Magistro baigiamajame darbe, tema „Ikiteisminio tyrimo paslapties ir viešumo sąsajos, planuojant ir organizuojant ikiteisminį tyrimą“ yra aptariami ikiteisminio tyrimo organizavimo ir planavimo teoriniai pagrindai, atliktas praktinis tyrimas. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti ikiteisminiame tyrime pareigūnų naudojamus planavimo ir organizavimo metodus, siekiant išsiaiškinti, kaip atsižvelgiant į ikiteisminio tyrimo paslapties ir viešumo santykį, yra planuojamas ir organizuojamas ikiteisminis tyrimas, suformuluoti išvadas ir pasiūlymus. Tyrimo uždaviniai – atskleisti ikiteisminio tyrimo paslapties ir viešumo sąsajų, planuojant ir organizuojant ikiteisminį tyrimą, teorinius pagrindus, apžvelgti kaip praktinėje veikloje atsižvelgiama į ikiteisminio tyrimo paslapties ir viešumo sąsajas, planuojant ir organizuojant ikiteisminį tyrimą, pateikti pasiūlymus, kaip tobulinti ikiteisminio tyrimo planavimą ir organizavimą. Tyrimo metu aptariamos visuomenės dalyvavimo galimybės ikiteisminiame tyrime, išnagrinėta ikiteisminio tyrimo duomenų apsauga ir viešumo užtikrinimo galimybės ikiteisminio tyrimo metu, aiškintasi, kokią įtaką daro ikiteisminio tyrimo planavimui galima taktinė rizika. Surinkti duomenys leido padaryti išvadas, kad ikiteisminio tyrimo organizavimas ir planavimas yra komandinis darbas, kurio metu yra svarbu tarpusavyje bendradarbiauti institucijoms ir pareigūnams. Ikiteisminio tyrimo pareigūnų daromuose planuose dominuoja rašytinė planavimo forma ir įvairiai pasirenkamos planų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this research work the planning and organization of the pre-trial investigation process is analyzed. Additional practical research was completed. The main purpose of the work is to find out the methods of pre-trial investigation planning and implementation, which are used by police officers. This is in order to clarify how taking into consideration the ratio between confidence and publicity during the pre-trial investigation is being done, make conclusions and offer some solutions. The main tasks were to clarify the theoretical basis of coherences of confidence and publicity principles while planning and performing the pre-trial investigation; review the practical adjustment of these two principles; and offer some proposals regarding the improvement. In the research the opportunities of society participation in the pre-trial investigation are discussed; the pre-trial investigation data security and publicity’ principles adjustment is examined; the influence of possible tactical risk on pre-trial investigation is construed. The data collected allowed making conclusion, that process of pre-trial investigation is teamwork, when cooperation between institutions and officers is highly required. The written form of pre-trial plans is prevailing. The leading role and influence of pre-trial institution’s head on investigation measures was determined. For that reason it was proposed for LR Seimas (Parliament of Lithuania) to commit and adopt the amendments for Penal Procedure Code... [to full text]

Denna rapport redogör för en webbapplikation med ett användargränssnitt som visar Preems volymdifferenser. Syftet med arbetet var främst utveckla en enklare metod för att spåra oförklarliga differenser i Preems lagerkontroll. Rapporten tar även upp grundläggande metoder för att anpassa webbapplikationer för olika företagsmodeller. Det resulterande systemet blev en webbapplikation med ett användargränssnitt för lagerkontroll, där man enkelt kan navigera. Webbapplikationen reagerar på varningar och genererar automatiskt anpassade tabeller/grafer. / This report describes a web application with a user interface that displays Preem volume differences. The main purpose of this work was to develop an easier method for tracking unexplained differences in Preem’s inventory control. The report also discusses basic approaches for adapting web application for different business models.   The resulting system is a web application with a user interface for inventory control, where you can easily navigate. The web application also responds to warnings and automatically generates adaptive tables/graphs.

