<p>Fledermaus is software where different kind of analysis with spatial data can be done. The main area where to use Fledermaus is related to hydrographical surveys. This study is aimed to test and analyse the way Swedish Maritime Administration (Sjöfartsverket) uses Fledermaus. Through step by step explaining how to do when measuring sea bed conditions from a vessel, this text is possible to use as a manual for the applications that are mentioned in this report.</p><p>Another thing that is treated is the squat effect that belongs to vessel dynamic motions. Test of visualization that concerning squat in Fledermaus is done, but with a negative result when squat in a perspective to show motions in height that can be up to about a metre is very hard in a terrain model of thousands of metres. By further tests by arranging the input data, several interesting diagrams have been created through Microsoft Excel where graphs show that the depths are affecting the squat effect. This is showed in same diagram but with two different scales to show the relationship between how a point at the vessel moves in height compared to the depth under the vessel when the vessel is navigating in the sea.</p> / <p>Fledermaus är en programvara där olika analyser med rumsliga data kan genomföras. Största användningsområdet är att använda Fledermaus till mätningar som är relaterade till sjömätning. Den här studien är inriktad till att testa och analysera applikationer som Sjöfartsverket använder sig av i Fledermaus. Genom att steg för steg förklara hur Fledermaus ska användas när bottenförhållanden ska mätas sett från ett fartyg, så blir texten även möjlig att använda som en manual till de applikationer i Fledermaus som är nämnda i denna rapport.</p><p>Det andra som behandlas är squateffekten som tillhör ett fartygs dynamiska rörelser. Test av visualisering som behandlar squat i Fledermaus är genomförd, dock med negativt resultat då squat i ett perspektiv med att visa rörelser i höjd som kan uppgå till runt en meter är väldigt svårt i en terrängmodell som sträcker sig tusentals meter. Dock genom vidare tester genom behandling av indata, har flertalet intressanta diagram skapats genom Microsoft Excel där kurvor visar att djupet inverkar på squateffekten. Detta visas genom att i samma diagram fast med två olika skalor visa förhållandet mellan hur en punkt på båten rör sig i höjd jämfört med att djupet under fartyget ändras då fartyget gör fart genom vattnet.</p>

<p><p>Abstract</p><p>3D visualization of geological structures is a very efficient way to create a good understanding of geological features. It is not only an illustrative way for common people, but also a comprehensive method to interpret results of the work. Geologists, geophysics engineers and GIS experts sometimes need to visualize an area to accomplish their researches. It can show how sample data are distributed over the area and therefore they can be applied as suitable approach to validate the result. Among different 3D modeling methods, some are expensive or complicated. Therefore, such a methodology enabling easy and cheap creation of a 3D construction is highly demanded.</p><p>However, several obstacles have been faced during the process of constructing a 3D model of geology. The main debate over suitable interpolation methods is the fact that 3D modelers may face discrepancies leading to different results even when they are working with the same set of data. Furthermore, most often part of data can be source of errors, themselves. Hence, it is extremely important to decide whether to omit those data or adopt another strategy. However, even after considering all these points, still the work may not be accurate enough to be used for scientific researches if the interpretation of work is not done precisely. This research sought to explain an approach for 3D modeling of Sedini platform in Sardinia, Italy. GIS was used as a flexible software together with Surfer and Voxler. Data manipulation, geodatabase creation and interpolation test all have been done with aid of GIS. A variety of interpolation methods available in Surfer were used to opt suitable method together with Arc view.</p><p>A solid 3D model is created in Voxler environment. In Voxler, in contrary to many other 3D types of software there are four components needed to construct 3D. C value as 4^th component except for XYZ coordinates was used to differentiate special features in platform and do gridding based on chosen value. With the aid of C value, one can mark layer of interest to identify it from other layers.</p><p>The final result shows a 3D solid model of the Sedini platform including both surfaces and subsurfaces. An Isosurface with its unique value (Isovalue) can mark layer of interest and make it easy to interpret the results. However, the errors in some parts of model are also noticeable. Since data acquisition was done for studying geology and mineralogy characteristics of the area, there is less number of data points collected per volume according to the main goals of the initial project. Moreover, in some parts of geological border lines, the density of sample points is not high enough to estimate accurate location of lines.</p><p>The study result can be applicable in a broad range of geological studies. Resource evaluation, geomorphology, structural geology and GIS are only a few examples of its application. The results of the study can be compared to the results of similar works where different softwares have been used so as to comprehend pros and cons of each as well as appropriate application of each software for a special task.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p><em>Keywords: GIS, Image Interpretation, Geodatabase, Geology, Interpolation, 3D Modeling</em></p><p> </p><p> </p></p><p> </p>

