Die Malaria und andere Infektionskrankheiten sind immer noch die Haupttodesursache in Entwicklungsländern. Durch das jahrzehntelange Versäumnis, neue Wirkstoffe zu entwickeln, und durch die rasante Ausbreitung von Resistenzen gegen herkömmliche Medikamente sind in vielen Regionen der Erde besorgniserregende Zahlen über Neuinfektionen und Todesfälle zu beobachten. Die Suche nach neuen Wirkstoffen ist daher dringend erforderlich und die Hauptaufgabe des Sonderforschungsbereichs 630 an der Universität Würzburg. An diesem interdisziplinären Projekt beteiligt sich unsere Forschungsgruppe vor allem mit der Naturstoffklasse der Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloide. Neben ihren interessanten strukturellen Eigenschaften haben mehrere Vertreter dieser Sekundärmetabolite vielversprechende Aktivitäten gegen Plasmodien, Leishmanien und Trypanosomen. Dioncophyllin C (24), das bisher wirksamste Naphthylisochinolin gegen P. falciparum, zeigt nicht nur eine exzellente Aktivität in vitro, sondern auch in vivo. In Kooperation mit der Forschergruppe von K. Baumann (Braunschweig) führte man QSAR-Studien durch, um die für die biologische Wirkung entscheidenden Strukturmerkmale zu identifizieren und neue vereinfachte Analoga der Leistruktur 24 vorzuschlagen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war aufbauend auf Vorarbeiten in unserer Gruppe die Darstellung von strukturell vereinfachten Derivaten des Naturstoffs 24. Die Ergebnisse der biologischen Untersuchungen sollten ausgewertet und somit neue Struktur-Wirkungs-Beziehungen aufgestellt werden. Weiterhin sollten auch Chinolinium-Salze, die man als Analoga der N,C-verknüpften Naphthylisochinoline ansehen kann, synthetisiert werden und innerhalb des SFB 630 und bei unseren Partnern am Schweizerischen Tropen- und Public-Health-Institut auf ihre biologische Aktivität untersucht werden. Man erhoffte sich neben möglichen antiinfektiven Eigenschaften auch Rückschlüsse auf Struktur-Wirkungs-Beziehungen. Zusätzlich sollte die synthetische und analytische chemische Expertise unseren Kooperationspartnern in zwei Projekten außerhalb des SFB 630 zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Dabei handelte es sich einerseits um die Strukturaufklärung von Biosyntheseintermediaten mit Hilfe der HPLC-NMR-Kopplung und andererseits um die Darstellung langkettiger Aldehyde für die biologische Untersuchung des Prä-Penetrationsprozesses eines getreideschädigenden Pilzes. / Malaria and other infectious diseases are still the most common cause of death in developing countries. Due to the failure of developing new drugs and the increasing resistance there are alarming numbers of new incidences and death cases in many regions of the world. The search for urgently needed drugs is the main task of the Sonderforschungsbereich 630 (SFB 630) of the University of Würzburg. Our research group participates in this interdisciplinary project with the naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids. Besides their interesting structural properties several of these secondary metabolites also have promising activities against plasmodia, leishmania, and trypanosoma. Dioncophylline C (24), the so far most active naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid against P. falciparum, does not only show activity in vitro but also in vivo. In cooperation with the research group of K. Baumann (Braunschweig) QSAR studies were accomplished in order to find the structural features that are important for the biological effect and to suggest new structurally simplified analogs of the lead structure 24. Based on previous work in our group the main task of this thesis was the synthesis of structurally simplified derivatives of the natural product 24. The results of the biological investigations were to be analyzed and new structure-activity relationships were to be established. Furthermore, quinolinium salts, which can be seen as analogs of the N,C-coupled naphthylisoquinolines, were to be synthesized and tested for their biological properties by our external partners of the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and within the SFB 630. Besides the possible antiinfective activities conclusions on structure-activity relationship studies were of interest. In addition the synthetic and analytical expertise was to be offered to two of our external cooperation partners. The projects were on the one hand the structure elucidation of biosynthetic intermediates using the HPLC-NMR technique and on the other hand the synthesis of very-long chain aldehydes for biological investigations of the pre-penetration process of a cereal-damaging fungus.