Plantas medicinais e óleos essenciais representam um importante papel na terapêutica, tanto na cura como também na prevenção de diferentes enfermidades, sendo esta prática medicinal uma das mais antigas formas de tratamento. Devido à utilização dos óleos essenciais na terapêutica e a importância do conhecimento do pontencial de toxicidade destes, objetivou-se: (i) identificar os principais componentes químicos dos óleos essenciais de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Origanum majorana (manjerona) e Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim); (ii) avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro destes óleos essenciais frente a leveduras isoladas de animais hígidos e casos clínicos; (iii) avaliar a irritação/corrosão cutânea e ocular aguda dos três óleos essenciais e (iv) avaliar a sensibilização cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano. O material vegetal foi adquirido de distribuidor comercial e encaminhado para extração do óleo essencial por hidrodestilação em Clevenger e, para análise cromatográfica através da cromatografia gasosa. Para realização dos testes in vitro foi utilizado o método de microdiluição em caldo, documento M27A3 do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) com adaptações para fitofármacos e Malassezia pachydermatis. Os óleos essenciais de orégano, manjerona e alecrim foram testados nas concentrações de 28 a 0,87mg/mL, 60 a 1,87mg/mL e 112,8 a 3,52mg/mL, respectivamente. Os testes de toxicidade in vivo foram realizados conforme a Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Para os testes de irritação/corrosão cutânea (OECD 404, 2002) e ocular aguda (OECD 405, 2002) foram utilizados 24 coelhos albinos (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Nova Zelândia, machos, adultos e hígidos. Na sensibilização cutânea (OECD 406, 1992) utilizaram-se 33 cobaios (Cavia porcellus), fêmeas, adultas e hígidas. Os compostos majoritários do orégano foram timol, -terpineno e 4-terpineol; da manjerona timol, 4-terpineol e p-cimeno e; do alecrim α-pineno e 1,8 cineol. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM) do óleo essencial de orégano para M. pachydermatis variaram de ≤0,87 a 7mg/mL. Para manjerona a CIM e a CFM foram de ≤1,87 a 30mg/mL e de ≤3,52 a 112,8mg/mL para o alecrim nos isolados de M. pachydermatis, Candida spp e T. asahii. Nas avaliações da irritação/corrosão cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano 3% somente um animal apresentou eritema leve nas 24h com regressão aos sete dias e, edema leve nas 72h com regressão aos sete dias. Na irritação/corrosão ocular, apenas um animal apresentou reação inflamatória nas avaliações de 24 e 48h, regredindo nas 72h. Na sensibilização cutânea, os animais responderam à indução, mas nenhum respondeu ao desafio. Nos animais tratados com óleo essencial de manjerona 6% nas 24, 48 e 72h apresentaram eritema leve, regredindo em até sete dias. Dois animais apresentaram edema leve nas 24 e 48h com remissão nas 72h e um animal permaneceu sem alterações Em dois animais do grupo alecrim 24% as lesões de eritema/escara regrediram em 21 dias. Quanto ao edema, as lesões foram consideradas reversíveis aos sete dias. Conclui-se que M. pachydermatis é sensível ao óleo essencial de orégano; que os óleos essenciais de manjerona e alecrim possuem atividade antifúngica in vitro frente a isolados de animais; o óleo essencial de orégano 3% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, não causa sensibilização cutânea na concentração testada. O óleo essencial de manjerona 6% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, o óleo essencial de alecrim 24% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda moderada. / Medicinal plants and essential oils represent an important therapeutic role in the cure and diseases different prevention both, this medical practice is one the oldest treatment forms. Thus, the aim was: (i) identify the main chemical components of essential oils from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Origanum majorana (marjoram) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), (ii) evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against yeasts isolated from healthy animals and clinical cases, (iii) evaluate the irritation/skin corrosion and acute eye of the three essential oils and (iv) assess the skin sensitization of the oregano essential oil. The plant material was purchased from commercial distributor and referred for essential oil extraction and gas chromatography. We used the method of microdilution M27-A3 with adaptations for phytochemicals and Malassezia pachydermatis. The oregano essential oils, marjoram and rosemary were tested at concentrations from 28 to 0.87 mg/mL, 60 to 1.87 mg/mL and 112.8 to 3.52 mg/mL, respectively. The in vivo toxicity tests were performed according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The twenty-four males, adults and healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used for irritation/corrosion skin (OECD 404, 2002) and eye acute (OECD 405, 2002) tests. The thirty-three adults, females and healthy guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used for sensitization skin test (OECD 406, 1992). The major compounds in oregano were thymol, α-terpinene and 4-terpineol, in marjoram were thymol, 4-terpineol, and p-cymene and in rosemary were α-pinene and 1,8 cineole. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oregano essential oil against to M. pachydermatis were ≤ 0.87 to 7mg/mL, while the MIC and MFC of the marjoram were ≤ 1.87 to 30mg/mL. The MIC and CFM of the rosemary were ≤ 3.52 to 112.8 mg/mL against to M. pachydermatis, Candida spp and T. asahii. In the irritation/skin corrosion test, only one animal at 24h had slight erythema with regression at 7 days and slight edema at 72 h with regression to 7 days against to oregano essential oil at 3%. In the eye irritation/corrosion test, only one animal showed inflammatory reaction signs at 24 and 48h evaluates, but the assessments 72h had regressed. In the skin sensitization test, the animals responded, but anyone responded to the challenge. The treated with marjoram essential oils at 6%, the animals showed slight erythema at 24, 48 and 72h evaluate, with regression to 7 days. About to edema presentation, two animals showed moderate at 24 and 48h, with regression at 72h, only one animal without signs. The group rosemary at 24%, the erythema/eschar lesions in two animals were regression at 21 days. About the edema, the lesions were reversible for seven days. The conclusion was the sensibility of M. pachydermatis against to oregano essential oil, antifungal activity in vitro of marjoram and rosemary essential oils against animals isolates, the oregano essential oil at 3% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute and doesn’t induce skin sensitization. The marjoram essential oil at 6% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute, the rosemary essential oil at 24% induces skin and eye irritation moderate acute.

The main aim of the work was to apply the principles of sustainability and responsibility in the tourist destinations with the concept of Smart cities and Smart Regions and the use of modern methods and trends for the development of tourism in the tourist destination. These targets were applied to the town of Český Krumlov. One part of the thesis is quantitative research, which examines relations between residents of Český Krumlov and its visitors. According to research results, the design part was elaborated. The suggestions are focused on the development of new smart technologies in transport. Smart, modern and sustainable traffic management in the destination is one of the important components of the Smart City concept. The aim of the suggestion part is to create comprehensive traffic management system that could be useful for visitors of the city and for residents too.

Plantas medicinais e óleos essenciais representam um importante papel na terapêutica, tanto na cura como também na prevenção de diferentes enfermidades, sendo esta prática medicinal uma das mais antigas formas de tratamento. Devido à utilização dos óleos essenciais na terapêutica e a importância do conhecimento do pontencial de toxicidade destes, objetivou-se: (i) identificar os principais componentes químicos dos óleos essenciais de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Origanum majorana (manjerona) e Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim); (ii) avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro destes óleos essenciais frente a leveduras isoladas de animais hígidos e casos clínicos; (iii) avaliar a irritação/corrosão cutânea e ocular aguda dos três óleos essenciais e (iv) avaliar a sensibilização cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano. O material vegetal foi adquirido de distribuidor comercial e encaminhado para extração do óleo essencial por hidrodestilação em Clevenger e, para análise cromatográfica através da cromatografia gasosa. Para realização dos testes in vitro foi utilizado o método de microdiluição em caldo, documento M27A3 do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) com adaptações para fitofármacos e Malassezia pachydermatis. Os óleos essenciais de orégano, manjerona e alecrim foram testados nas concentrações de 28 a 0,87mg/mL, 60 a 1,87mg/mL e 112,8 a 3,52mg/mL, respectivamente. Os testes de toxicidade in vivo foram realizados conforme a Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Para os testes de irritação/corrosão cutânea (OECD 404, 2002) e ocular aguda (OECD 405, 2002) foram utilizados 24 coelhos albinos (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Nova Zelândia, machos, adultos e hígidos. Na sensibilização cutânea (OECD 406, 1992) utilizaram-se 33 cobaios (Cavia porcellus), fêmeas, adultas e hígidas. Os compostos majoritários do orégano foram timol, -terpineno e 4-terpineol; da manjerona timol, 4-terpineol e p-cimeno e; do alecrim α-pineno e 1,8 cineol. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM) do óleo essencial de orégano para M. pachydermatis variaram de ≤0,87 a 7mg/mL. Para manjerona a CIM e a CFM foram de ≤1,87 a 30mg/mL e de ≤3,52 a 112,8mg/mL para o alecrim nos isolados de M. pachydermatis, Candida spp e T. asahii. Nas avaliações da irritação/corrosão cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano 3% somente um animal apresentou eritema leve nas 24h com regressão aos sete dias e, edema leve nas 72h com regressão aos sete dias. Na irritação/corrosão ocular, apenas um animal apresentou reação inflamatória nas avaliações de 24 e 48h, regredindo nas 72h. Na sensibilização cutânea, os animais responderam à indução, mas nenhum respondeu ao desafio. Nos animais tratados com óleo essencial de manjerona 6% nas 24, 48 e 72h apresentaram eritema leve, regredindo em até