Bakgrund: Liberaliseringen av cannabis sker för tillfället på olika områden i världen och är ett väldebatterat ämne. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka potentiella effekter liberaliseringen av cannabis kan ha för bruk av cannabis, bruk av tyngre droger samt kriminalitet.Metod: Studierna som användes i denna uppsats samlades in med hjälp av sökningar i databasen PubMed som anses vara en av de största databaserna för medicinsk– och substansrelaterad forskning. 18 studier inkluderades i litteraturstudiens resultat. 8 studerade hur liberaliseringen påverkade rekreationsbruk och 10 studerade hur legalisering av medicinsk cannabis påverkade bruk av cannabis, bruk av tyngre narkotika och kriminalitet.Resultat: 6 fann att prevalensen för bruk av cannabis ökade efter en liberalisering av cannabis, 8 fann ingen skillnad och 2 fann en minskning av prevalensen. 2 studier fann att bruk av tyngre droger ökade efter en liberalisering av cannabis, 2 fann ingen skillnad och 2 fann en minskning. 2 studier fann att kriminaliteten inte påverkades av liberaliseringen av cannabis och 2 fann att den minskades.Slutsatser: Studierna visar att prevalensen för cannabis troligtvis ökar något eller hålls oförändrat efter en liberalisering. Liberaliseringens påverkan på tyngre droger är oklart då ingen klar majoritet återfanns i resultatet. Studierna tyder även på att kriminalitet antingen / Background: Liberalization of cannabis is a highly debated subject and is happening around the world. The aim of this study is collecting all relevant studies investigating potential effects the liberalization have on prevalence of cannabis, hard drugs and criminality.Methods: The studies were collected by searching in the database PubMed which is the largest database for medical and substance journals. 18 studies were found to have appropriate quality to be presented as a result. 8 studies were conducted regarding liberalization of recreational use of cannabis and 10 were investigating the effects on prevalence from a medical cannabis legislation.Results: 6 studies found an increase of prevalence of cannabis after the liberalization of cannabis, 8 found no difference and 2 found a decrease of prevalence. 2 studies found an increase in prevalence for hard drugs after a liberalization of cannabis, 2 studies found no difference in use and 2 found a decrease of prevalence. Regarding criminality no studies showed an increase of criminality after liberalization of cannabis, 2 studies found no difference and 2 studies found a decrease of prevalence.Conclusions: The studies indicate that there will either be a small increase of prevalence regarding use of cannabis after liberalization or no difference. Unclear evidence regarding hard drugs since no majority in results were found. Criminality seems to either be stable or decrease after a liberalization of cannabis.

Peacebuilding has been in the spotlight since the Cold War and forwards. Peacebuilding received great attention after the 9/11 incident when the United States declared war on terrorism. One of the countries that have suffered from war and conflict ever since the invasion of the Soviet Union, is Afghanistan. Afghanistan is a country in central Asia that has been involved in much aging in the past 35 years. Several international organizations such as the UN, the Swedish Afghanistan Committee, NATO and international countries have shown interest in peacebuilding in Afghanistan. But the path to achieving a peaceful Afghan society is an extremely difficult challenge that affects both Afghan institutions and the people of afghan society. Rebuilding or creating peace in a country affected by conflict has proven to be difficult in Afghanistan. Due to the country's situation, there is a constant change. To create peace, peace builders should focus on what aspects should be rebuilt for peacebuilding to move towards a more peaceful society. Research's theory institutionalization before liberalization Roland Paris argues that to reach a peaceful society the organization should rebuild effective institutions before the introduction of economic and democratic reforms in society. To rebuild the rule of law, the military forces should be stabilized as an institution in the rule of law. The military forces should be fully developed to protect the country from threats, including terrorism that limits peacebuilding and has a major impact on the rule of law.