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that can be manifested through different clinical forms, ranging from cutaneous to visceral. The host response against Leishmania spp. is greatly dependent on T cell-mediated immunity, in which T helper 1 responses are associated with macrophage activation and elimination of the parasite, while regulatory T cells and T helper 2 responses are correlated with parasite survival and persistence of infection. Leishmania uses different virulence factors as strategies for evading the immune response of the host. One of them are cathepsin-like cysteine proteases, which are currently under extensive investigation as targets for drug development. Previous studies with inhibitors of cathepsins B and L in vivo revealed an outstanding modulation of the host T helper cell response. However, the mechanisms behind these observations were not further investigated. Given the urgent need for better treatments against leishmaniasis, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects that the lack of cathepsin B and L activity have on the signals that dendritic cells use to instruct T helper cell polarization in response to infection with Leishmania major. The cathepsin inhibitors tested showed low or no cytotoxicity in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, and dendritic cells and macrophages could be generated from cathepsin B and cathepsin L-deficient mice without apparent alterations in their phenotype in comparison to wild-type controls. Furthermore, lack of cathepsin B and L activity showed no impact in the rate of promastigote processing by dendritic cells. Cathepsin B and cathepsin L-deficient macrophages showed no differences in parasite proliferation and capacity to produce nitric oxide in comparison to wild-type macrophages. In response to the parasite, dendritic cells treated with a cathepsin B inhibitor and dendritic cells from cathepsin B-deficient mice showed higher levels of expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules than dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or wild-type controls, but it was not accompanied by changes in the expression of costimulatory molecules. Wild-type dendritic cells and macrophages are not able to express the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 in response to promastigotes. However, cells treated with a cathepsin B inhibitor or cells deficient for cathepsin B were able to express IL-12, whilethe expression of other cytokines -including IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-remained unchanged. These characteristics point towards a more “pro-Th1” profile of dendritic cells in the absence of cathepsin B. This data is the first report on IL-12 regulation depending on cathepsin B. The IL-12 up-regulation observed was already present at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, it was also present in macrophages and dendritic cells in response to LPS, and the latter had a higher capacity to induce T cell helper 1 polarization in vitro than wild-type dendritic cells. The activation of different signaling pathways was analyzed, but the up-regulation of IL-12 could not be attributed to modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB), p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathways. Thus, the mechanism behind IL-12 regulation by cathepsin B remains to be elucidated, and the impact of these effects is yet to be confirmed in vivo. Altogether it is tempting to speculate that cathepsin B, in addition to its role in processing endocytosed material, is involved in the modulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12. / Leishmaniose ist eine hauptsächlich in den Tropen vorkommende Infektionskrankheit, die sich in verschiedenen klinischen Formen, von kutan bis viszeral, manifestieren kann. Die Reaktion des Wirtes gegen Leishmania spp. hängt stark von der