The process of investigation, which begins when a crime is reported and ends after a suspect has been convicted or discharged by a court of law, is a mammoth task which requires cooperation between various stakeholders, such as investigators and prosecutors. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the specialised commercial crime investigators in the prosecution process. The study evaluated and explored the status of the current roles played by these investigators with the intention of recommending changes that could improve investigator practice. Two research questions were posed. First, the researcher endeavoured to find answers to a question regarding what the prosecution process entails. Secondly, the researcher sought to establish the roles of the specialised commercial crime investigator in the prosecution process. It was envisaged that the answers to these questions could be obtained from specialised commercial crime investigators and prosecutors deployed in the commercial crimes courts. On this basis two samples were chosen, with nine investigators from the Gauteng North office of the Specialised Commercial Crimes Unit and four prosecutors from the Specialised Commercial Crimes Court in Gauteng North. Some of the findings were that the investigators in trying to fulfil their roles of investigations have an adverse impact on the investigation and successful prosecution of offenders, which in turn lead to recidivism and apathy among the communities being served by the police and the justice system in general. The image of the police, particularly that of the commercial crime investigators, is often negated and the justice system is portrayed as a failure in addressing the problem of crime. The conclusions drawn from the data were that the roles of investigators in the prosecution process are mandatory as they are legislated rather that persuasive and that investigators cannot rely on prosecutors to handle all aspects of investigation once a case has been handed over to the prosecution. Apart from a lack of knowledge about these roles, it was established that some investigators deliberately ignore their roles in this relationship. It is proposed that dedicated training should be afforded to investigators and prosecutors above their existing training, with a focus on how to take part in the prosecution process. Investigators should be informed that their responsibilities in the prosecution process are a result of legislation and that failure to satisfy the legislation will carry adverse consequences for the investigation itself, the prosecution and the other stakeholders. / Criminal and Procedural Law / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigations)

Domestic violence is classified as a widespread and a serious problem in society. The aim of the study was to look into possible challenges and factors of success experienced by employees within the Police Authority and the importance of victim participation in the investigation process of cases related to domestic violence in several police areas. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six different investigators at the investigation section focused on domestic violence at the Police Authority. The material was analyzed through a qualitative content analysis and linked to previous research as well as the theory of normalization of violence. The result showed challenges such as a lack of resources, where more investigators, child interrogators, IT forensics and administrative staff are desired to be able to meet the high workload. Further identified challenges are linked to confidentiality between authorities and other actors. The victim's participation in the investigation process is considered to be decisive unless other evidence is available in order to conduct an effective investigation and obtain a conviction in the case. / Våld i nära relationer klassas som ett omfattande och allvarligt samhällsproblem. Syftet med studien var att undersöka eventuella utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer som upplevdes av anställda inom Polismyndigheten samt vilken betydelse offrens medverkan har i utredningsprocessen av ärenden gällande våld i nära relationer i flera polisområden. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sex olika utredare på utredningssektionen BINR (brott i nära relation) hos Polismyndigheten. Materialet analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och kopplades till tidigare forskning samt teorin om normaliseringsprocessen. Resultatet visade på utmaningar i form av främst resursbrist, där fler utredare, barnförhörsledare samt specialkompetenser såsom IT-forensiker och administrativ personal önskades för att kunna möta den höga arbetsbelastningen. Vidare identifierades utmaningar kopplat till sekretess mellan myndigheter och andra aktörer. Offrets medverkan i utredningsprocessen ansågs vara avgörande om inte annan stödbevisning fanns, för att kunna bedriva en effektiv utredning och få en fällande dom i ärendet.

Skolans styrdokument påtalar vikten av att vårdnadshavare görs delaktiga i den utredningsprocess som ska bedöma om deras barn ska mottagas i anpassad grundskola.  Forskning visar dock att vårdnadshavare inte alltid inkluderas i processen, utan känner sig maktlösa, frustrerade och exkluderade. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till ökad kunskap om vårdnadshavares upplevelser av delaktighet kring utredningsprocessen till mottagande i anpassad grundskola för sitt barn. Studiens två frågeställningar fokuserar på hur vårdnadshavare upplever delaktighet i processen både som helhet och de olika delarna, samt vilka faktorer som påverkar vårdnadshavares upplevelser av delaktighet. Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie där tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med vårdnadshavare har genomförts, med en fenomenologisk utgångspunkt. Vid analysen har Giorgis modell använts, för att tolka, urskilja och tematisera svaren. Resultatet visar att 60 % av vårdnadshavarna har upplevt delaktighet i processen som helhet, och kring de olika delarna har graden av delaktighet varierat. De påverkansfaktorer som identifierats är förförståelse, maktbalans och beslut, relation, kommunikation, bemötande och samsyn. Slutsatsen är att vårdnadshavares delaktighet inte är självklar, och att det finns mycket kvar att utveckla. En ökad förståelse för vårdnadshavares perspektiv skulle kunna leda till ökad delaktighet och bättre samverkan, något som skulle främja barnets skolgång. / The school´s governing documents points out the importance of guardians being involved in their child´s admission to an adapted primary school. Research shows that guardians are not always included in the process, but feel powerless and exkluded. The purpose of this study is to contribute to increased knowledge about guardian´s experience of participation in the investigation process for their childs´ reception in an adapted primary school. The study´s two questions focus on how guardians experience participation in the process both as a whole and the various parts, as well as which factors influence guardians´ experiences of participation. The study is a qualitative interview study where ten semi-structured interviews with guardians have been conducted, with a phenomenological starting point. In the analysis, Giorgi´s model has been used to interpret, distinguish and thematize the answers. The result show that 60 % of the guardians have experienced participation in the progress as a whole, and different degrees and types of participation have been experienced around the different parts. The influence factors identified are pre-understanding, balance of power and decisions, relationship, communication, treatment and consensus. The conclusion is that guardians´participation is not self-evident, and that there is still much to develop. An increased understanding of the guardian´s perspective could lead to better collaboration, something that promotes the child´s schooling.

