Bakgrund: Fler barn än någonsin överlever med kronisk sjukdom. När ett barn får en kronisk sjukdom påverkar det inte bara barnet i fråga, utan hela familjen. Det innebär att vårdpersonal är i mer behov än någonsin att kunna behandla och bemöta både det sjuka barnet så väl som veta hur bästa ta hand om familjen. Vårdnadshavarnas känslor och upplevelser i situationer kring barnets sjukdom, påverkar barnets välbefinnande. Därför är det viktigt att veta om vilka dessa känslor och upplevelser är för att kunna bemöta dem. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdnadshavarnas upplevelser av att leva med ett kroniskt sjukt barn. Metod: Litteraturöversikt där 9 kvalitativa artiklar, analyserade induktivt. Analysen gjordes med Fribergs 5-stegsmodell. Resultat: Det framkom fyra huvudsakliga teman. 1. Vårdnadshavarna upplevde ”Förändrade förhållanden i livet”. 2. Känslan av att ”Förlora kontrollen”. 3. Här presenteras vårdnadshavarnas upplevelser i “Det mellanmänskliga mötet”. 4. Vårdnadshavarna visade också “Lättnad”. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskans medvetenhet om vårdnadshavarnas påverkan och dennes förmåga att stötta dem i omvårdnaden av ett kroniskt sjukt barn är viktig. Familjecentrerad omvårdnad anses vara ett bra sätt för sjuksköterskan att involvera familjen i barnets vård. / Background: More child than ever survive a chronical illness. A chronical illness impacts the child in regard and the whole family. The healthcare workers are more required than ever to know how to treat the ill child and take care of the family. The guardians feelings and experiences related to the illness, have an impact on the child's well being. Therefore it is important to know those feelings and experiences, in order to attend them. Aim: This literature review aims to explore the experiences of guardians living with a chronically ill child. Method: Literature review of 9 qualitative articles, with inductive analysis. The analysis was done using Friberg's 5-step model. Results: There were found four main themes. 1. The guardians experienced "Changed relationships in Life". 2. The feeling of "Losing control". 3. Here the experiences of the “Interpersonal meeting” are presented. 4. The guardians also showed experiences of “Relief". Conclusion: The nurse's awareness of the impact on the guardians and her ability to support them in nursing a chronically ill child is important. Family-centered nursing is considered a good way to involve the family in the child's care.

Bakgrund: Hot och våld finns i så pass stor utsträckning på akutmottagningar att det idag anses vara en del av arbetet. Ökningen av hot och våld ger en förändring av arbetssättet då de skapar utmaningar att bedriva en god och säker vård. Sjuksköterskan har en stor risk att inte klara av att utföra sitt arbete ordentligt då erfarenhet från hot och våld kan ge negativa konsekvenser på arbetet. Detta leder till att arbetet inte utförs patientsäkert. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva hur omvårdnaden påverkas av hot och våld ur sjuksköterskans perspektiv på akutmottagningar. Metod: Genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt där elva kvalitativa artiklar inkluderades. Sökningar gjordes via databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Artiklarna har analyserats efter en innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tre kategorier identifierades. Stress, säkerhet & miljö, Rädsla & professionalitet och Ledningens närvaro & stöd. Påverkan från miljön förekom i ett flertal studier. Ett annat fynd var att stress hade stor påverkan på sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsarbete. Slutsats: Känslor som rädsla och osäkerhet är en del av vardagen för sjuksköterskan. Sjuksköterskans känslor nonchaleras och bortprioriteras av ledning och chefer. Det krävs bättre rutiner vid hantering av hot och våld för att sjuksköterskan ska kunna utföra sitt arbete och hantera sina känslor. / Background: Threat and violence is considered to be a part of the daily work. The increase of threats and violence brings a change in the workplace as they create challenges to conduct a good and safe care. The nurse is at high risk of failing to perform the work properly, since experience from threats and violence can adversely affect work. This means that the work is not carried out according to patient safe. Aim: The purpose of the literature review is to describe how nursing care is affected by threats and violence from the nurse's perspective in emergency centers. Method: This study was conducted as a literature review whereof eleven articles are included. Searches were made within databases CINAHL and PubMed. The articles were analyzed with a content analysis. Result: Three categories were identified. Stress, Safety & Environment, Fear & Professionalism and Management's Presence & Support. Environmental impacts have been found. Another common finding was that stress had a major impact on the nurse's nursing work. Conclusion: Feelings like fear and insecurity are part of everyday life for the nurse. Nurses’ emotions is out of priority by management and managers. Better procedures are needed with threats and violence in order for the nurse to be able to do her work and to handle her feelings.