The aim for this study is to examine how school personnel perceive adolescents attitude towards drugs and narcotics in general and, in this case, cannabis in particular over a time period of about eleven years. The study focuses on two smaller municipalities to determine whether the previous big city problems of drugs now also effects smaller cities. In the light of a world where cannabis has been liberalized in many countries, both in Europe and America, the question rises of how this will affect the Swedish youth and the Swedish schools. By the two cases examined in this study, one can determine that cannabis has been liberalized in the sense of it being more accepted among the adolescents even if the amount of people using not has risen notably during the examined period. This raises the question what this means for the school personnel, such as mentors, principals and school nurses. In the two cases examined in this study we can determine that the biggest difference in their case is how you must talk to the students about cannabis and how you must present the dangers of using it. Earlier it seems to have been easier to motivate a student not to smoke by mostly talking about how it affects your health negatively. Today, according to some of the respondents, the teachers and other personnel has to be more prepared to face counterargument from students concerning the use of cannabis and whether it is dangerous or not.

<p>Abstract</p><p>This study examines the conclusions made by Roland Paris in his case study of fourteen major post-war reconstruction efforts following the end of the Cold War, and applies them to the current reconstruction process in post-war Iraq. Paris found a common denominator of the fourteen cases – a belief that a rapid liberalization process, turning war-torn states into liberal market democracies, would foster sustainable peace. Paris calls this belief “Wilsonianism” after Woodrow Wilson, who was one of the first advocates of it. However, as it turned out this immediate liberalization generated a number of destabilizing side-effects, which endangered the very peace such policies were designed to strengthen.</p><p>Thus, the aim of this study is: to try whether the developments in Iraq after 1 May 2003 correspond with Paris’ conclusion from his study of peacebuilding operations during the 1990:s, that a rapid liberalization process endangers the very peace it is expected to bring about.</p><p>Even though I had some difficulties separating the involvement of the American-led coalition as an invading power as opposed to the power behind the liberalization process, I found Paris’ conclusion to be well in accordance with how the post-war reconstruction effort of Iraq has developed.</p>

Globalisation has long been a debated issue in the political debate and in academia. nevertheless, there is advantages and disadvantages globalisation has led to. Thus, the motive behind this study will examine global collaborations, particularly the Trade Agreement and its global organisations and who is responsible for its regulation. The survey will find answers to the questions posed, which are following: How can geo-economic / political tools affect international trading systems particularly Washington-Consensus and Bretton-Wood’s system? What are the challenges to maintaining an open globalised world?  The research design for this study was based on an explanatory qualitative theory-as case study of the UN Trade Agreements with member countries of the IMF, WTO, and WB. The Theoretical referendums applied are based on liberalism and Steger's dimensions of globalisation, including political, economic and cultural dimensions. The results showed a significant correlation how political strategies can affect the economic and other dimensions of globalisation. The study has observed economic models, where it was found that self-regulatory economic systems is not sufficient to generate wealth in the world. Hence, many cases it may be necessary to supplement the financial management to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The results showed that challenges from globalisation are highly tough and to some extent even necessary for the existence of humanity. furthermore, the study emphasises the importance of a globally functioning system, to save the planet, humans and create sustainable stable globalisation that generates everyone's prosperity without injustice.

