Introduction and objectives In Vietnam, the forest resources have been declining and degrading severely in recent years. The degradation has decreased the natural forest area, changed the forest structure seriously and reduced timber volume and biodiversity. From 1999 to 2005, the rich forest area has decreased 10.2%, whereas the poor secondary forest has increased dramatically by 20.7%. Forest structure plays an important role in forestry research. Understanding forest structure will unlock an understanding of the history, function and future of a forest ecosystem (Spies, 1998). The forest structure is an excellent basis for restoration measures. Therefore, this research is necessary to contribute to improving forest area and quality, reducing difficulties in forest management. The study also enhances the grasp of forest structure, structure changes after harvesting and fills serious gaps in knowledge. In addition, the research results will contribute to improving and rescuing the poor secondary forest and restoring it, approaching the old-growth forest in Vietnam. Material and methods The study was conducted in Kon Ka Kinh national park. The park is located in the Northeastern region of Gia Lai province, 50 km from Pleiku city center to the Northeast. The park is distributed over seven different communes in three districts: K’Bang, Mang Yang and Đăk Đoa. Data were collected from 10 plots of secondary forests (Type IIb) and 10 plots of primeval forests (Type IV). Stratified random sampling was applied to select plot locations. 1 ha plots were used to investigate gaps. 2000 m2 plots were used to measure overstorey trees such as diameter at breast height, total height, crown width and species names. 500 m2 subplots were used to record tree positions. For regeneration, 25 systematic 4 m2 subplots were established inside 1 ha plots. After data were collected in the field, data analyses were conducted by using R and Excel. Firstly, some stand information, such as density, volume and so on, was calculated, and then descriptive statistics were computed for diameter and height variables. Linear mixed effect models were applied to analyze the difference of diameter and height and to check the effect of random factor between the two forest types. Diameter and height frequency distributions were also generated and compared by using permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Non-linear regression models were analyzed for diameter and height variables. Similar analyses were implemented for gaps. Regarding spatial point patterns of overstorey trees, replicated point pattern analysis techniques were applied in this research. For biodiversity, some calculations were run such as richness and biodiversity indices, comparison of biodiversity indices by using linear mixed models and biodiversity differences between two forest types tested again by permutational analysis of variance. In terms of regeneration, some analyses were implemented such as: height frequency distribution generation, frequency difference testing, biodiversity indices for the regeneration and spatial distribution checking by using a nonrandomness index. Results and discussion After analyzing the data, some essential findings were obtained as follows: Hypothesis H1 “The overstorey structure of secondary forests is more homogeneous and uniform than old-growth forests” is accepted. In other words, the secondary forest density is about 1.8 times higher than the jungle. However, the volume is only 0.56 times as large. The average diameter and height of the secondary forest is smaller by 5.71 cm and 3.73 m than the old-growth forest, respectively. Linear mixed effect model results indicate that this difference is statistically different and the effect of the random factor (Section) is not important. Type IIb has many small trees and the diameter frequency distribution is quite homogeneous. The old-growth forest has more big trees. For both forest stages, the height frequency distribution is positively skewed. PERMANOVA results illustrate that the frequency distribution is statistically different between the two forest types. Regression functions are also more variant and diverse in the old-growth forest, because all standard deviations of the parameters are greater there. Gap analysis results indicate that the number of gaps in the young forest is slightly higher, while the average gap size is much smaller. The gap frequency distribution is statistically different between the two types. In terms of the spatial point pattern of overlayer trees, the G-test and the pair correlation function results show that trees distribute randomly in the secondary forest. In contrast, the spatial point patterns of trees are more regular and diverse in the old-growth forest. The spatial point pattern difference is not significant, and this is proved by a permutational t-test for pair correlation function (pcf). Envelope function results indicate that the variation of pcf in young forests is