, a técnica pode causar alterações hemodinâmicas durante a realização das anastomoses coronárias. OBJETIVOS: Analisar as alterações hemodinâmicas decorrentes das mudanças de posição do coração para abordar as artérias coronárias sem CEC e comparar os monitores de débito cardíaco semi-contínuo e de ecodoppler transesofágico quanto à precisão das medidas hemodinâmicas. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 20 pacientes adultos com idade inferior a 80 anos, candidatos a cirurgia eletiva de revascularização miocárdica sem utilização de circulação extracorpórea. A avaliação hemodinâmica incluiu a utilização de ecodopppler com transdutor esofágico e de cateter de artéria pulmonar com filamento térmico. A coleta de dados foi realizada: 1 - após a indução da anestesia, antes do início da revascularização propriamente dita, 2 - durante a realização das anastomoses distais, logo após o posicionamento e estabilização do coração e 3 - após cinco minutos do início da anastomose. Os dados hemodinâmicos foram analisados por análise de variância de duplo fator com repetição, complementada por teste de Newman-Keuls. O nível de significância considerado foi de 5%. Os valores de débito cardíaco foram comparados segundo método proposto por Bland e Altman, analisando a correlação intraclasses, diferenças médias e intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: Alterações hemodinâmicas significativas foram detectadas para o aumento de pressão de oclusão de artéria pulmonar (de 17,7 ± 6,1 para 19,2 ± 6,5 mmHg - p<0,001 e para 19,4 ± 5,8 mmHg - p<0,001) e pressão venosa central (de 13,9 ± 5,4 para 14,9 ± 5,9 mmHg - p=0,007 e para 15,1 ± 6,0 mmHg - p=0,006), além de diminuição do débito cardíaco obtido por termodiluição intermitente (de 4,70 ± 1,43 para 4,23 ± 1,22 L/min - p<0,001 e para 4,26 ± 1,27 L/min - p<0,001). Houve interação grupo-tempo estatisticamente significativa no débito cardíaco por Doppler esofágico, que apresentou redução no grupo lateral de 4,08 ± 1,99 para 2,84 ± 1,81 L/min (p=0,02) e para 2,86 ± 1,73 L/min (p=0,02), e no fluxo sanguíneo aórtico, que diminuiu de 2,85 ± 1,39 para 1,99 ± 1,26 L/min (p=0,02) e para 2,00 ± 1,21 L/min (p=0,02). As medidas de débito cardíaco intermitente, semicontínuo e por Doppler esofágico apresentaram diferenças médias e intervalos de confiança de 95% acima de limites aceitáveis clinicamente. CONCLUSÕES: Houve deterioração hemodinâmica significativa durante a revascularização miocárdica sem CEC. Pelo Doppler esofágico, o débito cardíaco apresentou redução detectada apenas na parede lateral. As diferenças nos valores de débito cardíaco foram muito amplas para considerar os métodos concordantes, em quaisquer das condições hemodinâmicas estudadas. / INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgeries have been performed increasingly without cardiopulmonary bypass (off-pump CABG), specially with introduction of cardiac wall stabilizing devices. However, hemodynamic changes can occur during coronary anastomosis. OBJECTIVES: To study hemodynamic alterations caused when cardiac position is changed to operate coronary arteries and to compare continuous cardiac output and esophageal Doppler monitor regardig accuracy of hemodynamic measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty adult patients under age of 80 undergoing elective off-pump CABG were enrolled. Hemodynamic evaluation was performed with esophageal echodoppler and continuous thermodilution pulmonary artery catheter. Data were collected 1 - after induction of anesthesia, before revascularization, 2 - during distal anastomosis, right after heart positioning and stabilization, and 3 - five minutes following the beginning of anastomosis. Repeated measures two-way ANOVA with post hoc Newman-Keuls tests were used to analyse hemodynamic data and level of significance was set at 0.05. Cardiac output values were compared using the method proposed by Bland and Altman, and included analysis of correlation, mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Significant hemodynamic alterations were detected during revascularization of coronary arteries as elevation of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (from 17.7 ± 6.1 to 19.2 ± 6.5 mmHg - P <0.001, and to 19.4 ± 5.8 mmHg - P <0.001) and of central venous pressures (from 13.9 ± 5.4 to 14.9 ± 5.9 mmHg - P =0.007, and to 15.1 ± 6.0 mmHg - P =0.006), and as reduction of intermittent cardiac output (from 4.70 ± 1.43 to 4.23 ± 1.22 l/min - P <0.001, and to 4.26 ± 1.27 l/min - P <0.001). Statistically significant group-time interaction was observed in esophageal Doppler cardiac output, that decreased in the lateral wall from 4.08 ± 1.99 to 2.84 ± 1.81 l/min (P =0.02) and to 2.86 ± 1.73 l/min (P =0.02), and in aortic blood flow, that decreased from 2.85 ± 1.39 to 1.99 ± 1.26 l/min (P =0,02) and to 2.00 ± 1.21 l/min (P =0.02). Intermittent, STAT-mode or esophageal Doppler cardiac output mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were beyond clinically acceptable limits. CONCLUSIONS: There was significant hemodynamic deterioration during off-pump CABG. On the esophageal Doppler monitor, cardiac output decrease was detected only in the lateral wall. Differences in cardiac output measurements were too wide to say methods agreed, in all hemodynamic conditions studied.