The problem that was identified is that physical surveillance is not generally used by general detectives in the South African Police Service as a technique during their investigations. According to the researcher’s experience, this can be due to lack of understanding or experience or may stem from ignorance. A lack of training on the use of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process was also identified as a problem. This study therefore investigated the role and use of physical surveillance within the forensic investigation process. The focus of the research was on basic static (stationary), foot and vehicle surveillance as these types of surveillance are usually conducted in conjunction with each other. An empirical research design was used to conduct the research. A qualitative research approach enabled the researcher to obtain first-hand information from interviews with general detectives. Information was also obtained from a thorough literature study and from the researcher’s own experience on the topic. To conduct effective investigation, it is important for investigators to be familiar with the concept of physical surveillance, its elements, its influence and its values. A physical surveillance operation is a forensic tool used to gather evidence, to recover stolen property, and to identify and arrest the perpetrator. The use of physical surveillance during investigations serves the purpose of gathering evidence and information that can be used as intelligence. Successful forensic investigation requires skill and places extraordinary demands on detectives to utilise all available methods and techniques. The recognition of the use of physical surveillance as a method of evidence gathering is of outmost importance. The research has revealed that general detectives do not acknowledge the importance of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process. It is of vital importance that all detectives be properly trained with the necessary knowledge and skills to make use of this valuable investigative tool. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Kommuner har en unik position i säkerhetsarbetet genom att vara nära både medborgarna och de olyckor och skador som drabbar befolkningen. Trots långtgående framsteg inom teknologi och ett etablerat välfärdssamhälle utgör personskador till följd av olyckor ett betydande folkhälsoproblem i Sverige liksom i övriga nordiska länder. De svenska kommunerna har ålagts ett vidsträckt ansvar och förväntas vidta åtgärder inom flera samhällsområden för att värna människornas trygghet och säkerhet. De senaste två decennierna har utvecklingen i allt högre grad inneburit olika former av systematiskt och tvärsektoriellt säkerhetsarbete i kommunerna. I detta arbete används olika verktyg och metoder som hjälpmedel och stöd. Vissa verktyg är obligatoriska att använda enligt lagstiftning medan andra är frivilliga. Denna uppsats syftar till att kartlägga kommunernas användning av några av dessa säkerhetsverktyg, samt att för ett av verktygen – olycksutredning – undersöka i vilken utsträckning några särskilda utredningsmetoder förmår stödja den samlade praktiska hantering som en olycksutredning innebär. Uppsatsen bygger på två delarbeten, varav det ena är publicerat i en internationell vetenskaplig tidskrift och det andra är inskickat för bedömning till en annan tidskrift. Artikel I bygger på en enkätstudie till 1283 tjänstemän i 73 kommuner. En fråga handlade om användningen av 16 olika säkerhetsverktyg. Denna fråga besvarades av 50 % av de tillfrågade personerna. Resultaten tyder på att verktygen skyddsrond, riskanalys och riskinventering hade utbredd användning i samtliga sektorer medan övriga verktyg användes begränsat inom vissa sektorer eller nästan inte alls. Artikel II studerar hur olika olycksutredningsmetoder stödjer den praktiska utredningsprocessen. Analysen grundas i en processmodell särskilt framtagen för utvärdering av metoderna. Slutsatserna stöds av data från 114 tester av sådana metoder i kursen Kvalificerad olycksutredningsmetodik vid Karlstads universitet. Över 170 kursdeltagare från olika branscher har medverkat i testerna, som en del i undervisningen. Resultaten visar att bland de bedömda metoderna så är det endast metoderna Avvikelseutredning och STEP som ger ett bra stöd i hela utredningsprocessen. Övriga metoder stödjer huvudsakligen endast själva analysdelen i en olycksutredning. De sammanfattande slutsatserna visar att kommunerna använder sig av verktyg i sitt säkerhetsarbete, men att endast ett fåtal av verktygen används brett i alla kommunsektorer. Bland de undersökta metoderna för verktyget olycksutredning konstateras att det finns stora skillnader i hur dessa stödjer utredningsprocessen. Flera metoder borde kanske snarare benämnas olycksanalysmetoder, istället för olycksutredningsmetoder, då de främst ger stöd för själva analysdelen i utredningsarbetet. / Municipalities have a unique position in safety work by being close to both the citizens and the accidents and injuries that affect the population. Despite far-reaching advances in technology and an established welfare state, injuries resulting from accidents constitute a significant public health problem in Sweden as well as in other Nordic countries. Swedish municipalities are subjected to wide-ranging responsibilities and are expected to take action