<p>This thesis was aimed at the development of a Geographical Information System (GIS) based model to support the Rwanda Land Use and Development Master Plan. Developing sustainable land management is the main task of this master plan. Stakeholder’s involvement was of key importance. Their demands should be analysed and visualised to support discussions and the decision-making process. Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a proven method for land-use planning purposes. However, most land-use planning applications focus on a specific theme, such as urban development. In addition, land-use planning is often limited to a relatively small area. This thesis focused at the development of a countrywide GIS model, containing all land-uses accommodated in three main land-use categories: urban, agriculture and conservation. The GIS model was largely based on the Land-Use Conflict Identification Strategy (LUCIS) model. Many of the goals, objectives, and subobjectives that described the earlier mentioned land-use categories were adopted from the original model. However, a significant number of them were dropped, and new were created to suit the Rwandan situation. Stakeholder’s involvement was realized by assigning weights to the goals and preference maps. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used as weighting method. ESRI’s ArcGIS ModelBuilder was used to give the model shape in the GIS. Firstly, suitability maps were created of all elements in the model. The suitability maps were then transformed into preference maps by weighting them. In the next step the preference maps were collapsed in three classes: low, medium and high preference. Finally, the preference maps of the three land-use categories were combined, in order to visualize conflict areas. Ortho photos proved to be useful when acting as reference for the suitability and preference maps. Despite a large number of missing datasets, the GIS model was executed to simplify the understanding. However, many of the obtained results were unreliable because of the incompleteness of datasets, and can therefore not be used for decision-making.  Unfortunately, due to the stage of the project it was not possible to obtain weights from the stakeholders, and should therefore be done when the time is right. Right Choice DSS, a very user-friendly decision support application, was proposed to use for calculating weights. To conclude, the developed GIS model integrated countrywide land-use suitability mapping and stakeholders’ wishes that can be used for discussions and decision making.</p>

<p>School bus routing and scheduling are among the major problems because school bus transportation needs to be safe, reliable and efficient. Hence, the research question for this thesis is to answer how to transport students in the safest, most economical and convenient manner. The objective of this thesis is to create a GIS based school transport management system which helps in bus-stop allocation, design fastest and safest bus routes with AVL facility. This thesis also aims to investigate how a school transportation management system may improve the transportation security. The result from this study has helped to develop a school bus routing and scheduling prototype model for Sujatha High School, Hyderabad. This prototype model will help the school transportation management to design shortest and fastest school bus routes and they can also allocate bus stops, which will help them in selecting the pick-up stops for the students and staff, according to their concentration in the areas. This thesis has also, through literature study, investigated how a school transport management system can improve the transportation security. For the time being, there is a general belief that ICT contributes to improving the security, although a quantification of such improvements are lacking. The user interface application has been developed by using VBA and ArcGIS 9.1 Network Analyst provided by Environmental Science Research Institute and it has been evaluated by GIS users.</p>