much lower than in the primary forests. Hypothesis H2 “The overstorey species biodiversity of the secondary forest is less than in the old-growth forest” is rejected. Results show that the number of species of the secondary forest is much greater than in the old-growth forest, especially richness. The richness of the secondary forest is 1.16 times higher. The Simpson and Shannon indices are slightly smaller in the secondary forest. The average Simpson index for both forest stages is 0.898 and 0.920, respectively. However, the difference is not significant. Species accumulation curves become relatively flatter on the right, meaning a reasonable number of plots have been observed. Estimated number of species from accumulation curves in two forest types are 105 and 95/ha. PERMANOVA results show that number of species and proportion of individuals in each species are significantly different between forest types. Hypothesis H3 “The number regenerating species of the secondary forest is less and they distribute more regularly, compared to the old-growth forest” is rejected. There are both similarities and differences between the two types. The regeneration density of the stage IIb is 22,930 seedlings/ha, greater than the old forest by 9,030 seedlings. The height frequency distribution shows a decreasing trend. Similar to overstorey, the richness of the secondary forest is 141 species, higher than the old-growth forest by 9 species. Biodiversity indices are not statistically different between two types. PERMANOVA results indicate that the number of species and the proportion of individuals for each species are also not significantly different from observed forest types. Nonrandomness index results show that the regeneration distributes regularly. Up to 95% of the plots reflect this distribution trend. Hypothesis H4 “Restoration measures (with and without human intervention) could be implemented in the regenerating forest” is accepted. The investigated results show that the secondary forest still has mother trees, and it has enough seedlings to restore. Therefore, restoration solutions with and without human intervention can be implemented. Firstly, forest protection should be applied. This measure is relevant to national park regulations in Vietnam. Rangers and other related organizations will be responsible for carrying out protection activities. These activities will protect forest resources from illegal logging, grazing and tourist activities. Environmental education and awareness-raising activities for indigenous people is also important. Another measure is additional and enrichment planting. It should focus on exclusive species of the overstorey in Type IIb or exclusive species of the primary forest. Selection of these species will lead to species biodiversity increase in the future. This also meets the purpose of the maximum biodiversity solution. Conclusion Forest resources play a very important role in human life as well as maintaining the sustainability of ecosystems. However, at present, they are under serious threat, particularly in Vietnam. Central Highland, Vietnam, where forest resources are still relatively good, is also threatened by illegal logging, lack of knowledge of people and so on. Therefore, it needs the hands of the people, especially foresters and researchers. Through research, scientists can provide the knowledge and understanding of the forest, including the structure and forest restoration. This study has obtained important findings. The secondary forest is more homogeneous and uniform, while the old-growth forest is very diverse. Biodiversity of the overstorey in the secondary forest is more than the primary. The number of regenerating species in the secondary forest is higher, but other indices are not statistically different between two types. The regeneration distribute regularly on the ground. The secondary forest still has mother trees and sufficient regeneration, so some restoration measures can be applied here. Findings of the study contribute to improve people’s understanding of the structure and the structural changes after harvesting in Kon Ka Kinh national park, Gia Lai. That is a key to have better understandings of the history and values of the forests. These findings and the proposed restoration measures address rescuing degraded forests in Central Highland in particular and Vietnam in general. And further, this is a promising basis for the management and sustainable use of forest resources in the future.:TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I TABLE OF CONTENTS III LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XII SUMMARY XIII CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. The decline of natural forest resources, orientation of difficulty and development in Vietnam 1 1.1.1. Decline of forest resources 1 1.1.2. Difficulties in forestry management 1 1.1.3. Management strategies 2 1.2. Forest structure role 3 1.3. Forest restoration in Vietnam 4 1.4. Importance of