The theme of my diploma thesis is "Lease versus credit." The first part deals with relatively independent terms of the lease and credit of their definition and methods of accounting. It also deals with the tax and legislative changes which in the area of leases and credits in recent years occurred. Main section is devoted to comparing the differences between themselves, leasing and credits. There are advantages and disadvantages of both forms of financing, while the main attention is focused on business deciding between leasing and credit for making investments. Two methods will be introduced: net advantage of leasing and discounted costs of leasing and credit. The use of these methods is demonstrated on a practical example.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de calcular a remuneração dos fatores produtivos primários na agropecuária brasileira e nas suas macro regiões entre 1970 e 1995/96, bem como analisar sua evolução. Para tanto, são utilizados os dados dos Censos Agropecuários de 1970 a 1995/96, importantes fontes de informação sobre a produção do setor agropecuário, assim como sobre seus custos. O trabalho apresentado permite verificar a forma como a renda é distribuída entre os fatores terra, trabalho e capital no Brasil e nas suas regiões. As remunerações dos fatores produtivos primários apurados para o agregado do setor agropecuário aproximam-se satisfatoriamente dos valores apresentados pela Matriz de Insumo e Produto, o que foi utilizado como elemento de comparação e validação dos resultados aqui apresentados. Os resultados obtidos para o Brasil mostram que a parcela do trabalho ficou estável durante todo o período, pouco superior a 20% da renda que remunera os fatores primários. O comportamento das parcelas da terra e do capital alterna-se, de forma que quando a parcela de um dos fatores aumenta a do outro se reduz. O comportamento das parcelas nas regiões mostra que no Centro-Oeste a parcela da terra é mais alta em todos os anos pesquisados. A região Norte apresenta a menor parcela da terra nos anos iniciais pesquisados, porém esta é crescente durante o período. Para o fator trabalho, os resultados mostram que o Sul apresenta a menor parcela do fator, ao passo que no Sudeste a parcela é maior em comparação com as demais regiões. E, finalmente, a parcela do capital, por ter sido obtida por resíduo, apresenta-se mais alta nas regiões Sul e no Norte. / The aim of this research is to evaluate the evolution of returns to primary factors in the Brazilian agriculture, both at national and regional levels, in the period 1970 to 1995/96. The sources of data are the Brazilian Agricultural Censuses from 1970 to 1995/96, which bring information about agricultural production and costs. The analysis show how agricultural income is distributed among the primary factors in agriculture: capital, labor and land. The results calculated are satisfactorily close to those presented in the Brazilian Input Output tables, used for the sake of comparison and validation. Results show that the share of labor in agricultural income remained relatively stable in the period, around 20% or the total returns to the primary factors. The behavior of land and capital's shares are more variable, and show a mutual alternate pattern. The regional analysis shows that the share of land is higher in the Center-West region, in all periods. The North region shows the lowest labor share in the earlier years, which increases in the more recent periods. The South region shows the lowest labor share, which is higher in the Southeast region compared to the others. And, finally, the share of capital, since it is calculated as a residual, is higher in the South and North regions.

Considerando que o Estatuto da Terra (lei 4.504/64) e seu decreto regulamentador (59.566/66) tem mais de meio século, idealizados com cláusulas protetivas ao arrendatário e parceiro-outorgado, antes considerado vulnerável, este trabalho objetiva fazer um resgate histórico a respeito da legislação, alcançando os dias atuais em diversos aspectos para que seja analisada a crise que se instalou na pactuação do contrato agrário de arrendamento e parceria rural, frente a autonomia privada das partes e da função social da propriedade. Tendo o trabalho como finalidade perquirir novos paradigmas, primando por uma maior liberdade na contratação, utilizando como tábua axiológica o Código Civil a partir da sua constitucionalização, suas fontes, tais como a legislação, usos e costumes, princípios, jurisprudência e precedentes, com a intenção de traçar um novo perfil contratual destes típicos contratos agrários, em respeito a função do contrato e ao interesse útil dos contratantes. Assim, conforme será visto, possibilitará uma interpretação que afaste o Estatuto da Terra e seu decreto nos casos em que o arrendatário ou parceiro-outorgado não é considerado vulnerável na relação, devendo então, não ser estendidas as benesses, ou melhor, as proteções inseridas na legislação e regulamentação, tais como as cláusulas protetivas de prazos mínimos, obrigatoriedade de fixação do preço em dinheiro, bem como o exercício do direito de preferência, é como será visto. / Considering that the Land Statute (Law 4,504/64) and its regulating decree (59,566/66) have been for over half a century, idealized with protective clauses to the lessee and partner-grantor, previously considered vulnerable, this work aims to make a historical summary respecting the legislation, reaching the present day in several aspects to analyze the crisis that settled in the agreement of the agrarian contract of lease and rural partnership, facing the private autonomy of the parties and the social function of the property. The aim of this work is to investigate new paradigms, focusing on a greater freedom in contracting, using as an axiological table the Civil Code from its constitutionalization, its sources, such as legislation, uses and customs, principles, jurisprudence and precedents, with the intention of drawing up a new contractual profile of these typical agrarian contracts, respecting the function of the contract and the useful interest of the contractors. Thus, as we shall see, it will provide an interpretation that departs from the Land Statute and its decree in cases in which the lessee or grantor is not considered vulnerable in the relationship, and therefore, the benefits, or rather the protections inserted in the legislation and regulations, such as minimum term protection clauses, mandatory pricing in cash, as well as the exercise of preemptive rights, will be seen.