Machine learning has facilitated many recent advances in natural language processing and information extraction. Unfortunately, most machine learning methods rely on costly labeled data, which impedes their application to new problems. Even in the absence of labeled data we often have a wealth of prior knowledge about these problems. For example, we may know which labels particular words are likely to indicate for a sequence labeling task, or we may have linguistic knowledge suggesting probable dependencies for syntactic analysis. This thesis focuses on incorporating such prior knowledge into learning, with the goal of reducing annotation effort for information extraction and natural language processing tasks. We advocate constraints on expectations as a flexible and interpretable language for encoding prior knowledge. We focus on the development of Generalized Expectation (GE), a method for learning with expectation constraints and unlabeled data. We explore the various flexibilities afforded by GE criteria, derive efficient algorithms for GE training, and relate GE to other methods for incorporating prior knowledge into learning. We then use GE to develop lightly supervised approaches to text classification, dependency parsing, sequence labeling, and entity resolution that yield accurate models for these tasks with minimal human effort. We also consider the incorporation of GE into interactive training systems that actively solicit prior knowledge from the user and assist the user in evaluating and analyzing model predictions.

This dissertation analyses precast walls made of plain concrete and lightly reinforced concrete. The main focus is on evaluating the concrete and the reinforcement of precast concrete wall panels in relation to manufacturing, handling, and final phases. The dynamic load component of panels during handling was measured in controlled tests. Shrinkage measurement was implemented during the maturing process of the concrete used for panel manufacturing. The value of cohesion was observed between the reinforcement and the concrete that had matured for 20 hours. It was also looked at the value of adhesive strength between the panel surface and the casting table. The experimental study checked the panel strain during removal from the casting table, the panel compression during a truck ride over an obstacle, and the tension in the carriage strap during panel transportation to the building site. Mathematical formulas were drawn up to validate the concrete and reinforcement of wall panels made of lightly reinforced concrete. Those mathematical formulas were applied in a specific panel wall design and the results were verified by nonlinear numerical models.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第19849号 / 情博第600号 / 新制||情||104(附属図書館) / 32885 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 河原 達也, 教授 黒橋 禎夫, 教授 鹿島 久嗣 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

This mixed methods thesis provides a cumulative study of bamboo as a natural material and building product through the lenses of architectural and product design, engineering, manufacturing, agriculture, material science, environmental science, history, and culture. All case study work is based in the context of coastal Ecuador. The main goal of the thesis is to explore an identified need for a bamboo relief housing system that has the attributes of longevity and quality, but is also rapidly deployable via pre-fabrication. This exploration is performed with the methodology of an in-country applied product and process design, physical prototyping of elements and joints, mechanical performance testing, a case study house design, and a comparative cost analysis with an alternative bamboo relief home. Results of these methods include a successful on-site fabrication process for cross-laminated floor panels installed into culm-frame structure, adequate floor system bending data for design incorporation, and a cost-effective design proposal compared to bamboo disaster-relief precedence. This thesis has the potential to be built upon to the result of real-world environmental, economic, and social impact. / Master of Science / This thesis addresses the use of bamboo in coastal Ecuador from the perspectives of architectural and product design, engineering, manufacturing, agriculture, material science, environmental science, history, and culture. Specifically focused on is the need for post-disaster bamboo housing that is factory-built, and therefore quickly deployable when needed, but also designed for durability and longevity, providing people with safe and dignified living conditions in times of severe need. It is concluded that the proposed system has merit, but will require further research and testing to prove its exact role in Ecuador and/or elsewhere. Ultimately, this work is important to solving greater global environmental issues such as increasing atmospheric CO2, increasing natural disaster frequency and intensity, and increasing human population and the accompanying housing demand.