old-growth and secondary forests 4 1.5. Aims, scope and hypotheses 6 1.5.1. Aims 6 1.5.1.1. General objective 6 1.5.1.2. Specific objective 6 1.5.2. Scope 6 1.5.3. Hypotheses 6 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1. Tropical forest structure analysis 8 2.1.1. History 8 2.1.1.1. Overstorey 8 2.1.1.2. Regeneration 12 2.1.2. Structural attributes of tropical forests 13 2.1.2.1. Overstorey 14 a. Analyzed attributes 14 b. Relevant attributes to this study 15 2.1.2.2. Regeneration 21 2.2. Secondary tropical forest restoration 22 2.2.1. Strategies for secondary forest restoration 23 2.2.1.1. Protection and natural recovery 24 2.2.1.2. Natural regeneration management 24 a. Growing conditions and yield of desirable regeneration improvement 24 b. Desirable regeneration assistance 25 2.2.1.3. Accelerated Natural Regeneration (ANR) 25 2.2.1.4. Enrichment planting 25 2.2.1.5. The framework species method 26 2.2.1.6. Maximum diversity planting method 26 CHAPTER III: MATERIAL 27 3.1. Natural conditions of the study area 27 3.1.1 Geographic location, boundaries and area of Kon Ka Kinh national park 27 3.1.2. Topography, geology and soil 28 3.1.2.1. Topography 28 3.1.2.2. Geology and soil 29 3.1.3. Climate and hydrology 30 3.1.3.1. Climate 30 3.1.3.2. Hydrology 31 3.2. Vegetation in Kon Ka Kinh national park 31 3.2.1. The area of land use types 31 3.2.2. Plant biodiversity 33 3.2.3. The flora and forest vegetation 33 3.2.3.1. Flora 33 3.2.3.2. Forest vegetation 34 3.2.3.3. History of forest exploitation in the park 35 3.3. Assessing the natural conditions and vegetation of the park 37 3.4. Population, ethnicity and labor 38 3.4.1. Population 38 3.4.2. Labor and ethnicity 39 3.4.3. Poverty status 40 3.5. Forest resources classification 40 3.5.1. The Loeschau’s classification system 40 3.5.2. The relationship between forest types with development phases 42 CHAPTER IV: METHODOLOGY 45 4.1. Plot establishment method 45 4.2. Data collection method 47 4.2.1. Data collection for overstorey stem maps 47 4.2.1.1. Tree data collection 47 4.2.1.2. Tree positions 50 4.2.1.3. Gap inventory 51 4.2.2. Data collection for regeneration 52 4.3. Data analysis method 55 4.3.1. Applied methods for the upper layer 55 4.3.1.1. Stand information 55 a. Calculation for each tree 55 b. Calculation for a stand 55 4.3.1.2. Descriptive statistics for height and diameter variables 56 a. Central tendency 56 b. Dispersion and variability 56 c. Measures of distribution shape 57 4.3.1.3. Linear mixed-effects analysis 59 a. Applications with this study and data arrangement 60 b. Homoscedasticity checking 61 c. Checking autocorrelation 63 d. Checking normal distribution of the residuals 66 e. Model selection and information summary 67 4.3.1.4. Frequency distribution 68 a. Generating frequency distributions 68 b. Frequency distribution difference testing 69 4.3.1.5. Diameter-height regression analysis 70 a. Used function forms 70 b. Theoretical calculations 71 c. Model selection 73 4.3.1.6. Gap analysis 74 a. Descriptive statistics for gaps 74 b. Calculating the gap area proportion for each forest type 74 c. Gap size frequency distribution 74 d. Gap size frequency distribution difference testing 75 4.3.1.7. Spatial point patterns of tree species 75 a. Applications 76 b. Tree density analysis 77 c. Testing for randomness 78 d. Comparing point pattern variation 83 e. Testing the difference between forest types 84 4.3.1.8. Overstorey tree species diversity analysis 85 a. Richness and species importance value index (SIVI) 85 b. Species diversity index 86 c. Species accumulation curve 88 d. Biodiversity index comparison 88 e. Tree species diversity comparison 89 4.3.2. Regenerating tree storey structure analysis 90 4.3.2.1. Frequency distribution of regeneration 90 4.3.2.2. Height frequency distribution difference testing 91 4.3.2.3. Biodiversity indices for regeneration 91 4.3.2.4. Biodiversity index comparison by using LMM 91 4.3.2.5. Regeneration species diversity comparison 91 4.3.2.6. Regeneration spatial distribution checking 91 a. Nonrandomness index 91 b. Nonrandomness index value comparison 92 CHAPTER V: RESULTS 93 5.1. Overstorey structure analysis results 93 5.1.1. Stand information 93 5.1.2. Descriptive statistics results 95 5.1.3. Linear mixed effect model results 97 5.1.3.1. Box plots for the diameter and height variables 97 5.1.3.2. Model analysis and adaptation 97 5.1.3.3. Model parameter estimation 100 5.1.4. Frequency distributions 101 5.1.4.1. Frequency distribution results for both types 101 5.1.4.2. Frequency distribution difference 107 5.1.5. Diameter-height regression results 107 5.1.5.1. Estimated parameters 107 5.1.5.2. Model selection 110 5.1.5.3. Regression charts 110 5.1.6. Gap analysis 116 5.1.6.1. Gap descriptive information 116 5.1.6.2. Gap area ratio 117 5.1.6.3. Gap size frequency distribution 117 5.1.6.4. Gap size frequency distribution difference testing results 120 5.1.7. Spatial distribution analysis 120 5.1.7.1. Density testing results 120 