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina Del Picchia de Araujo Nogueira.pdf: 1285752 bytes, checksum: 7d0a33b597b452ba0aa9004447a0ca0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-24 / The present work has as its central theme the lease contract in mall. It aims to define the main aspects related to its contract to remove the doubts raised about its legal structure. It has been applied the deductive method, starting with the general knowledge of mall and lease of things to get one particular about the lease in mall, leading to the conclusion about the legal nature and discipline of the theme herein discussed. This research used, likewise, the method of research bibliographic and argumentative dissertation, based on the works displayed at its end, mainly of the jurists CaioMário da Silva Pereira, Maria Elisa GualandiVerri, Rodrigo Barcellos, LadislauKarpat and SylvioCapanema de Souza. Its analysis has been divided into five chapters. In the first, it exposes an historic overview of mall, with the elucidation of its structure, containing its characteristics. The second traces the historical background of lease, as well as its legislative development in Brazil, and brings the elements and major features of the lease contract. The third chapter describes the legal discipline of the lease contract in malls; the discussion of the legal nature of this contract, in order to place it in lease contracts and describes also the peculiar characteristics of this venture. It also attempts to dodge the Law of Tenancy, of the draft laws aimed to discipline the subject in a specific way and how the subject is treated in foreign law. The fourth chapter deals with rents and other tasks of the tenant. The fifth and final chapter discusses the issue of conflicts arising from this contract, of the civil responsibility under this venture and its relation(or not) with the Consumer Protection Code. To finish it, it came to a conclusion and demonstrated the bibliographic source used / O presente trabalho possui como tema central o contrato de locação em shopping center; almeja definir os principais aspectos referentes ao seu contrato, de modo a sanar as dúvidas suscitadas quanto ao seu enquadramento jurídico. Para tanto, aplicou-se o método dedutivo, partindo do conhecimento geral de shopping centere de locação de coisas para obter um específico acerca do contrato de locação em shopping center, levando à conclusão sobre a natureza jurídica e sobre a disciplina legal do tema ora abordado. Foi utilizado, outrossim, o método de pesquisa bibliográfico dissertativo-argumentativo, com fundamento nas obras indicadas ao seu final, principalmente nas dos juristas Caio Mário da Silva Pereira, Maria Elisa Gualandi Verri, Rodrigo Barcellos, Ladislau Karpat e Sylvio Capanema de Souza. Dividiu-se a sua análise em cinco capítulos. No primeiro, expõe-se uma abordagem histórica de shopping center, com a elucidação de sua estrutura e de suas características. O segundo traça o panorama histórico de locação, bem como a sua evolução legislativa no Brasil, seus elementos e características mais importantes. O terceiro capítulo descreve a disciplina legal de contrato de shopping center; a discussão acerca da sua natureza jurídica, a fim de situá-lo entre os contratos locatícios e também as características peculiares desse empreendimento; trata ainda das tentativas de esquiva da Lei do Inquilinato, dos projetos de lei tendentes a disciplinar a matéria de forma específica e como é tratado o tema no direito estrangeiro. O quarto capítulo aborda os aluguéis e demais incumbências do lojista. O quinto e último capítulo discorre sobre a questão dos conflitos decorrentes desse contrato, sobre a responsabilidade civil no âmbito desse empreendimentoe a sua relação (ou ausência de) com o Código de Defesa do Consumidor. Para finalizá-lo, chegou-se a uma conclusão e demonstrou-se a fonte bibliográfica utilizada

The main goal of this thesis is to provide a general knowledge of the leasing as a form of asset financing compared to the loan, describe leasing and define its history, types and functions, define the legal and tax aspects of leasing. Another goal is to capture the forms of lease accounting and evaluate the leasing compared to the loan by way of examples using different methods.