Fundações profundas, quando solicitadas ao carregamento lateral, são regidas por três critérios de projeto: resistência última do solo, carga última do elemento estrutural e deflexão máxima. Esses critérios atuam em conjunto e é necessário que sejam analisados dessa forma, visto que a falha de um deles é capaz de acarretar o colapso de todo sistema. No que tange à resistência do solo, metodologias de capacidade de carga existentes traduzem o comportamento de solos granulares e coesivos. Dada a particularidade da atuação de solos residuais na mecânica dos solos, não há uma metodologia abrangente para estacas sujeitas a solicitação de carregamento lateral nesse tipo de solo, o qual apresenta comportamento intermediário e estrutura levemente cimentada. Em vista disso, o presente trabalho propõe um método de estimativa de capacidade de carga para estacas carregadas horizontalmente, quando inseridas em solo residual e em casos em que as mesmas apresentam topo locado em superfície de solo tratado. Dessa forma, dados de provas de carga lateral pré-existentes e ensaios de laboratório executados ao longo da pesquisa serviram como base para a proposição do método, fundamentado no comportamento do material quando solicitado ao carregamento lateral Ensaios de resistência à compressão simples, compressão oedométrica, compressão isotrópica e ensaios triaxiais com medidas de módulo cisalhante demonstram que há um ponto em que se dá a quebra da estrutura cimentada do solo, passando o mesmo a se apresentar num arranjo desestruturado, refletido em maiores deformações. Uma relação linear é capaz de equacionar a capacidade de carga, tanto para estacas inseridas em solo residual quanto para estacas executadas em solo com camada superficial melhorada. Essa relação é estabelecida entre a carga de ruptura das estacas ensaiadas e a área de solo adjacente à mesma, mobilizada pelo carregamento. Os resultados demonstram que a capacidade de carga das estacas estudadas é regida pela tensão de plastificação do material. O equacionamento proposto possibilita a obtenção da carga de ruptura com base em ensaios simples e de fácil execução, tal como o ensaio de resistência à compressão simples que estabelece relação direta com a tensão de plastificação do solo estudado. / Deep foundations, when requested to lateral loading, are governed by three design criteria: ultimate soil strength, piles’ ultimate load, and maximum deflection. These criteria act together and must be analyzed in this way, since the failure of one of them is capable of causing the collapse of the entire system. Regarding soil resistance, the current bearing capacity methodologies describe the behavior of granular and cohesive soils. Given the particular behavior of the residual soils in the soil mechanics, there is no comprehensive methodology for piles subject to lateral loads and inserted in this soil type, which presents an intermediate behavior and a lightly cemented structure. Thus, the present work proposes an estimated bearing capacity for crosswise loaded piles, when inserted in residual soil and in soil with the top layer cemented. So, data from preexisting lateral loading tests and laboratory tests, performed during the research, served as a basis for the proposition of the method, based on the behavior of the material when requested to lateral loading Unconfined compression tests, oedometer consolidation tests, isotropic compression, and triaxial tests with measures of shear modulus demonstrate that there is a point where the soil's cemented structure breaks down, presenting itself in a destructured arrangement, reflected by larger strains. A linear relationship is capable of equating the bearing capacity for both, piles inserted in residual soil and piles carried out in soil with improved surface layer. This relationship is established between the rupture load of the piles tested and the area of soil adjacent to it mobilized by the loading. The results shows that the piles' bearing capacity is governed by the yield stress of the material. The proposed equation makes it possible to obtain the rupture load based on simple and easy tests, such as the unconfined compression test that establishes a direct relationship with the yield stress of the studied soil.

Fundações profundas, quando solicitadas ao carregamento lateral, são regidas por três critérios de projeto: resistência última do solo, carga última do elemento estrutural e deflexão máxima. Esses critérios atuam em conjunto e é necessário que sejam analisados dessa forma, visto que a falha de um deles é capaz de acarretar o colapso de todo sistema. No que tange à resistência do solo, metodologias de capacidade de carga existentes traduzem o comportamento de solos granulares e coesivos. Dada a particularidade da atuação de solos residuais na mecânica dos solos, não há uma metodologia abrangente para estacas sujeitas a solicitação de carregamento lateral nesse tipo de solo, o qual apresenta comportamento intermediário e estrutura levemente cimentada. Em vista disso, o presente trabalho propõe um método de estimativa de capacidade de carga para estacas carregadas horizontalmente, quando inseridas em solo residual e em casos em que as mesmas apresentam topo locado em superfície de solo tratado. Dessa forma, dados de provas de carga lateral pré-existentes e ensaios de laboratório executados ao longo da pesquisa serviram como base para a proposição do método, fundamentado no comportamento do material quando solicitado ao carregamento lateral Ensaios de resistência à compressão simples, compressão oedométrica, compressão isotrópica e ensaios triaxiais com medidas de módulo cisalhante demonstram que há um ponto em que se dá a quebra da estrutura cimentada do solo, passando o mesmo a se apresentar num arranjo desestruturado, refletido em maiores deformações. Uma relação linear é capaz de equacionar a capacidade de carga, tanto para estacas inseridas em solo residual quanto para estacas executadas em solo com camada superficial melhorada. Essa relação é estabelecida entre a carga de ruptura das estacas ensaiadas e a área de solo adjacente à mesma, mobilizada pelo carregamento. Os resultados demonstram que a capacidade de carga das estacas estudadas é regida pela tensão de plastificação do material. O equacionamento proposto possibilita a obtenção da carga de ruptura com base em ensaios simples e de fácil