T-Zell-vermittelten Immunantwort ab, wobei die Antwort der T1-Helferzellen assoziiert ist mit der Aktivierung von Makrophagen und der Beseitigung des Parasiten, während die regulatorischen T-Zellen und T2-Helferzellen mit dem Überleben der Parasiten und der Fortdauer der Infektion in Verbindung stehen. Leishmania verwendet verschiedene Virulenzfaktoren als Strategie zur Umgehung der Immunantwort des Wirtes. Darunter zählen Cathepsin-ähnliche Cysteinproteasen, die derzeit Gegenstand umfangreicher Untersuchungen sind mit dem Ziel, für die Arzneimittelentwicklung eingesetzt werden zu können. Frühere Studien mit Inhibitoren von Cathepsin B und L in vivo zeigten eine hervorragende Modulation der Wirt-T-Helferzellantwort. Jedoch wurden die Mechanismen, die diesen Beobachtungen zu Grunde liegen, nicht weiter untersucht. Angesichts der dringenden Notwendigkeit einer besseren Behandlung gegen Leishmaniose war das Ziel dieser Studie die Auswirkungen zu untersuchen, die das Fehlen von Cathepsin B und L-Aktivität auf die Signale hat, welche die dendritischen Zellen verwenden, um die Reaktion der T-Helferzellen auf eine Infektion mit Leishmania major zu beeinflussen. Die getesteten Cathepsin-Inhibitoren zeigten geringe oder keine Cytotoxizität in den aus dem Knochenmark präparierten dendritischen Zellen. Dendritische Zellen und Makrophagen von Cathepsin B- und Cathepsin L-defizienten Mäusen zeigten keine offensichtlichen Veränderungen ihres Phänotyps im Vergleich zu Wildtypkontrollen. Weiterhin zeigte das Fehlen von Cathepsin B- und L-Aktivität keine Auswirkung auf die Prozessierung der Promastigoten durch dendritische Zellen. Auch zeigten Cathepsin Bund Cathepsin L-defiziente Makrophagen keine Unterschiede in der Parasitenproliferation und der Fähigkeit Stickoxid zu produzieren im Vergleich zu Wildtyp-Makrophagen. In Reaktion auf den Parasiten war bei mit einem Cathepsin-B-Inhibitor behandelten dendritischen Zellen und dendritischen Zellen von Cathepsin-B-defizienten Mäusen eine höhere Expression von MHC-Klasse-II-Molekülen ersichtlich im Vergleich zu DMSO oder Wildtyp-Kontrollen, aber es wurden keine Veränderungen in der Expression von costimulatorischen Molekülen festgestellt. Dendritische Zellen und Makrophagen von Wildtyp-Mäusen sind nicht in der Lage das pro-inflammatorische Zytokin IL-12 als Reaktion auf die Promastigoten zu exprimieren. Jedoch konnten dendritische Zellen, die mit einem Cathepsin-B-Inhibitor behandelt waren oder Cathepsin-B-defiziente Zellen, IL-12 exprimieren, während die Expression von anderen Zytokinen - einschließlich IL-6 und TNF-alpha- unverändert blieb. Diese Eigenschaften weisen in die Richtung einer "pro-Th1"-Antwort der dendritischen Zellen in Abwesenheit von Cathepsin B. Diese Daten sind der erste Bericht über die IL-12-Regulierung in Abhängigkeit von Cathepsin B. Die Hochregulation von IL-12 war bereits auf der Transkriptionsebene zu beobachten. Weiterhin war sie in Makrophagen und dendritischen Zellen auch als Reaktion auf LPS vorhanden. Dendritische Zellen von Cathepsin B-defizienten Mäusen hatten eine höhere Kapazität zur Induktion einer eine T1-Helferzell-Polarisierung in vitro als dendritische Zellen von Wildtyp-Mäusen. Die Aktivierung von verschiedenen Signalwegen wurde untersucht, jedoch konnte die Hochregulierung von IL-12 nicht auf die Modulation von NF_B, p38 MAPK und ERK1/2-Signalwege zurückgeführt werden. Damit ist der für die IL-12-Regulierung durch Cathepsin B verantwortliche Mechanismus noch nicht geklärt; auch die Auswirkungen dieser Effekte in vivo müssen noch bestätigt werden. Insgesamt lässt die vorliegende Studie vermuten, dass Cathepsin B nicht nur an der Prozessierung von endozytiertem Material sondern auch an der Regulierung des pro-inflammatorischen Zytokins IL-12 beteiligt ist.

This study is dealing with the bioactivity-guided fractionation of a chloroform extract from pulverized rhizomes of Valeriana wallichii with focus on isolation and structure elucidation of the antileishmanial active principles. / Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit der bioaktivitätsgeleiteten Fraktionierung eines Chloroformextraktes aus pulverisierten Rhizomen von Valeriana wallichii mit Schwerpunkt auf der Isolierung und Strukturaufklärung des antileishmanialen Wirkprinzips.