Context: Mutation testing is a fault-based technique for measuring the effectiveness of a test set in terms of its ability to detect faults. Mutation testing seeds artificial faults into an application and checks whether a test suite can detect them. If these faults are not found, the test suite is still not considered to be 'good enough'. However, there are also mutations which keep the program semantics unchanged and thus cannot be detected by any test suite. Finding a way to assess these mutations is also known as the equivalent mutant problem (EMP). Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to conduct a systematic literature review in the field of mutation testing, to identify and classify existing methods for equivalent mutants detection. In addiction, other objectives are: analyze possibilities to improve existing methods for equivalent mutant detection, implement new or improved method and compare it with existing ones. Methods: Based on the systematic literature review method we have went over publications from six electronic databases and one conference proceedings. Standard method was extended by scanning lists of references and some alternative sources: searching in Google Scholar, checking personal websites of relevant authors and contacting all of them. We have performed all the systematic literature review steps such as the protocol development, initial selection, final selection, quality assessment, data extraction and data synthesis. In the second part of this thesis - an experiment, we have implemented four second order mutation testing strategies and compared them each other from four different perspectives: mutants reduction, equivalent mutants reduction, fault detection loss and mutation testing process time reduction. Results: The search identified 17 relevant techniques in 22 articles. Three categories of techniques can be distinguished: detecting (DEM), suggesting (SEM) and avoiding equivalent mutants generation (AEMG). Furthermore, for each technique current state of development and some ideas on how to improve it are provided. The experiment proved that DifferentOperators strategy gives the best results in all four investigated areas. In addition, time for manual mutants classification against equivalence was measured. Assessing one first order mutant takes 11 minutes 49 seconds, while for the second order mutants classification time is 9 minutes 36 seconds in average. Conclusions: After three decades of studies, results obtained for techniques from the DEM group are still far from perfection (best one is detecting 47,63% of equivalent mutants). Thus, new paths for the solution have been developed - SEM and AEMG group. Methods from both categories help in dealing with EMP, however from SEM provide only mutants likely to equivalent, while from AEMG cause some loss of test effectiveness. The conclusion from the experiment is that DifferentOperators strategy gives the best results among all proposed.

Abstract—Background: Software Process Improvement (SPI) maturity models have been developed to assist organizations to enhance software quality. Agile methodologies are used to ensure productivity and quality of a software product. Amongst others they are applied in Small and Medium – sized Enterprises (SMEs). However, little is known about the combination of Agile methodologies and SPI maturity models regarding SMEs and the results that could emerge, as all the current SPI models are addressed to larger organizations and all these improvement models are difficult to be used by Small and Medium – sized firms. Combinations of these methodologies could lead to improvement in the quality of the software products, better project management methodologies and organized software development framework. Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify the main Agile methodologies and SPI maturity models applied in SMEs, the combinations of these methodologies, and the results that could emerge. Through these combinations, new software development frameworks are proposed. What is more, the results of this study can be used as a guide with the appropriate combination for each SME, as a better project management methodology or as improvement in the current software engineering practices. Methods: A Systematic Literature Review was conducted, resulting in 71 selected relevant papers ranging from 2001 to 2013. Besides, a survey has been performed from June 2013 to October 2013, including 49 participants. Results: Seven Agile methodologies and six different SPI maturity models were identified and discussed. Furthermore, the combination of eight different Agile methodologies and Software Process Improvement maturity models is presented, and as well as their benefits and drawbacks that could emerge in Small and Medium – sized firms. Conclusion: The majority of the Agile methodologies and SPI maturity models are addressed to large or very large enterprises. Thus, little research has been conducted for SMEs. The combinations of the Agile methodologies and SPI maturity models are usually performed in experimental stages. However, it has been observed that such type of combination could present numerous benefits, which can also be applicable in SMEs as well. The combinations that are most common are the CMMI and XP, CMMI and Scrum, CMMI and Six Sigma, and the PRINCE2 and DSDM. / 0034-636835645