execução, tal como o ensaio de resistência à compressão simples que estabelece relação direta com a tensão de plastificação do solo estudado. / Deep foundations, when requested to lateral loading, are governed by three design criteria: ultimate soil strength, piles’ ultimate load, and maximum deflection. These criteria act together and must be analyzed in this way, since the failure of one of them is capable of causing the collapse of the entire system. Regarding soil resistance, the current bearing capacity methodologies describe the behavior of granular and cohesive soils. Given the particular behavior of the residual soils in the soil mechanics, there is no comprehensive methodology for piles subject to lateral loads and inserted in this soil type, which presents an intermediate behavior and a lightly cemented structure. Thus, the present work proposes an estimated bearing capacity for crosswise loaded piles, when inserted in residual soil and in soil with the top layer cemented. So, data from preexisting lateral loading tests and laboratory tests, performed during the research, served as a basis for the proposition of the method, based on the behavior of the material when requested to lateral loading Unconfined compression tests, oedometer consolidation tests, isotropic compression, and triaxial tests with measures of shear modulus demonstrate that there is a point where the soil's cemented structure breaks down, presenting itself in a destructured arrangement, reflected by larger strains. A linear relationship is capable of equating the bearing capacity for both, piles inserted in residual soil and piles carried out in soil with improved surface layer. This relationship is established between the rupture load of the piles tested and the area of soil adjacent to it mobilized by the loading. The results shows that the piles' bearing capacity is governed by the yield stress of the material. The proposed equation makes it possible to obtain the rupture load based on simple and easy tests, such as the unconfined compression test that establishes a direct relationship with the yield stress of the studied soil.

Fundações profundas, quando solicitadas ao carregamento lateral, são regidas por três critérios de projeto: resistência última do solo, carga última do elemento estrutural e deflexão máxima. Esses critérios atuam em conjunto e é necessário que sejam analisados dessa forma, visto que a falha de um deles é capaz de acarretar o colapso de todo sistema. No que tange à resistência do solo, metodologias de capacidade de carga existentes traduzem o comportamento de solos granulares e coesivos. Dada a particularidade da atuação de solos residuais na mecânica dos solos, não há uma metodologia abrangente para estacas sujeitas a solicitação de carregamento lateral nesse tipo de solo, o qual apresenta comportamento intermediário e estrutura levemente cimentada. Em vista disso, o presente trabalho propõe um método de estimativa de capacidade de carga para estacas carregadas horizontalmente, quando inseridas em solo residual e em casos em que as mesmas apresentam topo locado em superfície de solo tratado. Dessa forma, dados de provas de carga lateral pré-existentes e ensaios de laboratório executados ao longo da pesquisa serviram como base para a proposição do método, fundamentado no comportamento do material quando solicitado ao carregamento lateral Ensaios de resistência à compressão simples, compressão oedométrica, compressão isotrópica e ensaios triaxiais com medidas de módulo cisalhante demonstram que há um ponto em que se dá a quebra da estrutura cimentada do solo, passando o mesmo a se apresentar num arranjo desestruturado, refletido em maiores deformações. Uma relação linear é capaz de equacionar a capacidade de carga, tanto para estacas inseridas em solo residual quanto para estacas executadas em solo com camada superficial melhorada. Essa relação é estabelecida entre a carga de ruptura das estacas ensaiadas e a área de solo adjacente à mesma, mobilizada pelo carregamento. Os resultados demonstram que a capacidade de carga das estacas estudadas é regida pela tensão de plastificação do material. O equacionamento proposto possibilita a obtenção da carga de ruptura com base em ensaios simples e de fácil execução, tal como o ensaio de resistência à compressão simples que estabelece relação direta com a tensão de plastificação do solo estudado. / Deep foundations, when requested to lateral loading, are governed by three design criteria: ultimate soil strength, piles’ ultimate load, and maximum deflection. These criteria act together and must be analyzed in this way, since the failure of one of them is capable of causing the collapse of the entire system. Regarding soil resistance, the current bearing capacity methodologies describe the behavior of granular and cohesive soils. Given the particular behavior of the residual soils in the soil mechanics, there is no comprehensive methodology for piles subject to lateral loads and inserted in this soil type, which presents an intermediate behavior and a lightly cemented structure. Thus, the present work proposes an estimated bearing capacity for crosswise loaded piles, when inserted in residual soil and in soil with the top layer cemented. So, data from preexisting lateral loading tests and laboratory tests, performed during the research, served as a basis for the proposition of the method, based on the behavior of the material when requested to lateral loading Unconfined compression tests, oedometer consolidation tests, isotropic compression, and triaxial tests with measures of shear modulus demonstrate that there is a point where the soil's cemented structure breaks down, presenting itself in a destructured arrangement, reflected by larger strains. A linear relationship is capable of equating the bearing capacity for both, piles inserted in residual soil and piles carried out in soil with improved surface layer. This relationship is established between the rupture load of the piles tested and the area of soil adjacent to it mobilized by the loading. The results shows that the piles' bearing capacity is governed by the yield stress of the material. The proposed equation makes it possible to obtain the rupture load based on simple and easy tests, such as the unconfined compression test that establishes a direct relationship with the yield stress of the studied soil.