5.1.7.2. Randomness checking results 122 5.1.7.3. Variation difference between two types 123 5.1.7.4. Point pattern difference testing between two types 124 5.1.8. Overstorey species diversity analysis results 125 5.1.8.1. Richness, SIVI and biodiversity indices 125 5.1.8.2. Biodiversity index comparison by using LMM 127 5.1.8.3. Tree species diversity comparison 127 5.2. Regeneration storey structure analysis results 128 5.2.1. Height frequency distribution 128 5.2.2. Height frequency distribution difference testing 130 5.2.3. Biodiversity index for regeneration 131 5.2.4. Biodiversity index difference comparison 133 5.2.5. Regeneration species diversity comparison 133 5.2.6. Regeneration spatial distribution 134 5.2.6.1. Nonrandomness index results 134 5.2.6.2. Nonrandomness index value testing results 134 CHAPTER VI: DISCUSSION 135 6.1. Overstorey structure differentiation 135 6.1.1. Structure and spatial distribution difference 135 6.1.1.1. Stand information 135 6.1.1.2. Statistical descriptions for diameter and height 136 6.1.1.3. Diameter and height growth difference testing by linear mixed effect models 137 6.1.1.4. Frequency distribution dissimilarity 138 6.1.1.5. Diameter-height regression 139 6.1.1.6. Canopy gaps 140 6.1.1.7. Spatial distribution patterns 141 6.1.2. Biodiversity distinction of overstorey trees 143 6.2. Regeneration dissimilarity 145 6.2.1. Density and frequency distribution 145 6.2.2. Biodiversity indices 146 6.2.3. Spatial distribution of regeneration 147 6.3. Proposing restoration measures 147 6.4. Improved points in this research 150 CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 152 7.1. Conclusion 152 7.2. Suggestions for further research 154 REFERENCES 156 APPENDIX 180

Conspiracy theories are common in both local and international contexts. These theories offer simple explanations to complex problems and events, and they can have negative consequences for individuals and society. This study examines the experiences and perceptions of six high school teachers regarding conspiracy theories within social studies education through semi-structured interviews. The purpose of the study is to shed light on the teachers' experiences of conspiracy theories in their professional roles, the strategies they perceive as useful in handling conspiratorial beliefs, how they respond to students expressing such beliefs, and the conditions they perceive to have in dealing with conspiracy theories in their teaching. The results of the study indicate that teachers perceive conspiracy theories as a growing problem in upper-secondary school and they address this issue by attempting to strengthen students' familiarity with authoritative and trustworthy sources. The results also showcase that active inclusion of conspiracy theories in the classroom can attract students to these theories, but it can also provide an opportunity to spark interest and equip students with knowledge and skills if the theories are approached correctly. Furthermore, the teachers recognized the importance of developing students' critical thinking skills and suggested non-confrontational approaches when responding to students expressing conspiracy theories. They also noted that the response to a student would vary depending on whether the student expresses controversial conspiratorial content. Regarding the teachers' conditions to handle conspiracy theories, they identified the need to broaden and deepen the area of source criticism, as well as the necessity for more time, space, collegial collaboration, as well as professional development to enhance their understanding of effective strategies.

Användandet av laborativt material är ett populärt inslag i matematikundervisningen i grundskolans tidigare år. Arbetssättet kan bidra till en konkretisering av matematikens annars abstrakta tankegångar. Syftet med studien är att utforska användningen av laborativt material i matematikundervisningen i grundskolans tidigare år. Detta genomfördes genom en enkätundersökning som bestod av såväl frågor med svarsalternativ som öppna frågor med fritextsvar. Totalt deltog 141 lärare där alla undervisar matematik i grundskolans tidigare år och använder sig av laborativt material i sin undervisning. Insamlad empiri redovisas genom kvantitativa analysmetoder och en tematisk analys sker av bearbetningen av lärarnas fritextsvar. Resultatet visar att lärare i grundskolans tidigare år använder laborativt material kontinuerligt. Användandet sker generellt för att eleverna ska se matematiken och att läraren ska kunna konkretisera olika matematiska strategier för eleven. Lärare upplever att det finns fler fördelar med användandet av laborativt material än nackdelar. Resultatet visar också på att det centrala i användningen av det laborativa materialet är att ha ett didaktiskt syfte. Detta eftersom lärarna uttrycker att eleverna leker med det laborativa materialet om de inte förstår syftet med materialet vilket genererar att undervisningsmiljön kan upplevas som stökig.