Context: Software cost and effort estimation are important activities for planning and estimation of software projects. One major player for cost and effort estimation is functional size of software which can be measured in variety of methods. Having several methods for measuring one entity, converting outputs of these methods becomes important. Objectives: In this study we investigate different techniques that have been proposed for conversion between different Functional Size Measurement (FSM) techniques. We addressed conceptual similarities and differences between methods, empirical approaches proposed for conversion, evaluation of the proposed approaches and improvement opportunities that are available for current approaches. Finally, we proposed a new conversion model based on accumulated data. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review for investigating the similarities and differences between FSM methods and proposed approaches for conversion. We also identified some improvement opportunities for the current conversion approaches. Sources for articles were IEEE Xplore, Engineering Village, Science Direct, ISI, and Scopus. We also performed snowball sampling to decrease chance of missing any relevant papers. We also evaluated the existing models for conversion after merging the data from publicly available datasets. By bringing suggestions for improvement, we developed a new model and then validated it. Results: Conceptual similarities and differences between methods are presented along with all methods and models that exist for conversion between different FSM methods. We also came with three major contributions for existing empirical methods; for one existing method (piecewise linear regression) we used a systematic and rigorous way of finding discontinuity point. We also evaluated several existing models to test their reliability based on a merged dataset, and finally we accumulated all data from literature in order to find the nature of relation between IFPUG and COSMIC using LOESS regression technique. Conclusions: We concluded that many concepts used by different FSM methods are common which enable conversion. In addition statistical results show that the proposed approach to enhance piecewise linear regression model slightly increases model’s test results. Even this small improvement can affect projects’ cost largely. Results of evaluation of models show that it is not possible to say which method can predict unseen data better than others and it depends on the concerns of practitioner that which model should be used. And finally accumulated data confirms that empirical relation between IFPUG and COSMIC is not linear and can be presented by two separate lines better than other models. Also we noted that unlike COSMIC manual’s claim that discontinuity point should be around 200 FP, in merged dataset discontinuity point is around 300 to 400. Finally we proposed a new conversion approach using systematic approach and piecewise linear regression. By testing on new data, this model shows improvement in MMRE and Pred(25). / Javad Amiri: Nabshe Kooche 3, Bolvare shadi, Farhangian 2, Qom, Iran, phone: +989127476593 Vinod Kumar: s/o P.V.Kondala Rao, Main Road Khaji Street Rajahmundry. A.P. India pin: 533101 phone: +917396449336

The purpose of this study is to look for influencing factors on virtual knowledge sharing in Chinese context. To achieve this, a literature review was conducted using the systematic approach described by Webster & Watson (2002). There has been made quite a lot of research about knowledge sharing and virtual communities in Chinese context, but I have not found any literature review that synthesizes it. 14 factors, modeled as concepts, were found in 35 articles, and then synthesized like a concept model. The factors are: face; collectivism; guanxi; in-group/out-group distinction; modesty; hierarchy; competitiveness; informal communication; instant messaging; Confucian dynamism; incentives; language; time spent/time saved, and trust. Research gaps, trends, and implications for developers and managers are discussed. The value of this literature review is that it will make it easier for future scholars and researchers that are doing research in knowledge sharing. This paper also provides useful knowledge for developers and managers of knowledge sharing systems in Chinese contexts.