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de calcular a remuneração dos fatores produtivos primários na agropecuária brasileira e nas suas macro regiões entre 1970 e 1995/96, bem como analisar sua evolução. Para tanto, são utilizados os dados dos Censos Agropecuários de 1970 a 1995/96, importantes fontes de informação sobre a produção do setor agropecuário, assim como sobre seus custos. O trabalho apresentado permite verificar a forma como a renda é distribuída entre os fatores terra, trabalho e capital no Brasil e nas suas regiões. As remunerações dos fatores produtivos primários apurados para o agregado do setor agropecuário aproximam-se satisfatoriamente dos valores apresentados pela Matriz de Insumo e Produto, o que foi utilizado como elemento de comparação e validação dos resultados aqui apresentados. Os resultados obtidos para o Brasil mostram que a parcela do trabalho ficou estável durante todo o período, pouco superior a 20% da renda que remunera os fatores primários. O comportamento das parcelas da terra e do capital alterna-se, de forma que quando a parcela de um dos fatores aumenta a do outro se reduz. O comportamento das parcelas nas regiões mostra que no Centro-Oeste a parcela da terra é mais alta em todos os anos pesquisados. A região Norte apresenta a menor parcela da terra nos anos iniciais pesquisados, porém esta é crescente durante o período. Para o fator trabalho, os resultados mostram que o Sul apresenta a menor parcela do fator, ao passo que no Sudeste a parcela é maior em comparação com as demais regiões. E, finalmente, a parcela do capital, por ter sido obtida por resíduo, apresenta-se mais alta nas regiões Sul e no Norte. / The aim of this research is to evaluate the evolution of returns to primary factors in the Brazilian agriculture, both at national and regional levels, in the period 1970 to 1995/96. The sources of data are the Brazilian Agricultural Censuses from 1970 to 1995/96, which bring information about agricultural production and costs. The analysis show how agricultural income is distributed among the primary factors in agriculture: capital, labor and land. The results calculated are satisfactorily close to those presented in the Brazilian Input Output tables, used for the sake of comparison and validation. Results show that the share of labor in agricultural income remained relatively stable in the period, around 20% or the total returns to the primary factors. The behavior of land and capital's shares are more variable, and show a mutual alternate pattern. The regional analysis shows that the share of land is higher in the Center-West region, in all periods. The North region shows the lowest labor share in the earlier years, which increases in the more recent periods. The South region shows the lowest labor share, which is higher in the Southeast region compared to the others. And, finally, the share of capital, since it is calculated as a residual, is higher in the South and North regions.

British propaganda, delivered in the United States against immediate self-government for India in 1942, was efficiently and effectively organised. British propaganda was not adventitious. It was deliberate. The chief protagonists were Churchill and Roosevelt. Churchill's success in retaining control of government in India depended on convincing the President that there was no viable alternative. This the Prime Minister did in two ways. Firstly, his propaganda organization targetted pro-British groups in America with access to Roosevelt. Secondly, it discredited Indian nationalist leadership. Churchill's success also depended on Sir Stafford Cripps' loyalty to Whitehall and to the Government of India after his Mission in March 1942 failed to reach agreement with the Indian leaders. Cripps tailored his account of the breakdown of negotiations to fit the British propaganda line. Convincing American public opinion and, through it the President, that colonial government should remain in British hands, also depended on the right mix of censorship and press freedom in India. Britain's need to mount a propaganda campaign in the United States indicated its dual agenda: its war-related determination to maintain and increase American aid, and its longer term aim to retain control of its empire. Despite strong American support for isolationism, given legal status in the 1930s Neutrality Acts, Roosevelt was Britain's supportive friend and its ally. Britain, nonetheless, felt sufficiently threatened by the anti-imperial thrust of the Lend Lease Act and the Atlantic Charter, to develop propaganda to persuade the American public and its President that granting Indian selfgovernment in 1942 was inappropriate. The case for a propaganda campaign was made stronger by Roosevelt's constant pressure on Britaln from mid-1941 to reach a political settlement with India. Pressure was also brought to bear by the Congress Party as the price for its war-related cooperation, by China, and by the Labour Party in Britain. Japan's success in Singapore and Burma made strategists briefly assess that India might be the next target. Stable and cooperative government there was as much in America's interest as Britain's. The idea that Roosevelt might intervene in India to secure a measure of self-government there constantly worried Churchill. In turn this motivated the Foreign Office, the Ministry of Information, the India Office, the Government of India and the British Embassy in Washington to develop propaganda based, firstly, on the official explanation for the failure of the Cripps Mission and, secondly. on the elements of the August 1942 Quit India resolution which could be presented as damaging to allied war aims. The perceived danger to Britain's India-related agenda, however, did not end with substantive threats. The volatility of the American press and the President's susceptibility to it in framing policy were more unpredictable. Britain met both threats by targetting friends with access to Roosevelt, sympathetic broadcasters and pro-British sections of the press. Each had shown support for Britain during the Lend Lease debates. Britain, however, could never assume that it had won the propaganda battle or that Roosevelt would not intervene polltically on nationalist India's behalf. Roosevelt continued during 1942 and beyond to let Indian leaders know of his interest in their struggle, and information received from his Mission in New Delhi and from unofficial informants in India gave him a view of events there which differed markedly from the British account. Just as nationalist India was unsure about America's intentions, so was Britain.