<p>Detta examensarbetes syfte är att fördjupa våra kunskaper om ledningsrätt och alternativa upplåtelseformer för ledningar samt att undersöka hur dessa används i praktiken. Inledningsvis redovisas de olika upplåtelseformerna: servitut, ledningsrätt och olika typer av nyttjanderätter. Servitut och ledningsrätt är upplåtelseformer som är obegränsade i tid, medan nyttjanderättsupplåtelserna lägenhetsarrende, anläggningsarrende och annan nyttjanderätt är begränsade på kortare eller längre tid. Denna del avslutas med en enkel skiss över de olika formernas för- och nackdelar ur ett mark- respektive ledningsägarperspektiv. Därefter följer en del som behandlar vilka intressen som bevakas samt vilka upplåtelseformer som föredras av olika intressenter. Denna del är baserad på intervjuer med nio företrädare för olika bolag och förvaltningar med verksamhet i Göteborg. Här redovisas även en del av de avtal som finns i dagsläget. Vid intervjuerna framkom att ledningsägare är intresserade av att få långvarigt skydd till låg ersättning och därför ur den synvinkeln ser ledningsrätt som en önskvärd upplåtelseform. Denna form används dock mycket sällan inom kommunalägd mark i Göteborg då företagen vill undvika tvångsåtgärder och kommunen generellt sett är negativt inställd till att låsa upp mark genom att den belastas med rättigheter som är obegränsade i tid. Kommunen erbjuder sig istället att upprätta nyttjanderättsavtal. Hur dessa sedan utformas är en förhandlingsfråga som avgörs från fall till fall. Även om avtal i stor utsträckning har kunnat upprättas är de i samtliga fall kompromisser. I enstaka fall har inte ens avtal kunnat upprättas då parternas intressen står för långt ifrån varandra. Vår slutsats är därför att vi ser ett behov av en förändrad lagstiftning. Det saknas ett mellanting mellan nyttjanderättsavtal, helt baserade på frivillighet, och ledningsrätt som i sin nuvarande form är problematisk eftersom den ger fördelar för den ena parten på den andras bekostnad.</p> / <p>The aim of this thesis is to expand our knowledge of way-leave and other forms of tenures for conduits and to study how they are adopted in practice. By way of introduction the various forms of tenures; easement, way-leave and different types of usufructs are described. Easement and way-leave are forms of tenures not limited in time, whereas usufructs as leaseholds are limited to longer or shorter periods. This part of the thesis is concluded by a short summary describing the advantages and disadvantages of the different forms of tenure seen from the perspective of the landowner and that of the owner of the conduit. This is followed by a part showing which interests are guarded by the different parties and which form of tenure they prefer. This part is based on interviews with nine representatives from different companies and committees in Gothenburg. Some of the agreements that are in use are also described. During the interviews it became clear that the owner of the conduits main interests lie in reaching agreements that guarantee a long term legal protection at a low-cost and thus they see the advantages of way-leave. Despite this, way-leave is seldom used regarding land owned by the City of Gothenburg since the companies prefer to avoid tenure with compulsory elements. Furthermore the municipality is generally negative towards locking land by allowing rights unlimited in time. The municipality offers usufruct agreements as an alternative. How those are worked out in detail is negotiable and differs from case to case. Even though agreements are often reached they are always compromises. In some exceptional cases agreements have not been established as the parties have been too far apart. Therefore we have come to the conclusion that there is a need for new legislation. There is presently no cross between usufructs, wholly based on voluntary agreements, and way-leave which, in its present form, is problematic since it gives advantages to one on the expense of the other.</p>

No description available.

<p>This thesis work is intended to analyze whether the municipalities has a need for the new technology of mobile mapping.</p><p>Mobile mapping consists of the technologies of laser scanning, photographing and positioning of streets and roads in city environment and in the countryside. When these technologies are operating together a georeferenced three-dimensional image model is created, which has specific coordinates that states its position on the surface of the earth. Thanks to the laser scanning process even measuring can be performed in this model.</p><p>The municipal sector consists of many different departments which use visual spatial information. These departments are an interesting target group for this system. Specific departments within the municipal sector, which we considered were the most suitable, have been selected. Individuals within these departments have replied to a <em>questionnaire</em> where several statements were given. The statements are constructed so that the replies that are received as much as possible describe the need for this new technology. In addition to the <em>questionnaire</em> a number of telephone- and in-depth interviews have been done in purpose of creating a basis which is as solid as possible.</p><p>The results that have been obtained indicate that there is a rather considerable demand for the technology. The majority of the asked professions have given replies which hint that they would appreciate visual measurable spatial information in accurate and detailed 3D-models. The telephone interviews have pointed in this direction as well.</p><p>Since a municipality is organized of a large number of departments which each have a need for the technology, a reference can be made to the expression “many a little makes a mickle”. In other words, the municipal need for the technology is considerable since many different units find their own uses for mobile mapping.</p><p>We have after this investigation obtained a result which implies that mobile mapping would be a good investment for the municipal sector.</p>