Les Leishmanioses du nouveau monde sont des parasitoses aux conséquences socio-économiques lourdes. En effet les traitements disponibles requièrent pour la plus part des administrations parentérales et sont coûteux pour les populations concernées. La recherche de nouvelles molécules actives est donc une nécessité. Pour contribuer à l'effort de recherche d'alternative thérapeutiques, nous nous sommes intéressés d'une part aux pharmacopées traditionnelles de populations vivant en zone d'endémie (deux ethnies de l'Amazonie péruvienne : Chayahuita et Yanesha) et d'autre part, nous avons également étudiés l'activité de drogues synthétisées sur la base de molécules ayant un certain degré d'activité antiparasitaire. Nous avons également contribué à l'amélioration éthique de nos modèles biologiques afin d'optimiser le criblage de composés leishmanicides potentiels en développant un modèle remplaçant l'utilisation de souris pour l'extraction de macrophages par des cellules Thp1.

Mestre -- Escola Nacional de Saude Publica, Rio de Janeiro, 2001.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-06-18Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:00:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000749624.pdf: 2632882 bytes, checksum: 43be97a043c775a4750a80e19923e319 (MD5) / A Leishmaniose Visceral Americana (LVA) é uma doença de letalidade significativa e em disseminação no território brasileiro. É causada pela Leishmania infantum chagasi, parasita transmitido por artrópodes (Lutzomyia longipalpis) e tem como reservatórios cães e animais silvestres. Embora endêmica em zonas rurais das Regiões Nordeste, Norte e Centro-Oeste do País há várias décadas, a LVA tem emergido como doença urbana (muitas vezes epidêmica), em áreas anteriormente não afetadas. Nestas últimas, está o Estado de São Paulo, onde os primeiros casos autóctones foram detectados em 1999. As opções terapêuticas para LVA são escassas, e associadas a frequentes recidivas e eventos adversos. Há grande tradição em seu tratamento com antimoniais pentavalentes (mais especificamente o antimoniato de N-metil glucamina). Mais recentemente, as formulações de anfotericina B (deoxicolato e lipossomal), tem sido indicadas para quadros mais severos. No entanto, faltam ensaios clínicos que embasem essa superioridade no tratamento de LVA, e muitas das indicações são feitas por analogia com pesquisa realizada na Índia, África ou Europa. O estudo foi planejado para preencher esse hiato na pesquisa clínica relativa à LVA. Tratou-se de ensaio clínico aberto, multicêntrico, envolvendo instituições nos Estados do Pará, Maranhão e São Paulo. Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico parasitológico de LVA que manifestaram aceite em participar por meio de Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) aplicado aos próprios sujeitos ou aos seus representantes legais. Foram excluídos pacientes co-infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), portadores de neoplasia, usuários de imunossupressores, gestantes e aqueles para os quais os guias terapêuticos do Ministério da Saúde (MS), ou das Secretarias Estaduais da Saúde recomendavam o uso da anfotericina B – definição que abrangia aqueles sujeitos com ... / American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) is a disease that causes significant mortality. Since the past two decades it is disseminating widely in Brazil. Its etiologic agent is Leishmania infantum chagasi, a vector-borne parasite. Traditionally, AVL was regarded as an endemic disease in Northern and Northeastern States, but it has emerged in urban areas and in Southeastern States. In São Paulo State, autochtonous cases occur since 1999. Therapeutic options for AVL are scarce, and all leishmanicidal drugs are associated with failures, relapses and serious adverse events. Meglumine antominiate has been the first-line therapy in Brazil for many decades. Lately, amphotericin B deoxycholate or in liposomal formulation have been recommended for more severe cases. However, those data are extrapolated from studies conducted in India, Africa and Europe. The study was designed to fulfill this gap. It was a multicenter, randomized, open-label study that compare the efficacy and safety of three therapeutic options: meglumine antimoniate, amphotericin B deoxycholate and liposomal amphotericin B. Patients with parasitological confirmation of AVL were included. Those that were coinfected with HIV or who had immune-supressing