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ATP synthase est une protéine essentielle associée à la membrane interne mitochondriale, qui synthétise l'ATP par couplage d’un transport de protons au travers de la membrane, en dissipant un gradient électrochimique de protons créé par la chaîne respiratoire. Cette réaction assure l’alimentation en énergie des processus biologiques cellulaires. Si la membrane mitochondriale se dépolarise, la réaction inverse d’hydrolyse d’ATP est rapidement bloquée par un inhibiteur soluble naturel de l’ATPase mitochondriale, IF1. Cette régulation efficace et réversible évite le gaspillage de l’énergie par la cellule. Chez la levure, IF1 est une petite protéine de 63 amino-acides. Elle se fixe sur l'une des trois interfaces catalytiques de l’ATP synthase et inhibe l’hydrolyse d’ATP. Bien que les structures cristallographiques des complexes F1-ATPase inhibés par IF1 aient été résolus, l'étape initiale de reconnaissance et celle du verrouillage d’IF1 restent peu claires au niveau moléculaire.Pendant ma thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au mécanisme d’inhibition de l’ATPase par IF1. Par des analyses des structures disponibles et des alignements de séquence, nous avons sélectionné de nombreux résidus localisés dans différentes régions des sous-unités α et β de l'ATP synthase de Saccharomyces cerevisiae et susceptibles de participer au processus de fixation d'IF1. En utilisant le mutagenèse dirigée combinée à des experiences cinétiques, nous avons étudié les effects des mutations sur l’inhibition de l’ATP synthase par IF1 chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Dans ce travail, nous avons identifié des résidus ou motifs des sous-unités α et β de l’ATP synthase impliqués dans les étapes de reconaissance et/ou verrouillage d’IF1, ce qui nous permet de compléter les études structurales et d'esquisser un mécanisme de fixation d'IF1. / ATP synthase is an essential protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane, which synthesize ATP by coupling to a rotary proton transport across the membrane at the expense of the electrochemical proton gradient created by the electron transport chain. This reaction guarantees the supply of energy to biological processes in a cell. When mitochondria get deenergized, i.e. the protomotive force across the mitochondrial inner membrane collapses, the ATP synthase switches from ATP synthesis to hydrolysis. This hydrolytic activity is then immediately prevented by a natural soluble mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor, IF1. This efficient reversible inhibition system protects cells from wasting energy. In yeast, IF1 is a small protein consisting of 63 amino acids. It binds to one of the three (αβ) catalytic interfaces of ATP synthase and thereby blocks the rotary catalysis. Although the crystal structure of the dead-end IF1 inhibited F1-ATPase complex has been resolved, IF1 initial binding and locking to ATPase still remain unclear events at the molecular level.During my thesis, we have been interested in the dynamic mechanism of ATPase inhibition by IF1. By means of analyses of published structures and protein sequence alignment, we selected numerous residues located in different regions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATP synthase α, β subunits, which might potentially paticipate in IF1 binding process. Using site-directed mutagenesis combined with kinetic experiments, we studied the effect of mutations of the selected candidates on the rate and extent of ATPase inhibition by IF1. In this way we identified residues or motifs in ATP synthase α, β subunits involved in IF1 recognition and/or locking steps, which allows complementing structural studies and drawing an outline of IF1 binding.

The near-Fermi-energy energy band structure of carbon nanotubes is given by cross-sections of the graphene Dirac cones near the K and K' points. Using second-order perturbation theory and a nearest-neighbor approximated tight-binding model, curvature-induced corrections to the graphene-based effective model are derived. In addition to the already known Dirac-point shift, the curvature is shown to cause not only a warping of the Dirac cone, tantamount to a slight compression and a correction to the overall Fermi velocity, but also a tilting of the Dirac cone and the associated nanotube energy bands. This tilting results in a velocity asymmetry for left- and right-going waves and two different kinds of excitations, allowing for varying degeneracy in the same sample. Previous experiments have shown irregularities in the level degeneracy and should be reconsidered in this context. / Energibandstrukturen för kolnanorör ges av tvärsnitt av grafens Dirac-koner nära K- och K'-punkterna. Medelst andra ordningens störningsteori och en tight-binding-modell med närmaste-granne-approximationen härleds de kurvaturinducerade korrektionerna till den grafenbaserade effektiva modellen. Utöver det redan kända Dirac-punkt-skiftet så visas kurvaturen orsaka inte bara en förvrängning av Dirac-konen, liktydigt med en mild kompression och en korrektion till den övergripande fermihastigheten, utan också en lutning av Dirac-konen och de associerade nanorörsenergibanden. Denna lutning resulterar i en hastighetsasymmetri för vänster- och högergående vågor och två olika sorters excitationer, vilket tillåter för varierande degeneration i samma prov. Tidigare experiment har visat oregelbundenheter i nivådegenerationen och bör omprövas i denna kontext.