<p>I denna jämförelsestudie avseende infrastruktur (åtgärdskod 125) har framförallt Länsstyrelsernas genomförande av Landsbygdsprogrammet 2007-2013 analyserats. Speciell inriktning har gjorts mot Länsstyrelsernas genomförandestrategier och prioriteringar, handläggning, beviljade ärenden och belopp, budget och utnyttjandegrad, begränsningar i stöd per ärende samt avslagna ärenden. I jämförelsen har det genomförts intervjuer med samtliga Länsstyrelser, förutom Uppsala län.Landsbygdsprogrammet är till lika delar finansierat av EU och Sverige och möjligör, inom åtgärdskod 125, ekonomiskt stöd till flertalet insatser där det exempelvis finns brist på kunskap, samverkan eller pengar. Stödet syftar till att förbättra konkurrenskraften inom jord- och skogsbrukssektorn samt rennäringen. Stöd lämnas till maximalt 50 procent av de stödberättigade kostnaderna för ett projekt. Insatserna inom åtgärdskod 125 är trots stora möjligheter relativt enkelspåriga. Av totalt 456 beviljade ärenden (2007-2009) och totalt 16 327 000 kronor utgör i princip allt, med några få undantag, lantmäteriförrättningar rörande ny- eller omprövning av vägsamfälligheter och gemensamhetsanläggningar. En omprövning kan, genom uppdaterade andelstal och nya stadgar, underlätta för framtida samverkan inom de föreningar som förvaltar Sveriges enskilda vägar. Med tanke på att Sveriges enskilda vägar är ett komplement till de allmänna vägarna bör det ligga ett stort intresse i att hålla dessa vägar och dess förvaltande föreningar i bra skick. Trots detta är nyttan med både åtgärdskoden och ny- eller omprövning av vägsamfälligheter/GA på olika sätt ifrågasatt.</p> / <p>In this comparison study regarding infrastructure (action code 125) the focus of the analysis has above all been on the County administrations implementation of the Rural Development Programme 2007-2013. Special emphasis has been made against the County administrations strategies of implementation and priorities, processing, the granted cases and their amounts, budget and its utilization rate, limitations on the support per case and rejected cases. In the comparison there has been made interviews with all of the County administrations, except for Uppsala County. The Rural Development Programme is equally funded by the EU and Sweden and enables, through action code 125, financial support to a number of different activities. Activities where there for example is a lack of knowledge, cooperation, or money. The aim for the support is to improve the competitiveness of the agricultural-, reindeer- and forestry sectors. Support is given to a maximum of 50 percent of the eligible costs of a project. The activities in action code 125 are, in spite of high potential of diversity, relatively simplistic. Of a total of 456 granted cases (2007-2009) and 16 327 000 million kronor basically all, with a few exceptions, are related to new and review of road associations and joint facilities (cadastral procedures). A review can, through updated share index and new statutes, contribute to an easier future cooperation of the associations that manage Sweden's private roads. Given that Sweden's private roads are a complement to the public roads, there should be a strong interest in keeping these roads and the associations that manage them in a good condition. Nevertheless the benefits, of both the action code and new and review of road associations and joint facilities, are in various ways challenged.</p>