I NTRODUÇÃO: Apesar da importância do tabagismo no processo de doença cardiovascular da sociedade moderna, os estudos de avaliação de risco cardíaco pré-operatório não têm demonstrado a associação entre o hábito de fumar (como variável independente) e os eventos cardíacos pós-operatórios. Nestas pesquisas, as variáveis independentes continuam sendo infarto do miocárdio prévio, insuficiência renal crônica, diabetes, angina, idade, dentre outras. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel do tabagismo nas complicações cardíacas pós-operatórias de operações não cardíacas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva de um Hospital Geral, onde foram incluídos 1072 pacientes. Estes foram estratificados em Tabagistas Atuais (n=265), Ex- Tabagistas (n=335) e Não Tabagistas (n=472). Os três grupos foram analisados para os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório (infarto, edema pulmonar, arritmia com instabilidade hemodinâmica, angina instável; morte cardíaca) e mortalidade em 30 dias. Foram usados o teste quiquadrado e Regressão logística, considerando-se p<0,05 como significante. RESULTADOS: Os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório e a mortalidade em 30 dias foram 71 (6,6%) e 34 (3,2%), respectivamente. Os Tabagistas Atuais e Pregressos apresentaram 53 (8,8%) eventos cardíacos combinados enquanto que os Não Tabagistas 18 (3,8%), p=0,002. Em relação à mortalidade, Tabagistas Atuais e Pregressos apresentaram 26 (4,3%) enquanto que os Não Tabagistas 8 (1,7%), p=0,024. Na análise multivariada, faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, revascularização do miocárdio e extra-sístole ventricular associaram-se independentemente aos eventos cardiovasculares perioperatórios enquanto que faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, alterações laboratoriais, história de hepatopatia, operações por neoplasia e tabagismo se associaram a mortalidade em 30 dias após a operação de alto risco. CONCLUSÃO: Os Tabagistas atuais e pregressos apresentaram mais eventos cardíacos e mortalidade do que os Não tabagistas. Entre as variáveis independentes associadas a eventos cardíacos e mortalidade em 30 dias, o tabagismo Atual foi á única variável modificável detectada. / I NTRODUCTION: Despite the importance of smoking in the process cardiovascular disease in modern society, the assessments of cardiac risk preoperative haven´t demonstrated an association between smoking (as independent variable) and postoperative cardiac events. Generally, in the researches, indicate as independent variables : myocardial infarction, chronic renal failure, diabetes, angina, age, etc. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of smoking in postoperative cardiac complications of non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study designed at General Hospital with 1072 patients. The patients were divided into Current Smokers (n = 265), Past Smokers (n = 335) and Nonsmokers (n = 462). The three groups were analyzed for combined cardiovascular outcomes in postoperative (infarction, pulmonary edema; arrhythmia with hemodynamic instability, unstable angina, cardiac death) and 30-days mortality. The chi-square test and logistic regression were used, considering p<0.05 as significant. RESULTS: The combined cardiovascular outcomes in postoperative and 30-days mortality were 71 (6.6%) and 34 (3.2%), respectively. The Current and Past Smokers presented 53 (8.8%) combined cardiac events than Nonsmokers which showed 18 (3.8%), p = 0002. The 30-days mortality, Current and Past Smokers presented 26 (4.3%) while Nonsmokers 8 (1.7%), p= 0024. At multivariate analysis, age, emergency operation, cardiac failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary-artery revascularization and ventricular premature contractions were independent variables associated with postoperative cardiac events. Another hand, age, emergency operation, cardiac failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, operation of cancer, liver failure, and abnormality laboratories tests were independent variables associated with 30-days mortality after surgery. CONCLUSION: There are more cardiac events and high mortality with Current and Past smokers when compared to nonsmokers. Many independent variables were associated with cardiac postoperative cardiac events and 30-days mortality. However, Current Smoking was unique modifiable variable find out.