sete dias. Dois animais apresentaram edema leve nas 24 e 48h com remissão nas 72h e um animal permaneceu sem alterações Em dois animais do grupo alecrim 24% as lesões de eritema/escara regrediram em 21 dias. Quanto ao edema, as lesões foram consideradas reversíveis aos sete dias. Conclui-se que M. pachydermatis é sensível ao óleo essencial de orégano; que os óleos essenciais de manjerona e alecrim possuem atividade antifúngica in vitro frente a isolados de animais; o óleo essencial de orégano 3% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, não causa sensibilização cutânea na concentração testada. O óleo essencial de manjerona 6% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, o óleo essencial de alecrim 24% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda moderada. / Medicinal plants and essential oils represent an important therapeutic role in the cure and diseases different prevention both, this medical practice is one the oldest treatment forms. Thus, the aim was: (i) identify the main chemical components of essential oils from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Origanum majorana (marjoram) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), (ii) evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against yeasts isolated from healthy animals and clinical cases, (iii) evaluate the irritation/skin corrosion and acute eye of the three essential oils and (iv) assess the skin sensitization of the oregano essential oil. The plant material was purchased from commercial distributor and referred for essential oil extraction and gas chromatography. We used the method of microdilution M27-A3 with adaptations for phytochemicals and Malassezia pachydermatis. The oregano essential oils, marjoram and rosemary were tested at concentrations from 28 to 0.87 mg/mL, 60 to 1.87 mg/mL and 112.8 to 3.52 mg/mL, respectively. The in vivo toxicity tests were performed according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The twenty-four males, adults and healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used for irritation/corrosion skin (OECD 404, 2002) and eye acute (OECD 405, 2002) tests. The thirty-three adults, females and healthy guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used for sensitization skin test (OECD 406, 1992). The major compounds in oregano were thymol, α-terpinene and 4-terpineol, in marjoram were thymol, 4-terpineol, and p-cymene and in rosemary were α-pinene and 1,8 cineole. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oregano essential oil against to M. pachydermatis were ≤ 0.87 to 7mg/mL, while the MIC and MFC of the marjoram were ≤ 1.87 to 30mg/mL. The MIC and CFM of the rosemary were ≤ 3.52 to 112.8 mg/mL against to M. pachydermatis, Candida spp and T. asahii. In the irritation/skin corrosion test, only one animal at 24h had slight erythema with regression at 7 days and slight edema at 72 h with regression to 7 days against to oregano essential oil at 3%. In the eye irritation/corrosion test, only one animal showed inflammatory reaction signs at 24 and 48h evaluates, but the assessments 72h had regressed. In the skin sensitization test, the animals responded, but anyone responded to the challenge. The treated with marjoram essential oils at 6%, the animals showed slight erythema at 24, 48 and 72h evaluate, with regression to 7 days. About to edema presentation, two animals showed moderate at 24 and 48h, with regression at 72h, only one animal without signs. The group rosemary at 24%, the erythema/eschar lesions in two animals were regression at 21 days. About the edema, the lesions were reversible for seven days. The conclusion was the sensibility of M. pachydermatis against to oregano essential oil, antifungal activity in vitro of marjoram and rosemary essential oils against animals isolates, the oregano essential oil at 3% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute and doesn’t induce skin sensitization. The marjoram essential oil at 6% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute, the rosemary essential oil at 24% induces skin and eye irritation moderate acute.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-08-16T15:26:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael do Nascimento Ducas - 2015.pdf: 1199090 bytes, checksum: 197e2d02385d6512ad213fe017f881ae (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Olhe a data na citação: DUCAS, R. N. Análise de métodos alternativos ao uso de animais para a classificação da irritação ocular induzida por corantes têxteis. 2015. 52 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2018. on 2018-08-17T11:28:42Z (GMT) / Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-08-20T11:47:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Rafael do Nascimento Ducas - 2015.pdf: 1199090 bytes, checksum: 197e2d02385d6512ad213fe017f881ae (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Olhe a data da defesa na citação on 2018-08-21T11:19:58Z (GMT) / Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-08-21T11:36:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Rafael do Nascimento Ducas - 2015.pdf: 1199090 bytes, checksum: 197e2d02385d6512ad213fe017f881ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-08-22T12:39:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Rafael do Nascimento Ducas - 2015.pdf: 1199090 bytes, checksum: 197e2d02385d6512ad213fe017f881ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:39:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Rafael do Nascimento Ducas - 2015.pdf: 1199090 bytes, checksum: 197e2d02385d6512ad213fe017f881ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The evaluation of the toxicity of chemicals still involves the use of animals. However, due to animal welfare and ethical values, research laboratories and regulatory agencies are working together to develop scientifically valid alternative methods. Currently, the Bovine Cornea Opacity and Permeability Test (BCOP) can be used as an alternative methodology to the Draize Test in the determination of ocular irritation and corrosion. In addition, recent data from the literature show that the association between alternative methods represents a useful tool in the evaluation of these parameters. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the BCOP test and the Short-Term Exposure Test (STE) in determining the ocular irritation of Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) and Reactive Green 19 (RG19) based on the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification (UN GHS) and in accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration - Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS), as Category 2A (eye irritant), using the in vivo test from Draize. The STE test (OECD 491) was used to evaluate cytotoxicity in SIRC cells and the BCOP (OECD 437) assay for opacity, permeability and bovine cornea histopathology. According to the STE test, the RO16 dye obtained cell viability of 47% at 5% concentration and 51% of cell viability at the concentration of 0.05%. The corange RG19 presented cell viability of 41.5% in the concentration of 5% and 44% of cell viability in the concentration of 0.05%. Thus, the dyes were classified as Category 1 of the GHS. The BCOP assay, however, classified only RG19 dye as GHS Category 1 with IVIS: 112,760. The RO16 dye resulted in an IVIS: 12.027, not being classified by this method. To complement this assay, histopathological analyzes were performed, which allowed the observation of significant loss of epithelial cells, intense cytoplasmic vacuolization and damage to the epithelial structure of the corneas exposed to RG19 dye. Although not classified by the BCOP, the corneas exposed to RO16 showed surface coating losses and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Therefore, the STE test alone was not sufficient to define the categorization of the ocular irritation potential of the dyes in relation to the GHS system, but its association with the BCOP test added by the histomorphometric analysis may be an alternative for the prediction of this effect, investigation of other dyes to confirm this fact. / A avaliação da toxicidade de produtos químicos ainda envolve o uso de animais. No entanto, devido ao bem-estar animal e valores éticos, os laboratórios de pesquisas e as agências regulatórias estão trabalhando juntos no desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos cientificamente válidos. Atualmente, o Ensaio de Opacidade e Permeabilidade da Córnea Bovina (BCOP) pode ser utilizado como metodologia alternativa ao Teste de Draize na determinação da irritação e corrosão ocular. Além disso, dados recentes da literatura demonstram que a associação entre métodos alternativos representa uma ferramenta útil na avaliação destes parâmetros. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da associação do ensaio BCOP com o Teste de Exposição de Curta Duração (STE) na determinação da irritação ocular dos corantes têxteis Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) e Reactive Green 19 (RG19), classificados com base no Sistema Globalmente Harmonizado de Classificação das Nações Unidas (UN GHS) e de acordo com a Occupational Safety & Health Administration - Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS), como Categoria 2A (irritante para olhos), utilizando o teste in vivo de Draize. Para tanto, foram utilizados o teste STE (OECD 491) para avaliação da citotoxicidade em células SIRC e o ensaio BCOP (OECD 437) para análise da opacidade, permeabilidade e histopatologia da córnea bovina. De acordo com o teste STE, o corante RO16 obteve viabilidade celular de 47% na concentração de 5% e de 51% de viabilidade celular na concentração de 0,05%. Já o corange RG19 apresentou viabilidade celular de 41,5% na concentração de 5% e 44% de viabilidade celular na concentração de 0,05%. Assim, os corantes foram classificados como Categoria 1 do GHS. Já o ensaio BCOP classificou apenas o corante RG19 como Categoria 1 do GHS com IVIS:112,760. O corante RO16, resultou em um IVIS:12,027, não sendo classificado por este método. Para complementar esse ensaio, foram realizadas análises histopatológicas, o que permitiu observar a perda significativa de células epiteliais, a vacuolização citoplasmática intensa e danos à estrutura epitelial das córneas expostas ao corante RG19. Apesar de não ser classificado pelo BCOP, as córneas expostas ao RO16 apresentaram perdas do revestimento superficial e vacuolização citoplasmática. Portanto, o teste STE sozinho não foi suficiente para definir a categorização do potencial de irritação ocular dos corantes frente ao sistema GHS, mas a sua associação com o ensaio BCOP adicionado da análise histomorfométrica pode ser uma alternativa para a predição desse efeito, sendo necessária a investigação de outros corantes para a confirmação desse fato.