in a number of societal areas to safeguard people's safety and security. The last two decades are increasingly characterized by systematic and cross-sectorial safety work of various forms in municipalities. In this endeavor a variety of tools and methods intended to aid and support safety work have been introduced. Some tools are required by law while others are optional. This thesis aims to identify to what extent local authorities utilize a number of these safety tools, and secondly to examine whether a set of particular methods aimed to guide one of the tools – accident investigation – are actually supportive to the entire practical investigative process. The thesis is based on two papers, the first of which has been published in an international scientific journal, and the second has been submitted to another journal. Article I is based on a survey targeting 1283 officials in 73 municipalities. One question was about the use of 16 different safety tools. This question was answered by 50 % of the officials. The results show that safety round, risk analysis and risk inventory were reported to be used frequently in all sectors while other tools were used only in certain sectors or virtually not at all. Article II analyzes how different accident investigation methods support the practical investigative process. The evaluation is based on a process model intended to illustrate this process. The analysis comprises data from 114 tests of nine selected methods taught in a recurrent course entitled Advanced Accident Investigation Methodology at Karlstad University. More than 170 participants representing various industries and sectors were involved in the tests. The results show that among the nine assessed methods, only Deviation Analysis and STEP gives good support throughout the entire investigative process. Other methods provide support primarily during the analysis phase of an accident investigation. In summary, our findings show that local authorities make use of safety tools, but only a few of the tools are broadly used across all municipal sectors. Regarding the assessed methods of the tool accident investigation it can be concluded that there are major differences in their way to support throughout the investigative process. It is suggested that several methods should rather be described as accident analysis methods instead of accident investigation methods since they provide support mainly for the analysis step.

The process of investigation, which begins when a crime is reported and ends after a suspect has been convicted or discharged by a court of law, is a mammoth task which requires cooperation between various stakeholders, such as investigators and prosecutors. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the specialized commercial crime investigators in the prosecution process. The study evaluated and explored the status of the current roles played by these investigators with the intention of recommending changes that could improve investigator practice. Two research questions were posed. First, the researcher endeavoured to find answers to a question regarding what the prosecution process entails. Secondly, the researcher sought to establish the roles of the specialised commercial crime investigator in the prosecution process. It was envisaged that the answers to these questions could be obtained from specialised commercial crime investigators and prosecutors deployed in the commercial crimes courts. On this basis two samples were chosen, with nine investigators from the Gauteng North office of the Specialised Commercial Crimes Unit and four prosecutors from the Specialised Commercial Crimes Court in Gauteng North. Some of the findings were that the investigators in trying to fulfil their roles of investigations have an adverse impact on the investigation and successful prosecution of offenders, which in turn lead to recidivism and apathy among the communities being served by the police and the justice system in general. The image of the police, particularly that of the commercial crime investigators, is often negated and the justice system is portrayed as a failure in addressing the problem of crime. The conclusions drawn from the data were that the roles of investigators in the prosecution process are mandatory as they are legislated rather that persuasive and that investigators cannot rely on prosecutors to handle all aspects of investigation once a case has been handed over to the prosecution. Apart from a lack of knowledge about these roles, it was established that some investigators deliberately ignore their roles in this relationship. It is proposed that dedicated training should be afforded to investigators and prosecutors above their existing training, with a focus on how to take part in the prosecution process. Investigators should be informed that their responsibilities in the prosecution process are a result of legislation and that failure to satisfy the legislation will carry adverse consequences for the investigation itself, the prosecution and the other stakeholders. / Criminal and Procedural Law / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigations)

