Samir Naqqash (1938-2004) is best known as one of the last holdouts among Jewish Israeli authors from Iraq, continuing to write in his native Arabic in Israel despite immense social and market pressures to switch to Hebrew. This thesis reads Naqqash's last novel, Shlomo Al-Kurdi, Myself and Time in light of theories of trauma, specifically Cathy Caruth's structure of trauma, Dori Laub's notion of belatedness of trauma, and Dominick LaCapra's foundational trauma. It posits that the novel employs a poetics of the black hole, manipulating trauma, memory and language in order to narrate the forgotten fate of the protagonist's hometown of Ṣablākh, in Iranian Kurdistan, during World War I. Like a black hole, the texture of the novel's prose possesses an infinite density of traumatic affect as the characters are haunted by the ahwāl, or terrors. Also like a black hole, there is no way to measure the novel's mass, no way to authoritatively and thoroughly grasp the details of its plot since said details remained sequestered deep within. The structure of trauma in the text depends both on trauma's repeated returns in the first part of the novel, and a type of prophetic projection that speaks of the approaching moment of calamity in the second. Each of these two parts end where the other begins, creating an infinite loop where traumatic memory and prophecy alternate towards infinity, each awaiting the arrival of the other in a dizzying dance that contributes to the black hole's gravitational pull. The presence of three narrators allows the text to employ chronicle, affect, and artifice at one and the same time. Language, namely a rich allusive fabric, allows Shlomo to inscribe himself in the wandering minstrel position of the Islamicate tradition, casting himself as the most articulate Shahrazād of the Thousand and One Nights and the most adventurous and mobile Sindibād the sailor. In this way, Shlomo is able to recover the (non-Hebrew-) speaking subject position, and mobility in the Islamic(ate) world canceled by virtue of the restrictions placed upon holders of an Israeli passport. Similarly, by staging visitations by well-known apparitions -- a ghūl in Ṣablākh and the Prophet Nahum in Qosh, the text inscribes these sites of speechlessness within the larger cultural geography of the Islamicate literary tradition. At the same time, by selecting the unraveling of Ṣablākh as foundational trauma for all that follows, Shlomo confounds the genealogies of trauma of both Zionism and Arab Nationalism(s). And with Ṣablākh, Shlomo also mourns the collapse of the city's multi-confessional social fabric. What was once a testament to the possibility of a home that flies the banner of humanity is now nothing more than a haunting memory, lost but not forgotten within the depths of the black hole. / text

The objective of this thesis is to analyze the foreign policy of the Justice and Development Party government during the Iraqi Crisis in 2003. In this context, the aim is to find out the answers to the questions of &ldquo / how did the JDP government react to the Iraqi Crisis in 2003 and what were the driving forces pushing the government to act in such a way, how did the JDP government&rsquo / s policies evolved Turkey&rsquo / s relations with the US and the EU, did the JDP government try to evolve the traditional foreign policy orientations of the Turkish Republic?&rdquo / Accordingly the thesis contains four main parts. In the first part of the study, the categorization in the international system in geostrategic and geopolitical terms and general tendencies in Turkish foreign policy are studied. In the second part of the study, the political identity of the JDP and the reasons of categorizing the JDP as a centre-right party are discussed. In the third part, the general attitude of the JDP government in some foreign policy issues and the assumptions of Prof. Dr. Ahmet Davutoglu -the Chief Advisor to the Foreign Minister in foreign policy- are scrutinized. In the forth part, Turkey&rsquo / s relations with the US and the EU during the Iraqi Crisis in 2003 is discussed. Accordingly, this thesis has reached to the following conclusions: First, the JDP has acted in conformity with the traditional concepts of Turkish foreign policy to a major extent, the concerns shaping the Turkish foreign policy toward Iraq since the first Gulf War of 1990-1991 continued to determine the calculations of Turkish actors during the Iraqi Crisis of 2003. Second, the JDP government pursued a two-pronged, dual policy to meet the demands and expectancies of the US, the EU, the Muslim countries and international and internal public opinion.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops grown in the world. It has great importance because it constitutes a major source of carbohydrate for more than one third of the world’s population (Budak et al., 2013). In the last three decades, drought conditions are becoming more widespread in wheat production areas including Europe, Australia and Asia, and it is considered a major cause of reduced wheat growth and productivity in most developing countries with semi-arid climates. Drought constitutes the most important threat for wheat production in Iraq and especially for the Kurdistan Regional Governate owing to the limited source of water during at least some part of the growing period. Because wheat is considered a staple food and has economic importance for the Kurdistan Regional Government research is needed to determine the production capacity of Iraqi wheat varieties under drought stress and the potential for the maximization of the drought tolerance response. The soil moisture holding capacity of the intended growing medium was measured gravimetrically in pots with and without wheat plants and correlated with the soil capacitance measured using a TDR Theta Probe (Delta-T Devices). This was used to determine the available water content of the soil (AWC) and to control and manage the watering regimes during drought studies. The results of a study of the response of different cultivars of Iraqi wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to watering regimes of 70% and 50% showed that drought stress had a significant effect on the biomass and yield traits especially tiller number and stem bundle weight compared to normal conditions. The highest significant difference was observed for cv. Tamooz 2 in comparison to Adana 99, but there was a little difference between cvs. Rizgary and Sham 6. The effect of the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) and molybdenum (Mo) on drought tolerance of cvs. Tamooz 2 and Adana 99, showed that Tamooz 2 had higher values for growth characteristics and higher yield potential when sprayed with a lower concentration of SA (1.44 mM) under well-watered conditions in comparison with Adana 99. The effect of spraying variety Tamooz 2 with SA at different growth stages indicated that biomass production and yield components (the number of spikes/pot, grain dry weight and average 1000 grain dry weight) significantly increased at both stem+flower as well as leaf+stem+flower sprayings for plants subjected to drought. Also, SA treatments at stem extension and flowering had a positive effect on the up-regulation of the drought response gene CBF/DREB under drought stress conditions. These findings indicate that agronomic treatments with exogenous applications of salicylic acid and molybdenum could help to reduce the effects of drought in the field.