Plantas medicinais e óleos essenciais representam um importante papel na terapêutica, tanto na cura como também na prevenção de diferentes enfermidades, sendo esta prática medicinal uma das mais antigas formas de tratamento. Devido à utilização dos óleos essenciais na terapêutica e a importância do conhecimento do pontencial de toxicidade destes, objetivou-se: (i) identificar os principais componentes químicos dos óleos essenciais de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Origanum majorana (manjerona) e Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim); (ii) avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro destes óleos essenciais frente a leveduras isoladas de animais hígidos e casos clínicos; (iii) avaliar a irritação/corrosão cutânea e ocular aguda dos três óleos essenciais e (iv) avaliar a sensibilização cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano. O material vegetal foi adquirido de distribuidor comercial e encaminhado para extração do óleo essencial por hidrodestilação em Clevenger e, para análise cromatográfica através da cromatografia gasosa. Para realização dos testes in vitro foi utilizado o método de microdiluição em caldo, documento M27A3 do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) com adaptações para fitofármacos e Malassezia pachydermatis. Os óleos essenciais de orégano, manjerona e alecrim foram testados nas concentrações de 28 a 0,87mg/mL, 60 a 1,87mg/mL e 112,8 a 3,52mg/mL, respectivamente. Os testes de toxicidade in vivo foram realizados conforme a Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Para os testes de irritação/corrosão cutânea (OECD 404, 2002) e ocular aguda (OECD 405, 2002) foram utilizados 24 coelhos albinos (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Nova Zelândia, machos, adultos e hígidos. Na sensibilização cutânea (OECD 406, 1992) utilizaram-se 33 cobaios (Cavia porcellus), fêmeas, adultas e hígidas. Os compostos majoritários do orégano foram timol, -terpineno e 4-terpineol; da manjerona timol, 4-terpineol e p-cimeno e; do alecrim α-pineno e 1,8 cineol. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM) do óleo essencial de orégano para M. pachydermatis variaram de ≤0,87 a 7mg/mL. Para manjerona a CIM e a CFM foram de ≤1,87 a 30mg/mL e de ≤3,52 a 112,8mg/mL para o alecrim nos isolados de M. pachydermatis, Candida spp e T. asahii. Nas avaliações da irritação/corrosão cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano 3% somente um animal apresentou eritema leve nas 24h com regressão aos sete dias e, edema leve nas 72h com regressão aos sete dias. Na irritação/corrosão ocular, apenas um animal apresentou reação inflamatória nas avaliações de 24 e 48h, regredindo nas 72h. Na sensibilização cutânea, os animais responderam à indução, mas nenhum respondeu ao desafio. Nos animais tratados com óleo essencial de manjerona 6% nas 24, 48 e 72h apresentaram eritema leve, regredindo em até sete dias. Dois animais apresentaram edema leve nas 24 e 48h com remissão nas 72h e um animal permaneceu sem alterações Em dois animais do grupo alecrim 24% as lesões de eritema/escara regrediram em 21 dias. Quanto ao edema, as lesões foram consideradas reversíveis aos sete dias. Conclui-se que M. pachydermatis é sensível ao óleo essencial de orégano; que os óleos essenciais de manjerona e alecrim possuem atividade antifúngica in vitro frente a isolados de animais; o óleo essencial de orégano 3% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, não causa sensibilização cutânea na concentração testada. O óleo essencial de manjerona 6% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, o óleo essencial de alecrim 24% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda moderada. / Medicinal plants and essential oils represent an important therapeutic role in the cure and diseases different prevention both, this medical practice is one the oldest treatment forms. Thus, the aim was: (i) identify the main chemical components of essential oils from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Origanum majorana (marjoram) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), (ii) evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against yeasts isolated from healthy