conditions or pregnancy were excluded. We also excluded those for whom governmental guidelines recommended the use of amphotericin B. Patients were followed with physical examination and laboratory tests on days 0, 3 , 14, 30, 90 and 180. We included 59 subjects, 33 of whom completed follow-up (11 in each arm). Clinical response was similar for all groups. However, those receiving amphotericin were more likely to have early recovery of hemoglobin dosage and white cell counts, as well as serum albumin. There was a discrete tendency of better response with liposomal amphotericin. Nephrotoxicity was striking among those receiving amphotericin deoxycholate (42%), an incidence significantly higher than that observed with the other ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-05-03Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:00:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000752946.pdf: 2447677 bytes, checksum: f962e39879f7351ff2d9671cc54e0e43 (MD5) / A leishmaniose é um espectro de doenças causadas por parasitas do gênero Leishmania, afligindo mais de 15 milhões de pessoas e expondo outras 350 milhões que vivem em regiões de risco. Para manter a integridade de seu genoma, os parasitas dispõem de diversos mecanismos, dentre os quais estão a manutenção dos telômeros. As proteínas da família TRF (“TTAGGG telomere repeat-binding factor”) fazem parte de complexos multiproteicos responsáveis pela manutenção dos telômeros de alguns eucariotos, incluindo os tripanossomatídeos. Elas apresentam um domínio de interação com DNA telomérico na forma de dupla fita, um domínio de homodimerização e possíveis regiões de interação com outras proteínas teloméricas ou da maquinaria de reparo. O intuito deste projeto foi confirmar a existência nos telômeros de Leishmania amazonensis de possíveis proteínas parceiras da proteína LaTRF, já que resultados preliminares de nosso grupo revelaram uma possível interação entre a LaTRF e as proteínas LaRPA-1 e LaRbp38. No intuito de se obter a proteína telomérica LaTRF recombinante pura e em quantidade desejável, foi solicitada a síntese com códons otimizados, do gene que codifica a LaTRF e a subclonagem do mesmo na mesma fase de leitura do vetor de expressão pQE-2 (QIAGEN). A proteína recombinante gerada a partir desta construção foi expressa de forma solúvel, e em baixíssima concentração e a análise de sua estrutura secundária por espectroscopia de dicroísmo circular confirmou que a proteína foi expressa de forma enovelada. A LaTRF recombinante foi utilizada em ensaios in vitro de interação proteína:proteína com suas possíveis parceiras: LaRbp38 e LaRPA-1. Ensaios de imunoprecipitação, imunofluorescência e pull-down revelaram que LaTRF interage com LaRbp38 e que esta interação se dá via um motivo TRFH-docking like, presente na LaRbp38. Parece que a LaRbp38 atua como ... / Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of diseases caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, affecting about 15 million people and exposing other 350 million that live in risk areas. Parasites have various mechanisms to maintain the integrity of its genome, among which is the maintenance of telomeres. Proteins belonging to the TRF (TTAGGG telomere repeat-binding factor) family form part of a multiprotein complex responsible for telomere maintenance in eukaryotes, including trypanosomatids. TRFs present a DNA binding domain, a homodimerization domain and regions that allow the protein to interact with other proteins. The aim of this project was to confirm the existence in Leishmania amazonensis telomeres of LaTRF protein partners, since preliminary results from our group revealed a possible complex formed with LaTRF, LaRPA-1 and LaRbp38. In order to obtain the LaTRF recombinant protein, we ordered the optimized gene sequence and its subcloning in the bacterial expression vector pQE-2 (QIAGEN). Recombinant LaTRF was expressed in low amount, but in soluble form. Circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis showed that the recombinant LaTRF was in its folded state and able to be used in vitro protein:protein interaction assays with its potential partners: LaRbp38 and LaRPA-1. Immunoprecipitation, indirect immunofluorescence and pull-down assays revealed that LaTRF physically interacts with LaRbp38 using a TRFH-docking like motif present in proteins that interact with the TRFs, such as TIN2 (TRF interacting factor 2). This suggests that LaRbp38, similarly to TIN2, may play a role of stabilizing LaTRF in double strand and promote the interaction of this complex with for example LaRPA-1, previously described as a protein that binds to the single stranded telomeric DNA. This possibly explains why LaTRF physically interact with LaRbp38 but not with LaRPA-1, although they all co-immunoprecipitated in the same complex. Here we describe ...