Volcanoes with alkaline differentiated magma belong to the more explosive and destructive types, but knowledge about these systems is often limited. Unravelling the position and conditions in the source magma chamber systems that feed volcanism at the surface is vital to understand these systems better. Due to deep erosion and barren grounds the oceanic island of Gran Canaria, Spain, provides a natural laboratory to study unique chemical and structural volcanic features of alkaline volcanism. The centre of Gran Canaria is made up of the Miocene Tejeda intrusive complex including a cone-sheet swarm and shallow alkaline differentiated plutonic rocks that form the closing phase of the Miocene activity pulse on Gran Canaria. Cone-sheets and other high-level plutonic rocks can give important insights into the interior of a volcano, such as depth and geometry of the magma supply reservoir, and thus provide vital data for the interpretation of active volcanoes in the Canary Islands and beyond. This work uses the clinopyroxene-melt thermobarometric methodology by Putirka (2008) and Masotta et al. (2013), the latter being a re-calibration of the first making it specific to alkaline differentiated magmas, to further constrain the depth of mineral. Geochemical analysis was preformed with electron microprobe (EMPA) at Uppsala University to determine mineral compositions and to extend the dataset, chemical data from the extensive work by Schirnick (1996) was also utilised. When the calculated pressure from the method of Masotta et al. (2013), was converted to the depth, the results from syenite samples show that crystallization of clinopyroxene occurred at depths of ~ 4 km (100 MPa) to ~ 15 km (400 MPa), with the highest concentration between ~ 7 km (200 MPa) and ~ 11 km (300 MPa). The results indicates that crystallization took place through the pressure range equivalent to crustal levels and possibly reaching as far down as MOHO depth, with temperature estimates calculated to about 860 to 960 °C. After combining the thermobarometric results with other evidence of magmatic processes, from this work and previous publications, the magma system expresses characteristics of fractional crystallization trends and simultaneously evidence of magma mixing, small-scale convection, and magma contamination. To explain these contradictory features, this work promotes a network of interconnected magma chambers that allows for magma stagnation and evolution at different levels. The results have thus contributed to further constrain the depth of which the cone-sheet swarm originated from on Gran Canaria, Spain. / Vulkaniska system av den typ studerade i detta arbete tillhör de mer explosiva och destruktiva typer avsystem på jorden, men kunskapen om dem är begränsad. En viktig komponent som krävs för att bättreförstå dessa system är att utröna tryck och temperaturförhållanden i magmakammarna som livnärvulkanismen vid ytan. På grund av djup erosion och karg mark så fungerar ön Gran Canaria(Kanarieöarna, Spanien) som ett naturligt laboratorium för att studera både kemiska och strukturellaegenskaper. Den centrala delen av Gran Canaria består till stor del av det så kallade Tejeda intrusivakomplexet, vilket inkluderar en inverterad kon-intrusionssvärm samt djupbergarten syenit somtillsammans representerar den avslutande fasen av magmatisk aktivitet under epoken Miocen på ön.Inverterade kon-intrusioner kan ge viktiga insikter i det inre av en vulkan, såsom magmakammarensdjup, och därmed ge viktig data för tolkningen av aktiva vulkaner på Kanarieöarna och liknandeplatser.I detta arbete beräknades tryck och temperaturförhållanden utifrån kemin hos mineraletklinopyroxen och dess ursprungliga smälta. Detta gjordes med en metodik av Putirka (2008) samt enav Masotta et al. (2013) för att ytterligare begränsa djupet av mineraltillväxt. Geokemiskanalysutfördes vid Uppsala universitet med elektronmikrosond (EMPA) av insamlade stenprover för attbestämma de kemiska sammansättningarna som sedan användes i beräkningarna. Även kemiska datafrån omfattande arbete av Schirnick (1996) användes för att komplettera datasetet som anskaffadesunder detta arbete.När beräknat tryck från metoden av Masotta et al. (2013) omvandlats till djup, visar resultaten påatt kristallisation av klinopyroxen skedde på ca. 4 km (100 MPa) till ca. 15 km (400 MPa) djup, ochmed högst koncentration mellan ~ 7 km (200 MPa) och ~ 11 km (300 MPa) djup. Resultaten indikeraratt kristallisation skedde i tryckområdet motsvarande jordskorpans nivåer och möjligen nådde så långtner som till manteln, med temperaturer mellan ca 860 till 960 °C. Efter att ha kombinerat dessaresultat med andra bevis för aktiva magmatiska processer, från detta arbete och tidigare publikationer,uttrycker det magma systemet egenskaper som fraktionerad kristallisations trender och samtidigttecken på magma blandning, småskalig konvektion, och förorening av magma från jordskorpan. Föratt förklara dessa motstridiga egenskaper, främjar detta arbete ett nätverk av flera sammankopplademagmakammare som möjliggör magmatisk stagnation och utveckling på olika nivåer. Resultaten harsåledes bidragit till att ytterligare begränsa från vilket djup de inverterade kon-intrusionernahärstammar från Gran Canaria, Spanien.