QC 20100603

This thesis will investigate the possibility of leasing as a 'greener' form of business transaction. With leasing, the customer pays for the service obtained form the product, but does not own the physical asset; ownership remains with the lessor. This has been claimed to increase resource productivity and close material loops. Numerous complications exist, however, such as tax regulations limiting operating leases to terms of 75% of the total product's life. In addition, no clear pattern has emerged in leasing practices, and in most cases manufacturers approach leasing on an ad hoc basis. Research has found that usage-phase impacts play a major role in determining the advantages realized by leasing. Products such as vehicles or refrigerators that continually consume energy negatively impact the environment much more during their use than during manufacturing or transportation. Because most lease agreements contain maintenance contracts, the opportunity to upgrade and increase product efficiency during this use-phase is paramount to reducing negative impacts. Remanufacturing also shows potential to further reduce resource requirements. However, if product efficiency is not improving significantly, remanufacturing alone does not make a significant impact. In some cases, such as carpets, remanufacturing is not practical, but recycling can be utilized. However, tax regulations require leased terms to be less than that of a product's designed life, hastening replacement. This has the potential to offset any advantages seen with a lease agreement. Academic work in this area remains very limited and product-specific. Case study analyses performed in this thesis found that increased product turnover can actually be environmentally beneficial when product technology is improving. These gains can be further improved with remanufacturing and optimized product replacement moderated by lease agreements. If usage energy is significantly less than manufacturing energy, leasing has little value for reducing impacts. Also leasing may motivate closed material loops, without improving product efficiencies there is no advantage to optimizing life cycles with lease contracts.

影響不動產使用權價值之因素除了使用期限之長短外，再開發行為更是關鍵之一。Capozza（1991）認為承租人由於租賃契約存續期間之限制，會選擇在較早時機以較小規模進行再開發。然這樣的行為不利於不動產維持最高最有效之利用。故Dale-Johnson（2000）將選擇權加入到租賃契約中，希望藉此提高承租人再開發之誘因。然選擇權具有價值，選擇權之價值應反映在初始租金之約定上，然初始租金之變動對於承租人之再開發行為是否會有影響尚無定論。本文使用Capozza（1991）之模型探討初始租金之變動以及租金成長假設型態不同對於承租人再開發行為之影響，結果顯示，初始租金變動會影響承租人再開發行為，而租金服從隨價變動時承租人再開發時點會延遲且再開發規模會增加。 / The factors effect real estate value beside the term of using property, redevelopment is one of the important key. Capozza(1991)consider that because the limited term of lease, the lessee will redevelopment earlier and less scale than lessor. But this kinds of lessee behavior isn’t good for the property in high and best use. Dale-Johnson(2000) let option into lease to give lessee more incentive under redevelopment. However, option with value and must reacted to initial rent. But the chang in initial rent if effect lessee’s redevelopment at the same time is unknown yet. This paper use Capozza(1991) model to confer how initial rent change and different pattern of rent growth will chang lessee’s redevelopment. The result shows that initial rent change will reduce lessee’s redevelopment scale,and when rent follow Arithmetic Brownian Motion, lessee redevelopment timing will defer and increase scale.