Introdução: No campo do tratamento cirúrgico de Gliomas, tem se observado um interesse crescente no uso de novas tecnologias de suporte como métodos auxiliares na obtenção do equilíbrio entre radicalidade cirúrgica e preservação da funcionalidade cerebral. Na maior parte dos estudos, a localização tumoral tem sido pouco considerada e a real eficácia das tecnologias de suporte ainda está pouco investigada nos gliomas insulares. Objetivos: avaliar a eficácia da fluorescência intraoperatória com 5-ALA, monitorização neurofisiológica, neuronavegação e tractografia no grau de ressecção tumoral (GRT), escores de funcionalidade, sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de progressão em uma coorte retrospectiva de gliomas insulares. Métodos: revisamos todos os casos de tumores insulares operados no Departamento de Neurocirurgia da Universidade de Tübingen - Alemanha, entre maio de 2008 e novembro de 2013. O grau de ressecção foi avaliado por volumetria. Foram utilizados os testes de Mann Whitney, Qui-quadrado e funções de Kaplan Meier para análise do efeito de cada tecnologia nos desfechos primários e secundários. Resultados: 28 casos - 18 homens (64%) e 10 mulheres (36%); idade média 52,5 anos (12 - 59) - foram inclusos para análise. Gliomas de alto grau corresponderam a 20 casos (71%), com 8 lesões de baixo grau (29%). As tecnologias mais utilizadas foram monitorização neurofisiológica (64%) e neuronavegação (68%). 5-ALA foi a única modalidade associada a taxas de ressecção > 90% (p = 0,05). O uso de tractografia determinou melhora no KPS (50% vs 5%, p = 0,02). Houve associação positiva entre o uso de neuronavegação e sobrevida global (23 vs. 27,4 meses, p = 0,03), mas o uso de 5-ALA se associou a piora na sobrevida global (34,8 vs 21,1 meses, p = 0,01) e sobrevida livre de progressão (24,4 vs. 11,8 meses, p = 0,01). Conclusões: Considerando os gliomas insulares, o presente trabalho demonstra pioneiramente que o uso de 5-ALA tem papel na obtenção de maiores taxas de ressecção, ainda que este achado possa estar associado a piora nas sobrevidas global e livre de progressão. Tractografia e neuronavegação parecem desempenhar papel importante no tratamento dos gliomas insulares, na medida em que determinaram melhor sobrevida global e funcionalidade, respectivamente. Estudos prospectivos com uma amostra mais proeminente e análise multivariada permitirão a avaliação do benefício real destas tecnologias de suporte no tratamento dos gliomas insulares / Introduction: In the field of Glioma surgery, there has been an increasing interest in the use of assistive technologies to overcome the difficulty of preserving brain function while improving surgical radicality. In most reports, tumor localization has seldom been considered a variable and the role of intraoperative adjuncts is yet to be determined for gliomas of the insula. Objectives: to evaluate the efficacy of fluorescence-guided resection with 5-ALA, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IOM), neuronavigation, and tractography in the Extent of Resection (EOR), functionality scores, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in a retrospective cohort of insular gliomas. Methods: we reviewed all cases of insular tumors operated on at the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Tübingen - Germany, between May 2008 and November 2013. EOR was determined by volumetric analysis. Mann Whitney, Chi-square and Kaplan Meier functions were used for assessment of each technology\'s effect on primary and secondary outcomes. Results: 28 cases (18 men (64%) and 10 women (36%); median age at diagnosis: 52.5 years, range 12 - 59) were considered eligible for analysis. High grade and low grade gliomas accounted for 20 (71%) and 8 (29%) cases, respectively. The most used technologies were IOM (64%) and Neuronavigation (68%). 5-ALA was the only technique associated with EOR > 90% (p = 0.05). Tractography determined improvement in the Karnofsky Performance Scale (50% vs 5% cases improved, p = 0.02). There was a positive association between the use of neuronavigation and overall survival (23 vs. 27.4 months, p = 0.03), but the use of 5-ALA was associated with shorter OS (34.8 vs. 21.1 months, p = 0.01) and PFS (24.4 vs. 11.8, p = 0.01). Conclusions: we demonstrate for the first time that for insular gliomas 5-ALA plays a role in achieving higher EOR, although this technology was associated with poor OS and PFS; Also tractography and neuronavigation can be of great importance in the treatment of insular gliomas as they determined better functionality and overall survival in this study, respectively. Prospective studies with a more prominent sample and proper multivariate analysis will help determine the real benefit of these adjuncts in the setting of insular gliomas