This study aims to compare British war poetry of the First World War with Iraqi poetry from the mid-20th century with special reference to Iraqi war poetry of the 1980’s Iraq-Iran War and the period that followed it. It will also investigate the influence of the designated British war poetry on the chosen body of Iraqi poetry. Through the comparison of sample poems the study presents, firstly, the direct influence of the British poetry of the Great War and its translation which formed the seeds of a more radical movement in Iraqi poetry during the 1980’s Iran/Iraq War and the period that followed it. The study also presents a comparison of the works of British and Iraqi civilian poets during and after the war time and their contribution in setting the ground for the younger generation to create more subversive poetic forms with special reference to women as influential characters and inspirations in their works. The moment of the 1980’s war marks the break with the clear direct influence of British war poetry and starts another phase of the comparison of a universal bond of similar reactions, conscious and unconscious expression reflecting the lives of the combatant group of men first and then of poets sharing a devastating war reality. The study reveals a remarkable, more radical change of poetic forms in Iraqi poetry between the time of the first seeds planted by the influence of translations from European poetry until the time of the Iran/Iraq war and the Gulf War in 1991 and the rise of the new nihilistic generation of the 1990s subverting war, politics and cultural life through their innovation in prose poem writing and its significance as an alternative space for their political and social subversion.

There is a debate on how air power should be employed to attain success in war and conflicts. Although scholars do not fully agree on the subject, there is a consensus that attacking the opponents military forces’, a course of action referred to as denial, can contribute to a positive outcome on the battlefield. This thesis investigates the utility of denial in air operations against regular and irregular opponents. The purpose of this study was to examine Robert Pape’s Denial Theory in a focused and structured comparative case study of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq. The investigation reveals that denial contributed to the ground offensives in both cases, specifically by providing air support in the theatre, which led to the collapse of Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq and drew the opponents out of several cities in Afghanistan. The use of operative interdiction made freedom of action possible and resulted in the final collapse of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. In conclusion the investigation shows that denial may be a suitable modus operandi against both regular and irregular opponents. / <p><strong>Uppsatsen skriven VT 2017 under Termin 4 Officersprogrammet 15-18 med inriktning</strong><strong>mot flyg. Examen genomförs VT 2018.</strong></p>

Despite Operation Iraqi Freedoms operational success, many reports revealed that the operational  logistics were under considerable pressure. Nonetheless, it did not fail completely, however the operational logistics from OIF had a lot of lessons to learn. This is evident in a number of articles, which have a practical way of viewing the issues at hand. This paper analyses the operational logistics with a more theoretical approach, and incorporates Moshe Kress seven properties for operational logistics. The result shows that the operational logistics was good enough, even though it lacked a few of the operational properties. This is thought to be because of an inbalance between the properties, which can further explain why the operation was a success whilst the operational logistics was just adequate.

Should classical theories about counterinsurgency remain in the past or be considered in relation to future insurgencies? Scholars have discussed the relevance of classical counterinsurgency theories earlier in this century and disagreed about how relevant the classics are. The aim with this bachelor thesis was to study if Robert Thompson's Basic Operational Concept could explain the progress U.S. troops made in the insurgency that took place in Iraq under Operation Iraqi Freedom. In the early years of Operation Iraqi Freedom, U.S. troops had problems controlling the insurgency but other scholars asserted that progress was made after 2006 when classical theories about counterinsurgency were applied to the emergency. This thesis has a case study design and the author used qualitative text analysis of secondary sources, including interviews and research material from RAND Corporation. The theory used was based on Thompson's Basic Operational Concept. The majority of the concept was found to have been rigorously applied after 2006 and therefore, based on the result from this thesis, should be considered as a possible rationale for the progress U.S. troops made in the emergency.

No description available.

The issue of unemployment and labour integration of immigrants into the labour market in host countries has always been a source of debate among the public and policymakers in the host countries. This study focuses on the economic integration of highly educated Iraqi immigrants into the Swedish labour market. Based on semi-structured interviews with eight Iraqi immigrants living in Malmö, who have higher education from Iraq, this study aims to illuminate the obstacles and opportunities for Iraqi immigrants to integrate into Swedish labour market, and to find out if their position in the Swedish labour market corresponds to their academic qualifications obtained from Iraq. The theoretical framework of this study explores the concepts of integration, human capital, social capital, and discrimination. Findings of the study revealed that, lack of fluency in Swedish language, family responsibilities, and devaluation of human capital function as main obstacles for highly-educated Iraqi immigrants’ integration into Swedish labour market. The social networks of Iraqi immigrants can be considered as a tool to avoid unemployment in Sweden, but at the same time, it provides access only to a certain categories of jobs that are not in par with higher education of these immigrants. Furthermore, the finding of this study also reveals that the positions of the highly educated Iraqi immigrants have acquired in the Swedish labour market are not commensurate with the educational qualifications they have from Iraq.

No description available.