Die historiese wortels van apartheid is vasgele in die tydperk tussen 1652 en 1948. Die Ned. Geref. Kerk het vanaf die dertigerjare van die twintigste eeu die regering versoek om apartheid statuter uit te bou. Met die bewindsverandering in 1948 het 'n nuwe fase van meer as veertig jaar in Suid-Afrika aangebreek. Gedurende hierdie tydperk vind ons 'n hegte band tussen die owerheid en die Ned. Geref. Kerk. Die Ned. Geref. Kerk het in 1948 apartheid vanu it die Skri f geregverd i g en het sy profetiese getuienis daarmee sterk onder verdenking gebring. Die statutere implementering van apartheid het hierna gevolg. Die Ned. Geref. Kerk en die owerheid het hulle standpunte gegrond op die beginsel van voogdyskap. Hiervolgens was blankes die voogde van nie-blankes wat hulle tot mondigheid moet begelei. Na republiekwording is die tuislandbeleid ontwikkel sodat swartmense onafhanklikheid kon verkry. In die praktyk het swartes afhanklik en ondergeskik aan blankes gebly. In 1974 verskyn Ras, Volk en Nasie as amptelike beleidsdokument van die Ned. Geref. Kerk. Die Skriftuurlike begronding verdwyn en apartheid word om praktiese redes onderskryf. Die onluste van 1976 het 'n fase van kritiese evaluering van apartheid ingelei. Die regering het begin om toegewings oor apartheid te maak. As gevolg van die diep kloof tussen politieke oortuigings van Ned Geref. Kerklidmate was die vroee tagtigerjare 'n fase vol huiwering vir die Ned. Geref. Kerk oor apartheid. Die besluit tydens die Algemene Sinode van 1986 dat die Ned. Geref. Kerk "oop" is, was in beginsel 'n sprong weg van apartheid soos gereflekteer in die nuwe beleidsdokument, Kerk en Samelewing. In die fase tussen 1986 en 1991 vind die besliste ontstrengeling van apartheid plaas. Die Ned. Geref. Kerk en die owerheid het dus saam apartheid geimplementeer en saam daarvan weg beweeg. Die Ned. Geref. Kerk het met sy ondersteuning van apartheid en hegte band met die owerheid meegewerk om sy baie "bevoorregte" posisie ten opsigte van die owerheid ongedaan te maak. 'n Era is afgesluit en in die nuwe Suid-Afrika is daar nou 'n nuwe owerheid met nuwe vennote. Indien die Ned. Geref. Kerk nuwe geleenthede aangryp, kan sy Skriftuurlike opdrag, met 'n duidelike profetiese stem, 66k teenoor die owerheid, gehoor word. Die alternatief is 'n eensame pad ... / Thesis (DD)--University of Pretoria, 1994. / gm2014 / Practical Theology / Unrestricted

Konformen har tidigare under arkitekturhistorien ofta använts för att skapa rum enligt en cellulär logik. Projektet ämnar ompröva användandet av konformen för att organisera rum, i det här fallet applicerat på en konsthall i Solna, genom att gå utanför enbart ett repetitivt arrangemang av vertikala koniska moduler för att uppnå en variation av skalor och riktningar som spänner från stora horisontella koniska rum till mer intima småskaliga vertikala rumsbildningar. Rummen skapas genom en adderande process där koner genomskärs med varandra och med plana element som adderas i operationen. Detta tillåter på så sätt en samexistens av två olika rumsliga logiker vilket leder till en komplex och tillåtande arkitektur som kan svara mot behoven i programmet och som även lyfter fram och förstärker formen hos byggnaden. Projektet utforskar även möjligheterna med att använda konen i egenskap av att vara en enkelkrökt yta och dess betydelse för digital modellering, ritningar och konstruktion. / The cone in architecture has often been used to shape and generate space with a cellular structural logic. This project reconsiders the use of the cone for organizing space, in this case applied on an Art Centre in Solna, going beyond the mere repetitive logic of conic modules, to allow for a variety of scales and directions, ranging from large span horizontal conic spaces to more intimate smaller scaled vertical conic rooms. The spaces are created through an additive process of intersecting cones with planar elements added into the operation, thus allowing the coexistence of two spatial logics, leading towards a manifold and allowing architecture that can handle the requirements of the program and that reinforces the perception of the shape. The project also explores the possibilities of the cone as a single curved unfoldable surface and it’s implications on digital model making, drawing and physical construction.