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-02Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000814106.pdf: 732963 bytes, checksum: 8b7a4ecacee61c02ff2c4e104577f4d9 (MD5) / O tratamento de cães com leishmaniose visceral no Brasil tem gerado polêmicas discussões entre os diversos segmentos de profissionais da saúde. De um lado os Médicos Veterinários pressionados pelos proprietários dos cães que querem ter o direito de decidir por um tratamento ou pela eutanásia de seus animais; de outro os Ministérios da Saúde e da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) que se mostram contrários a qualquer tratamento, motivados pelo risco de se criar cepas do parasita resistentes aos fármacos, os quais também podem ser empregados em pacientes humanos. Argumentos científicos que possam embasar essa polêmica devem ser explorados. Uma das possibilidades de se avaliar o desenvolvimento de resistência a fármacos pode ser conseguida por meio da pesquisa da expressão da glicoproteína-P (gp-P) e proteína de resistência a múltiplas drogas (MRP1), que atuam como bombas de efluxo expulsando xenobióticos de células, responsáveis pelo fenótipo MDR (resistência a múltiplas drogas). Avaliamos, pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica, a reatividade da gp-P e MRP1, clone C494 e ABCC1, respectivamente, na pele de 11 cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi antes e após serem submetidos a dois protocolos de tratamento: Alopurinol e vacina inativada (n=4) e Alopurinol, vacina inativada e domperidona (n=7) e quantificamos formas amastigotas na pele pela mesma técnica. Todos os animais após 3 e 6 meses de tratamento tiveram melhora clínica evidente e tiveram contagem negativa de formas amastigotas do parasita. Pele de cães com LV expressaram gp-P e MRP1, antes e após o tratamento, no entanto, este experimento permitiu concluir que a gp-P e MRP1 não foram bons marcadores para avaliar a eficácia terapêutica da LVC e para prever possíveis estados de resistência a fármacos. Todavia, o entendimento sobre a participação de marcadores de resistência a múltiplas drogas na pele de ... / The treatment of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has generated controversial debate among various segments of health professionals. On one side, veterinarians pressured by dog owners want to have the right to decide between treatment and euthanasia of their animals. On the other hand, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply (MAPA) are opposed to treatment because of the risk of creating strains of the parasite resistant to drugs that are also used for human patients. Scientific arguments that can support this controversy should be explored. One possibility for assessing the development of drug resistance can be achieved through research of the expression of Pglycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1). These proteins, which are responsible for the MDR phenotype (multiple drug resistance), act as efflux pumps which expel xenobiotics from cells. Using immunohistochemistry, the reactivity of P-gp (clone C494) and MRP1 (clone ABCC1) in the skin of 11 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi was analyzed before and after undergoing two treatment protocols: Allopurinol and inactivated vaccine (n=4) and Allopurinol, inactivated vaccine, and domperidone (n=7). Quantification of Leishmania amastigotes in the skin was also achieved via immunohistochemistry. All of the animals after 3 and 6 months of treatment had clinical improvement and tested negative for amastigote forms of the parasite. Yet, the skin of dogs positive for CVL (canine visceral leishmaniasis) expressed P-gp and MRP1 before and after treatment, illustrating that P-gp and MRP1 were neither good markers for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of CVL nor for predicting the possible states of drug resistance. However, an understanding of the participation of markers for multiple drug resistance in the skin of dogs under treatment for CVL can be of great importance for the development of an ...