animals and clinical cases, (iii) evaluate the irritation/skin corrosion and acute eye of the three essential oils and (iv) assess the skin sensitization of the oregano essential oil. The plant material was purchased from commercial distributor and referred for essential oil extraction and gas chromatography. We used the method of microdilution M27-A3 with adaptations for phytochemicals and Malassezia pachydermatis. The oregano essential oils, marjoram and rosemary were tested at concentrations from 28 to 0.87 mg/mL, 60 to 1.87 mg/mL and 112.8 to 3.52 mg/mL, respectively. The in vivo toxicity tests were performed according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The twenty-four males, adults and healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used for irritation/corrosion skin (OECD 404, 2002) and eye acute (OECD 405, 2002) tests. The thirty-three adults, females and healthy guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used for sensitization skin test (OECD 406, 1992). The major compounds in oregano were thymol, α-terpinene and 4-terpineol, in marjoram were thymol, 4-terpineol, and p-cymene and in rosemary were α-pinene and 1,8 cineole. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oregano essential oil against to M. pachydermatis were ≤ 0.87 to 7mg/mL, while the MIC and MFC of the marjoram were ≤ 1.87 to 30mg/mL. The MIC and CFM of the rosemary were ≤ 3.52 to 112.8 mg/mL against to M. pachydermatis, Candida spp and T. asahii. In the irritation/skin corrosion test, only one animal at 24h had slight erythema with regression at 7 days and slight edema at 72 h with regression to 7 days against to oregano essential oil at 3%. In the eye irritation/corrosion test, only one animal showed inflammatory reaction signs at 24 and 48h evaluates, but the assessments 72h had regressed. In the skin sensitization test, the animals responded, but anyone responded to the challenge. The treated with marjoram essential oils at 6%, the animals showed slight erythema at 24, 48 and 72h evaluate, with regression to 7 days. About to edema presentation, two animals showed moderate at 24 and 48h, with regression at 72h, only one animal without signs. The group rosemary at 24%, the erythema/eschar lesions in two animals were regression at 21 days. About the edema, the lesions were reversible for seven days. The conclusion was the sensibility of M. pachydermatis against to oregano essential oil, antifungal activity in vitro of marjoram and rosemary essential oils against animals isolates, the oregano essential oil at 3% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute and doesn’t induce skin sensitization. The marjoram essential oil at 6% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute, the rosemary essential oil at 24% induces skin and eye irritation moderate acute.

This study is an investigation of communicative effectiveness and attitudes in relation to deviation from Standard English in an international church in Stockholm. This church is an English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) setting as the congregation consists almost entirely of people who use English as a means of communication with people who do not share their own first language. The study is based on empirical data from both qualitative and quantitative methods. The spoken language was investigated by analyzing one transcribed sermon and through interviewing two speakers of American English. Also a survey was done with 26 members of the church, obtaining quantitative data as well as several comments from the respondents on their view of the usage of English in the sermons and in the church in general.  The results from the study showed as expected that there were a number of deviations from Standard English when ELF was used in the sermon. However, these caused little irritation and were judged not to cause much misunderstanding. The deviations that did cause some irritation among the respondents from the church were when the wrong word was used as well as when a word was pronounced incorrectly. The results indicated that there was little disturbance regarding the communicativeness and attitudes in connection to the spoken English in this ELF setting.