During recent years there has been a great focus on the climate changes within the media. More or less every day more newspaper articles are presented about the global warming issue and the effect on us human race. Climate models predict higher temperatures and more rain in the northern part of Europe. It is also predicted that the weather will become more extreme e.g. it will rain a lot during longer periods than has been the norm. If these predictions are correct, the amount of water that is going to be transported away in streams and rivers will increase and so also will the subsoil water level. The latter increases the risk for landslides in areas with fine grained soils. An early warning system that is able to alert people before a landslide take place would be of great interest. The purpose of this work is to develop a complete real-time displacement monitoring system based on observations from several GPS-receivers that could be used as an early warning system. Due to the complex correlation structure of the traditionally used double differences, an alternative method based on undifferenced observations is used. Theoretically this approach shows some advantages and simplifies the correlative structure of observables compared to the double differenced method. A complete model for the undifferenced approach is presented in this thesis including its software implementation. A displacement detection system includes not only the positioning algorithms, but also methods to detect if any displacement occurs. There are many methods available to discriminate displacements, which are used in the traditional control of manufacturing processes. Several of these methods are compared in this thesis, such as the Shewhart chart, different Weighted Moving Average (WMA) charts and the CUmulative SUMmation (CUSUM). Practical tests show that it is possible to detect an abrupt shift on sub centimetre level at the same epoch as the shift occurs. Smaller shifts are also detectable with the applied approach but with a slightly longer detection time. / QC 20100624

An important step in data processing from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is georeferencing, i.e. transformation of the scanner data (point clouds) into a real world coordinate system, which is important for their integration with other geospatial data. An efficient approach for this is direct georeferencing, whereby the position and orientation of the scanner can be determined in the field, similarly to the working routine of total stations. Thus the efficiency of the survey can be increased, and the project time and costs reduced. An important factor that affects the results of TLS surveys, especially those with direct georeferencing, is scanner calibration. In the recent years, the method of self-calibration used in photogrammetry has become popular for the recovery of systematic errors in laser scanners. This thesis has two main aims. The first one is to develop an approach for self-calibration of terrestrial laser scanners, which can be made available to users, and apply it to the calibration of a number of pulsed laser scanners in order to get a better insight into the systematic instrumental errors present in these instruments. The second aim is to investigate the possibilities for direct georeferencing in TLS in static applications, with the focus on the use of GPS for this purpose, and to develop a survey system based on the combination of TLS and GPS. An additional aim of the thesis is to make a systematic description of the error sources in TLS surveys, where direct georeferencing is employed. A good understanding of these error sources is necessary to secure the data accuracy. We subdivide these errors into four groups: instrumental, object-related, environmental and georeferencing. We have developed a unified approach for self-calibration of terrestrial laser scanners, where one can introduce stochastic information about all the estimated parameters, which helps in reducing their correlations. In part, it is possible to use direct georeferencing to determine the exterior orientation parameters of the scanner. We applied this approach to the self-calibration of the pulsed scanners Callidus CP 3200, Leica HDS 3000 and Leica Scan Station. The initial assumption was that the scanner systematic instrumental errors, or calibration parameters, were similar to those in a total station. However, other errors not explained by the “a priori” total station error model can be present in the scanners. We revealed two such errors – the scale errors in the vertical angles and horizontal directions in the scanners Callidus CP 3200 and Leica HDS 3000, respectively. Most systematic errors were estimated with relatively high precision and low correlations with other system parameters. We have developed a prototype combined survey system, which allows the user to use GPS for direct georeferencing of the scanner parallel to the scanning. In the current implementation, the system consists of the scanning system Leica Scan Station 2, 2 GPS receivers and antennas from Leica and a number of necessary accessories. The scanner position can be determined from RTK (or possibly Network-RTK) measurements with the accuracy of better than 1 cm, both in plane and height. The position of the backsight target can be determined from post-processing of static GPS measurements with similar accuracy. In order to estimate the accuracy of the combined system and its efficiency in a typical TLS survey, we carried out several test measurements. The results have shown that it is possible to achieve the coordinate accuracy of better than 1 cm at the object distance of up to 50 m. This is comparable to the accuracy of conventional direct georeferencing, i.e. when the scanner is centred over a known point. The time expenses for the test survey of a building located at KTH campus, starting from the planning and finishing with the georeferenced point cloud, were about 1.5 workdays. The time expenses could be reduced further if the system was installed on a moving platform during the fieldwork. Hence, the combined system can be successfully used for the surveys of built environments, e.g. engineering constructions and historical monuments, which can be carried out fast and with high accuracy. / QC 20100806 / 3D laser scanning of engineering constructions and historical monuments