Abstract This study examines the conclusions made by Roland Paris in his case study of fourteen major post-war reconstruction efforts following the end of the Cold War, and applies them to the current reconstruction process in post-war Iraq. Paris found a common denominator of the fourteen cases – a belief that a rapid liberalization process, turning war-torn states into liberal market democracies, would foster sustainable peace. Paris calls this belief “Wilsonianism” after Woodrow Wilson, who was one of the first advocates of it. However, as it turned out this immediate liberalization generated a number of destabilizing side-effects, which endangered the very peace such policies were designed to strengthen. Thus, the aim of this study is: to try whether the developments in Iraq after 1 May 2003 correspond with Paris’ conclusion from his study of peacebuilding operations during the 1990:s, that a rapid liberalization process endangers the very peace it is expected to bring about. Even though I had some difficulties separating the involvement of the American-led coalition as an invading power as opposed to the power behind the liberalization process, I found Paris’ conclusion to be well in accordance with how the post-war reconstruction effort of Iraq has developed.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><em>Bachelor thesis in political science by Alexander Hassan, autumn 2008, “Effects of external factors on a nations democratisation process during the transition from authoritarian to electoral democratic rule – A categorical analysis”</em></p><p><em>Supervisor: Tomas Sedelius</em></p><p>In recent years globalization has become a hot topic in understanding the world we live in today. Globalization has indeed had a great impact on international relations and with it a great influence on the domestic conditions that determine a nation’s possibilities. It is therefore rational to hold true that this also would apply to a nation’s democratic process. This basic notion is what lies as a foundation for the thesis, where the purpose of the study is to examine the relatively new field of the international context and its significance on democratisation.</p><p>The aim of the study is to examine and determine, through a categorical analysis, the different forms and roles that the external factors can take during the process leading up to the transition and implementation of an electoral democracy, the most basic form of democracy.</p><p>The thesis thus has demanded the study and infusion of all discourses within the field of democratisation processes, as the only way to produce the roles and forms of the international contexts impact on the domestic process is through the study and determination of the different domestic spheres associated with the process.</p><p>The different forms of external influences have been studied within the confines of the third wave of democracy, and their roles in the democratic process determined depending on the respective domestic spheres they affect. The significant result of the studies where chiefly that all forms of external influence have the possibility to affect the democratisation process indirectly as well as directly. Where direct influence is exerted within the political sphere of the nation; where the actual transition takes place, and the indirect influence is exerted through the socio-economical and cultural sphere; which exerts its influence in the process through the political sphere. </p><p>The results thus show that it is hard to draw the conclusion that an indirect form of influence would be superior to the direct approach or vice versa, as both are prevalent in successful democratic transitions.</p>

Abstract Bachelor thesis in political science by Alexander Hassan, autumn 2008, “Effects of external factors on a nations democratisation process during the transition from authoritarian to electoral democratic rule – A categorical analysis” Supervisor: Tomas Sedelius In recent years globalization has become a hot topic in understanding the world we live in today. Globalization has indeed had a great impact on international relations and with it a great influence on the domestic conditions that determine a nation’s possibilities. It is therefore rational to hold true that this also would apply to a nation’s democratic process. This basic notion is what lies as a foundation for the thesis, where the purpose of the study is to examine the relatively new field of the international context and its significance on democratisation. The aim of the study is to examine and determine, through a categorical analysis, the different forms and roles that the external factors can take during the process leading up to the transition and implementation of an electoral democracy, the most basic form of democracy. The thesis thus has demanded the study and infusion of all discourses within the field of democratisation processes, as the only way to produce the roles and forms of the international contexts impact on the domestic process is through the study and determination of the different domestic spheres associated with the process. The different forms of external influences have been studied within the confines of the third wave of democracy, and their roles in the democratic process determined depending on the respective domestic spheres they affect. The significant result of the studies where chiefly that all forms of external influence have the possibility to affect the democratisation process indirectly as well as directly. Where direct influence is exerted within the political sphere of the nation; where the actual transition takes place, and the indirect influence is exerted through the socio-economical and cultural sphere; which exerts its influence in the process through the political sphere.  The results thus show that it is hard to draw the conclusion that an indirect form of influence would be superior to the direct approach or vice versa, as both are prevalent in successful democratic transitions.

This thesis examines the political ideas of citizenship that can be found in Swedish education policies between 1962 and today. Furthermore, the thesis also examines how these ideas have changed over time. The material consist of four education policy bills that was adopted during the studied time period. The analytical tool of the study is based on three different ideal types of social citizenship: The socio-liberal citizenship, the libertarian citizenship and the republican citizenship. These ideal types also contains three different dimensions of social citizenship: Goals and values, characteristics of the citizens and rights and obligations. The primary findings of the study shows that a focus on public good and community engagement associated with the republican citizenship can be found in the bill from 1962, while in the bills from 1991-1993 the focus has shifted towards individual satisfaction and freedom of choice associated with the libertarian citizenship. In the bill from 2009 the shift is not as clear as ideas associated with the libertarian citizenship reappears in this bill as well. Although, the primary focus of the bill can be claimed to be on social justice, equality and social inclusion, associated with the socio-liberal citizenship. The results of the study thus indicates a shift from the republican citizenship in the 1960s, towards the libertarian citizenship in the 1990s and then towards the socio-liberal citizenship in the 2010s.