Le questionnement de la thèse émerge d'un contexte de réforme, en France, de l'enseignement des sciences en lycée qui met au centre du curriculum les démarches d'investigation (DI). Notre étude se situe au moment exact de la décision institutionnelle d'intégrer les DI dans l'enseignement de la chimie en classe de seconde. La mise en place des DI engendre une nouvelle complexité du travail des enseignants qui questionne à la fois leurs pratiques, leurs ressources et leurs connaissances professionnelles. Nous nous sommes proposé de saisir le développement professionnel des professeurs en chimie, particulièrement tourné vers les DI, à partir de leur documentation, c'est-à-dire du travail sur les ressources qu'ils réalisent pour accomplir leur enseignement, particulièrement de la part de ce travail qui prend place au sein de collectifs. L'étude est conduite sur deux études de cas. Dans la première, il s'agit d'un professeur que nous avons suivi, sur deux années consécutives, au sein d'une diversité de communautés professionnelles, parmi lesquelles une communauté associative a pris une place prépondérante. La deuxième étude de cas concerne une enseignante suivie sur une année au sein de communautés ordinaires d'un établissement scolaire. Dans les deux cas, l'étude s'intéresse plus particulièrement à l'enseignement du thème de la quantité de matière en classe de seconde, du fait de l'importance et de la complexité de ce thème d'enseignement au niveau du lycée. La thèse propose des développements théoriques et méthodologiques pour saisir le travail des enseignants, dans ses composantes individuelles et collectives, dans son unité et sa dynamique, en classe comme hors classe. Elle met en évidence le potentiel qu'a le travail collectif pour le développement professionnel des enseignants dans la perspective de DI / The questioning of the thesis emerges from a context of a science education reform in France, that emphasizes the inclusion of inquiry-based science teaching (IBST) into upper secondary school curricula. Our study is situated at the exact moment of the institutional decision to integrate IBST into chemistry teaching at grade 10. The implementation of IBST leads to a new complexity in the work of teachers, which questions their practices, their resources and their professional knowledge. We aim at gaining insight into the chemistry teachers' professional development, particularly with respect to IBST, based on their documentation, i.e. their work on the resources they realize in order to perform their teaching. We focus particularly on the part of this work that takes place within communities. The study was conducted on two case studies. The first one concerns a teacher whom we have followed over two consecutive years within a variety of professional communities, among which one associative community has taken a prominent place. The second case study concerns a teacher followed over one year within ordinary communities of a school. In both cases, the study focuses on the teaching of the amount of substance in grade 10, because of the importance and the complexity of this chemical theme at high school level. The thesis proposes theoretical and methodological developments to understand teachers' work, in its individual and collective components, in its unity and its dynamics, in class and outside the class. It highlights the potential of collective work for teachers' professional development with respect to IBST

The problem that was identified is that physical surveillance is not generally used by general detectives in the South African Police Service as a technique during their investigations. According to the researcher’s experience, this can be due to lack of understanding or experience or may stem from ignorance. A lack of training on the use of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process was also identified as a problem. This study therefore investigated the role and use of physical surveillance within the forensic investigation process. The focus of the research was on basic static (stationary), foot and vehicle surveillance as these types of surveillance are usually conducted in conjunction with each other. An empirical research design was used to conduct the research. A qualitative research approach enabled the researcher to obtain first-hand information from interviews with general detectives. Information was also obtained from a thorough literature study and from the researcher’s own experience on the topic. To conduct effective investigation, it is important for investigators to be familiar with the concept of physical surveillance, its elements, its influence and its values. A physical surveillance operation is a forensic tool used to gather evidence, to recover stolen property, and to identify and arrest the perpetrator. The use of physical surveillance during investigations serves the purpose of gathering evidence and information that can be used as intelligence. Successful forensic investigation requires skill and places extraordinary demands on detectives to utilise all available methods and techniques. The recognition of the use of physical surveillance as a method of evidence gathering is of outmost importance. The research has revealed that general detectives do not acknowledge the importance of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process. It is of vital importance that all detectives be properly trained with the necessary knowledge and skills to make use of this valuable investigative tool. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)