Resumo:A leishmaniose representa um dos principais problemas de saúde pública do mundo. O protozoário do gênero Leishmania tem distribuição mundial e a epidemiologia da doença depende das características dos parasitas. As leishmanioses se dividem em leishmaniose visceral e tegumentar. O cão desempenha um papel fundamental na transmissão de L. infantum aos humanos e na epidemiologia da doença. Devido à adaptação da Leishmania a novos vetores ou hospedeiros é importante conhecer o agente etiológico circulante nos cães. As técnicas moleculares têm sido utilizadas para o diagnóstico das leishmanioses. A PCR-RFLP detecta e distingue as diferentes espécies do parasita. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar as espécies de Leishmania encontradas em 103 amostras de sangue periférico de cães naturalmente infectados por esse protozoário, do município de Bauru - SP. Para o diagnóstico da leishmaniose foi realizado o exame parasitológico, ELISA e PCR. A determinação das espécies de Leishmania foi realizada pelo método de PCR-RFLP. Para a identificação das espécies, o DNA amplificado da região intergênica ITS1 foi digerido com a enzima de restrição HaeIII. As amostras positivas para Leishmania ssp, mostraram um perfil de restrição idêntico a L. amazonensis em 77/103 amostras, em 17/103 foram semelhantes a L. infantum, e em 09/103 apresentaram perfil misto. Em conclusão, identificamos L. amazonensis infectando maior número de cães do que a L. infantum em cães no município de Bauru, SP / Abstract:Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem in the world. The protozoa of the genus Leishmania has worldwide distribution and epidemiology of the disease depends on the characteristics of the parasites. Leishmaniasis are divided into visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous. The dog plays a key role in the transmission of L. infantum to humans and in the epidemiology of the disease. Due to the adaptation of Leishmania to new hosts or vectors is important to know the current etiologic agent in dogs. Molecular techniques have been used for the diagnosis of leishmaniosis. The PCR-RFLP detects and distinguishes the different species of the parasite. The objective of this study was to identify the Leishmania species found in 103 samples of peripheral blood of dogs naturally infected with this protozoan, the city of Bauru - SP. For the diagnosis of leishmaniosis was determined by parasitological examination, indirect ELISA and PCR was performed. The determination of Leishmania species the DNA amplified intergenic region ITS1 was digested with the restriction enzyme HaeIII. Positive samples for Leishmania ssp. showed an identical restriction profile of L. amazonensis in 77/103 samples, 17/103 were similar to L. infantum, and 09/103 were mixed profile. In conclusion, we identified L. amazonensis greater number of dogs than L.infantum in Bauru city, SP / Orientador:Valéria Marçal Félix de Lima / Banca:Alex Akira Nakamura / Banca:José Eduardo Tolezano / Mestre

Orientador: Rosemeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos / Coorientador: Suely Mogami Bomfim / Banca: Hélio José Montassier / Banca: Márcia Ferreira da Rosa Sobreira / Banca: Maria Cecília Rui Luvizotto / Banca: Bárbara Cristina Mazzucatto / Resumo: A avaliação da medula óssea e das células do sangue em cães com leishmaniose visceral (LV) pode proporcionar valiosas informações, tanto quantitativas quanto qualitativas, relativas à hematopoiese. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a medula óssea de cães com LV, por meio de exame citológico, histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico (IHC), avaliando-se a carga parasitária, a quantidade de linfócitos e macrófagos, além de células expressando MHC de classe II, IFN-, IL-10, TNF-α e TGF-β, bem como sua repercussão nas células do sangue. Para tanto, foram utilizados 60 cães, sendo 54 infectados e seis animais não infectados. Os cães infectados apresentaram anemia normocítica normocrômica, porém sem alterações na linhagem eritroide da medula óssea, além de displasia granulocítica, megacariocítica e granulomas na medula óssea. A linfocitose observada na medula óssea se refletiu no sangue. No exame citológico, observou-se grande infiltração de macrófagos, linfócitos e plasmócitos nos animais infectados. Quanto à IHC, os cães infectados apresentaram grande quantidade de células imunomarcadas para TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-,TGF-β e macrófagos / Abstract: The evaluation of the bone marrow and blood cells in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) can provide valuable information, both quantitative and qualitative, on the hematopoiesis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the bone marrow of dogs with VL through cytological, histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) examination, evaluating the parasitic load, the amount of lymphocytes and macrophages and by cells expressing MHC class II, IFN-, IL-10, TNF-α and TGF-β, as well as its effect on blood cells. To this end, 60 dogs, 54 infected and six uninfected animals were used. Infected dogs showed normochromic normocytic anemia, but without any changes in the erythroid lineage bone marrow, and dysplasia granulocytic, megakaryocytic and granulomas in the bone marrow. The lymphocytosis in the bone marrow was reflected in the blood. On cytological examination, there was extensive infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells in infected animals. As for IHC, infected dogs showed large amount of immunostained cells to TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-10, IFN- and macrophages / Doutor