Introduktion: I dagens intensivvård hålls patienter som vårdas i respirator mer ytligt sederade. Patienterna blir berövade sitt verbala tal och behandlas i en miljö som kan upplevas som skrämmande. Detta ställer högre krav på sjuksköterskan, att bemöta patientens psykosociala behov på ett bra sätt och etablera en vårdande relation. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att skapa en vårdande relation med en vaken eller lätt sederad patient som vårdas i respirator på en intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: En kvalitativ induktiv design användes och data insamlades med hjälp av fyra fokusgruppsintervjuer, med totalt 14 kvinnliga sjuksköterskor med minst två års yrkeserfarenhet av intensivvård. Studien utgick från tre intensivvårdsenheter i västra Sverige. Den insamlade datan analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att skapa en vårdande relation med en vaken eller lätt sederad patient som vårdas i respirator, tolkades utifrån följande teman för att belysa olika faktorer som är av vikt: kommunikation i mötet, att lyfta fram personen bakom patienten, det vårdande rummet och när relationen försvåras. Slutsats: Att med hjälp av kommunikation skapa en gemensam förståelse, att lära känna patienten och orientera patienten i nuet, att vårda med respekt och trygghet och slutligen att sträva efter att lösa eventuella hinder som uppstår på vägen, var alla centrala faktorer i skapandet av en vårdande relation. Som blivande intensivvårdssjuksköterskor anser författarna att studien ger viktiga infallsvinklar i problemområdet som kan vara användbara i deras kommande yrkesroll. / Introduction: In today's intensive care, patients who are mechanically ventilated are more often lightly sedated. Patients are deprived of their verbal communication and treated in an environment that they can find frightening. This puts greater demands on the nurse, in order to respond to the patient's psychosocial needs in a positive way and establish a caring relationship. Aim: To illuminate nurses’ experience of creating a caring relationship with an awake or lightly sedated patient undergoing mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit. Method: A qualitative inductive design was used and data was collected with four focus groups, with a total of 14 female registered nurses with at least two years professional experience of intensive care. The study was conducted at three intensive care units in western Sweden. Data was analysed with a qualitative content analysis.   Result: Nurses' experience of creating a caring relationship with an awake or lightly sedated patient undergoing mechanical ventilation, was interpreted on the basis of the following themes to highlight the various factors that are of importance; communication in the meeting, to highlight the person behind the patient, the room of caring and when the relationship is complicated. Conclusion: Using communication to create a common understanding, to get to know the patient and orient the patient in the present, to provide care with respect and impart a sense of comfort, and finally strive to resolve any challenges that may arise along the way, were all key factors in creating a caring relationship. As future intensive care nurses, the authors consider that the study provides important insights into the problem area that may be useful in their future profession.