Walking without pain in the toe has a significant impact on a person’s well-being. Human mobility will be impaired in osteoarthritis of the big toe, and pain will occur during walking. By replacing the cartilage or bone injury with an individualised implant, osteochondral injuries to the knee and ankle can be treated. One company that develops and produces these implants together with associated surgical instruments is called Episurf Medical AB. The company can evaluate a lesion and design the individual implant with its associated instrument based on magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography images. Episurf currently has a production of implants with associated surgical instruments for the knee and ankle but wants to expand further to implants for the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP joint), commonly named the big toe joint. In order to perform the work process and create the implant and the surgical instruments, Episurf needs qualitative images taken with MRI or CT. Episurf has specific protocols for CT and MRI for imaging the knee and ankle, but no protocol exists yet for the MTP. In this project, CT and MRI have been used to scan the MTP, where various parameters such as foot position, image plane, slice thickness, slice increment and FOV were tested. For CT, different tube currents and tube voltages and their effect on image quality was also tested. In MRI, different sorts of sequences to use when taking pictures of MTP were evaluated. In addition to CT, a scan was also performed with cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT) to see if it could be an additional imaging modality. When evaluating the images for all imaging modalities, Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR), spatial resolution and contrast were considered. For CT, the radiation was evaluated against image quality, and for MRI, the time aspect was evaluated. For images taken with a CT, the parameter setting for the slice thickness should be 0.5-0.8 mm, and the slice increment should be 50% of the slice thickness. As the foot is not a radiation-sensitive region, the radiation can be high. Since the radiation is recommended to be high and the only critical area to evaluate is the big toe, it is enough to include only the forefoot. Finally, the patient’s foot should be in the standing position to have the best possible evaluation opportunities. MRI needs additional tests to find the best relationship between time, SNR, slice increment and slice thickness. More tests also need to be performed for CBCT, where its technology is examined to create an acceptable segmented 3D model, as it was difficult in this project. / Att kunna gå utan smärta i tån har en stor påverkar för en människas välmående. Vid osteorarithis i stortån kommer människans rörlighet att försämras och smärta uppstår vid gången. För att behandla osteokondrala skador för knä och ankeln ersätts skador på brosket eller benet med ett individanpassat implantat. Ett företag som utvecklar och producerar dessa implantat ihop med tillhörande kirurgiska instrument heter Episurf Medical. Baserat på bilder tagna av en MRI eller en CT kan företaget utvärdera en skada och designa det individanpassande implantat med dess tillhörande instrument. Episurf har idag en produktion av implantat med tillhörande kirurgiska instrument för knät och ankeln men har nu velat expandera vidare till implantat för metatarsalphalangen-leden(MTP joint), stortåleden. För att kunna utföra arbetsprocessen och skapa implantatet och de kirurgiska instrumenten behöver Episurf kvalitativa bilder tagna med magnetiskresonanstomografi(MRI) eller datortomografi(CT). För knä och ankeln finns det specifika protokoll för de olika maskinerna skapade för avbildning av knä och ankel, men ännu existerar det inget för MTP. I detta projekt har CT och MRI använts vid skanningar av MTP, där olika parametrar som fotposition, bildplan, snittjockleken och snittöverlapp testas. För CT testades även olika rörström och rörspänning och deras påverkan på bild-kvalitén. Inom MRI utvärderas vilka typer av sekvenser som ska användas när bilder av MTP tas. Förutom CT gjordes även en skanning med kon-datortomografi(CBCT)för att se om den kunde vara en ytterligare avbildnings modalitet. Vid utvärdering avbilderna för alla avbildningsmodaliteter togs Signal to noise ratio, spatiell upplösning och kontrast i beaktande. För CT utvärderades strålningen gentemot bildkvalitet och för MRI utvärderades tidsaspekten. För bilder tagna med en CT bör parameter inställningen för snittjockleken vara 0.5-0.8 mm och snittöverlappet vara 50% av snittjockleken. Då foten inte är en strålkänslig region bör strålningen vara hög. Eftersom strålningen rekommenderas vara hög och det enda intressanta området att utvärdera är stortåbenet, räcker det med att endast inkludera framfoten. Slutligen bör patientens fot vara i stående position för att få så bra utvärderings möjligheter som möjligt. För MRI behöver ytterligare tester för att finna den bästa relationen mellan tid, SNR och snitt tjocklek. Fler tester behöver också utföras för CBCT där dess teknik undersöks, detta för att kunna skapa bra bilder att 3D-segmentera då det var svårt i detta projekt.