Bakgrund: Stressrelaterade sjukdomar har blivit allt vanligare i Sverige. Stress är kopplat till flertalet sjukdomar, psykisk ohälsa och smärta. Meditation i olika former har visat sig påverka ett flertal funktioner i hjärnan positivt, och kan ha en stressreducerande effekt hos människor. Problemformulering:Få studier har undersökt den subjektiva upplevelsen av stress i samband med meditation. Att minska och förebygga stress är intressant ur ett fysioterapeutiskt perspektiv då stress kan försämra hälsa. Syfte:Att undersöka om meditation kan ha en stressreducerande effekt för ett mindre antal meditationsutövare med ingen eller liten erfarenhet, under fem veckor. Metod: Tre personer fick skatta upplevd stress dagligen genom en modifierad version av PSS-14 bestående av tre frågor under baslinje och intervention som berör upplevelsen av stress och nervositet, irritationsmoment och känslan av att kontrollera viktiga saker i livet. Interventionen bestod av en nybörjarkurs i en stilla meditationsform fördelat på fyra kurstillfällen bestående av teoretisk och praktisk undervisning samt 45–60 minuters meditationsutövande dagligen. Antal minuter som mediterats besvarades också dagligen. Resultat:Upplevelsen av stress och nervositet minskade, förmågan att hantera irritationsmoment ökade och känslan av att inte ha kontroll över viktiga saker i livet minskade hos samtliga deltagare. Ingen tydlig skillnad observerades mellan självskattning av de tre aspekterna hos varje enskild individ under interventionen. Konklusion:Meditation kan ha positiva effekter på alla tre aspekterna av stress. Andra metoder som multipel baslinje-design, längre baslinje och strategier för att fånga upp externa faktorer hade behövts, vilket kunde ha producerat mer trovärdiga resultat. / Background:Cases of stress-related disorders have increased in Sweden. Stress is related to several diseases and mental illness and could cause or aggravate pain. Meditation has previously shown positive effects on brain functioning and could reduce perceived stress. Problem: Few studies have examined the subjective experience of stress in association with meditation. To reduce and prevent stress is of interest from a physiotherapeutic perspective, as stress could deteriorate health conditions. Purpose:To examine if meditation during five weeks could reduce stress in a small number of meditation-practitioners with no or little experience. Method:Three participants assessed perceived stress using a modified version of the PSS-14 existing of three questions during baseline and intervention concerning the sensation of stress and anxiety, sources of irritation and the ability to control important things in life. The intervention included taking part of a beginners’ course in sitting meditation including four course meetings consisting of both theoretical and practical teachings and 45-60 minutes of meditation practice daily. Results:Perceived stress and anxiety were reduced, the ability to control irritations in life was improved and the feeling of being unable to control important things in life was reduced in all participants. No distinct differences were noted between assessments of all three aspects of stress in every individual separately. Conclusion: Meditation could havepositive effects on all three aspects of stress. Other methods such as multiple baseline design, longer baseline and strategies to identify external factors should have been used which might have produced more credible results.

Background - The thesis topic was selected because of the increased value of ads as a promotional tool and the growing avoidance arising from the exposure rate towards advertising. The principle of native advertising gives marketers a less intrusive pathway. Despite the increased trend and the benefits of using native advertising as a digital marketing tool, native advertising has been criticized for its approach. However, we hope to provide another insight into the positive side of native advertising.  Purpose - We seek to help advertisers improve native advertising content based on individuals' preferences by focusing our attention on what motivates consumers to affect their attitude towards online advertisement in the form of native advertising. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the factors influencing internet users’ attitude towards native advertising.  Method - The thesis is an exploratory study which is based on a qualitative method along with an abductive approach within the interpretivism stance. Data collection was done through primary. Within the primary data, it is collected through a semi-structured interview with the eleven internet users. Both genders are included in the data collection as well as it consists of several nationalities. Also, the data analysis is done through a thematic analysis method.  Conclusion - Entertainment, informativeness, irritation and credibility were applied to research the attitude of customers towards native advertising. Participants agreed that native advertising itself is not enough to encourage them for consumption, but they find it a smart and new idea that makes it easier to recognize the brand. While all four factors were crucial, we could discover different categories within each type that can influence customers’ attitude. Moreover, participants did not feel overwhelmed or deceived by native ads.

No description available.

<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med detta arbete är att studera användargränssnittet på ICA-lagrets datorterminal i Västerås och ta fram ett nytt designförslag för det virtuella tangentbordet. Detta för att effektivisera det befintliga användargränssnittet och höja säkerheten för de anställda.</p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> För att nå studiens syfte har ett kvalitativt och tolkande angreppssätt använts, men med kvantitativt element. Intervjuer och mätningar har genomförts med sex respondenter respektive åtta testpersoner.</p><p><strong>Slutsats:</strong> Resultatet visade att det befintliga tangentbordet har brister. Min slutsats är att en redesign av ett virtuellt tangentbord kan minska feltryckningar och knapptryckningar, öka skrivhastigheten och påskynda navigeringen. Detta bidrar till att det blir mindre trafikstopp, irritation och stress. Detta i sin ur påverkar trafiksäkerheten på lagret till det positiva. Det gör även att utbildningstiden kan reduceras då användargränssnittet hela tiden förklarar vad man kan göra och hur.</p>