Negative-imaginary systems are broadly speaking stable and square (equal number of inputs and outputs) systems whose Nyquist plot lies underneath (never touches for strictly negative-imaginary systems) the real axis when the frequency varies in the open interval 0 to ∞. This class of systems appear quite often in engineering applications, for example, in lightly damped flexible structures with collocated position sensors and force actuators, multi-link robots, DC machines, active filters, etc. In this thesis, robustness analysis and controller synthesis methods for uncertain negative-imaginary systems are explored. Two new reformulation techniques are proposed that facilitate both the robustness analysis and controller synthesis for uncertain negative-imaginary systems. These reformulations are based on the transformation from negative-imaginary systems to a bounded-real framework via the positive-real property. In the presence of strictly negative-imaginary uncertainty, the robust stabilization problem is posed in an equivalent H∞ control framework; similarly, a negative-imaginary robust performance analysis problem is cast into an equivalent μ-framework. The latter framework also allows robust stability analysis when the perturbations are a mixture of bounded-real and negative-imaginary uncertainties. The proposed two techniques pave the way for existing H∞ control and μ theory to be applied to robustness analysis and controller synthesis for negative-imaginary systems. In addition, a static state-feedback synthesis method is proposed to achieve robust stability of a system in the presence of strictly negative-imaginary uncertainties. The method is developed in the LMI framework, which can be solved efficiently using convex optimization techniques. The controller synthesis method is based on the negative-imaginary stability theorem: a positive feedback interconnection of two negative-imaginary systems is internally stable if and only if the DC loop gain is contractive and at least one of the systems in the interconnected loop is strictly negative-imaginary. Also, in order to handle non-strict negative-imaginary uncertainties, a strongly strictly negative-imaginary lemma is proposed that helps to ensure the strictly negative-imaginary property of the nominal closed-loop system for robustness. To this end, a state-space characterization for strictly negative-imaginary property is given for non-minimal systems where the conditions are convex and hence numerically attractive. The results in this thesis hence facilitate both the robustness analysis and controller synthesis for negative-imaginary systems that quite often arise in practical scenarios. In addition, they can be applied to quantify the worse-case performance for this class of systems. Therefore, the proposed results have important implications in controller synthesis for uncertain negative-imaginary systems that achieve not only robust stabilization but also robust performance.

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visar att invasiv ventilation varit obehagligt för patienterna, därav har de varit djupt sederade. Rutinerna har ändrats och numera är patienterna ofta lätt sederade under invasiv ventilation på IVA. Lätt sedering har visats ge positiva fysiologiska effekter. Därför är det av stor vikt att belysa patienternas upplevelser av att vara lätt sederade under invasiv ventilation. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva lätt sederade patienters upplevelser under invasiv ventilation på IVA. Metod: En strukturerad litteraturstudie med systematisk datainsamling har genomförts. 13 resultatartiklar inkluderades efter kvalitetsgranskning. Det kvalitativa innehållet analyserades med hjälp av dataextraktion. Resultat: Följande tre huvudkategorier, med subkategorier, utgjorde resultatet: Upplevelser av sitt tillstånd, Upplevelser av att bli sedd och hörd och Upplevelser av längtan. Patienterna hade både positiva och negativa upplevelser av att vara lätt sederade. Upplevelser av maktlöshet och förlorad värdighet var centralt i resultatet. Majoriteten av patienterna ville trots allt vara lätt sederade. Flera förbättringsområden framkom ur resultatet baserat på patienternas upplevelser. Slutsats: Resultatet kan ge ökad kunskap hos IVA-sjuksköterskan för att förbättra patienternas vårdupplevelse genom förbättringsarbeten inom verksamheten. Patienternas vårdvistelse kan underlättas med hjälp av hälsofrämjande åtgärder med minskad risk för vårdlidande. Sjuksköterske-patient ratio 1:1 tror författarna kan ge ökad patientfokuserad vård. Litteraturstudien har kartlagt befintlig forskning och även förslag på vidare forskning inom ämnet. / Background: Earlier research show that invasive ventilation has been uncomfortable for the patients. Therefore the patients have been deeply sedated. Routines have changed and the patients are nowadays often lightly sedated during invasive ventilation in the ICU. Light sedation results in positive physical effects. It's important to illuminate the patients'  experiences by light sedation during invasive ventilation. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe lightly sedated patients experiences during invasive ventilation in the ICU.  Method: A structured literature study with systematic data collection was implemented. 13 articles was included after quality control. The qualitative content were analyzed with data extraction.  Result: The result were constituted by the following three main categories with subcategories: Experiences of the condition, Experiences of being seen and heard, and Experiences by yearning. The patients expressed both positive and negative experiences associated with light sedation. Experiences of powerlessness and lost dignity were central parts of the result. Nevertheless, the majority of patients wanted to be lightly sedated. Several areas of improvement emerged from the result based on the patients' experiences. Conclusion: The result can provide the ICU-nurse with increased knowledge about the patients experiences of care during improvement within the intensive care. Patients hospital stay could be facilitated by health-promoted actions and reduced risk of suffering in care. The authors believe that nurse-patient ratio 1:1 can provide increased patient-focused care. The literature study has also illustrated the existing research and ideas for further research.