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskans uppgift i hälso- och sjukvården är att värna om patientens styrkor i omvårdnaden. Personcentrerad omvårdnad innebär att ett holistiskt synsätt och förhållningssätt till patienten praktiseras i omvårdnaden. Orems egenvårdsteori innebär att patientens hälsa främjas av att bedriva egenvård. Autonomi innebär självständighet och självbestämmande. Patientautonomi försummas inom omvårdnaden och det är därför väsentligt att undersöka patientens uppfattning av autonomins betydelse. Syfte: Att beskriva äldre och medelålders patienters upplevelse av autonomins betydelse vid omvårdnad. Metod: En litteraturöversikt där (n=16) kvalitativa artiklar söktes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Analysen har skett genom att hitta teman och subteman utifrån likheter/skillnader i artiklarnas resultat. Resultat: Äldre och medelålders patienter upplevde att autonomi vid omvårdnad påverkade deras värdighet och identitet. Dessa påverkade patienternas välbefinnande och livskvalitet. Sjuksköterskan hade en betydande roll för möjligheten till autonomi, där tidsbrist, respekt för patienten och egna attityder kunde påverka autonomin. Majoriteten av patienterna upplevde inte autonomi vid omvårdnad. Konklusion: Både sjuksköterskan och patienten upplever att patientautonomi försummas vid omvårdnad vilket påverkar patientens välbefinnande och livskvalitet negativt. Tidigare forskning i ämnet är begränsat och det behövs vidare forskning kring ämnet. / Background: The nurse's role in the health-care is to defend the patient's abilities. Person-centred care refers to the practice of a holistic approach towards the patient in the nursing care. Orem's theory of self care intends that patients' health benefits from practicing self care. Autonomy means independency and self-determination. Patient autonomy is found in previous research to be neglected in the nursing care, which makes it essential to further investigate the patient's experience of the meaning of autonomy. Aim: To describe elderly and middle-aged patients' experience of the meaning of autonomy in nursing care. Method: A review of the literature where (n=16) qualitative articles were searched for in the databases PubMed and CINAHL. The analysis focused on finding themes and subthemes in the similarities/differences of the articles' results. Results: Elderly and middle-aged patients experienced that the autonomy in nursing care affected their dignity and identity, which also affected their well-being and quality of life. The nurse had a significant role in terms of the opportunity to autonomy, their time restraints, respect for patients, and attitudes could influence the autonomy. The majority of the patients did not experience autonomy. Conclusion: Both nurses and patients experience that patient autonomy is neglected, which influences the patient's well-being and quality of life negatively. Few studies describes the patients' experience of autonomy in nursing care, so further research in this area is needed.

Bakgrund: Hypertoni är ett globalt hälsoproblem och livsstilsrelaterade orsaker ligger bakom utvecklingen av hypertoni. Livsstilsförändring kan innebära ändrade kostvanor och ökad fysisk aktivitet. Det behövs mer kunskap om patientens erfarenhet av livsstilsförändring vid hypertoni. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att sammanställa och beskriva aktuell forskning om patientens erfarenhet av livsstilsförändring vid hypertoni. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på 12 kvalitativa artiklar insamlades via databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Innehållsanalys användes som analysmetod. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier med tillhörande subkategorier framtogs. Huvudkategorierna var Motiverande aspekter, Möjligheter och hinder samt Bemötandet i vården. Patienten behöver motivation och redskap för att lyckas med livsstilsförändringen. Patienten genomgår känslomässiga processer som påverkade motivationen och det dagliga livet. Tidigare erfarenheter av hypertoni i familjen var en betydelsefull motiverande aspekt. Ett personcentrerat förhållningsätt var av betydelse för patienten. Slutsats: Patienter med hypertoni genomgår olika känslomässiga reaktioner. Tidigare erfarenheter och okunskap kring hypertoni var centrala möjligheter eller hinder för motivation till livsstilsförändring. Personcentrerad vård var betydelsefullt vid livsstilsförändring. Patienten är unik och ska bemötas med värdighet och respekt för personens integritet och självbestämmande. / Background : Hypertension is a global health problem and lifestyle-related causes lie behind the development of hypertension. Lifestyle change may involve changing dietary habits and physical activity. More knowledge about the patient´s experience of lifestyle change in hypertension is needed. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to compile and describe current research about the patient's experience of lifestyle change in hypertension. Method: A literature review based on 12 qualitative articles was collected through the databases Cinahl and PubMed. Content analysis was used as an analytical method. Result: Three main categories with related subcategories were implemented. The main categories were Motivational Aspects, Opportunities and Obstacles, Treatment in health care. The patient need motivation and tools to succeed with lifestyle change. The patient underwent emotional processes that affected motivation and daily life. Experience of hypertension in the family were a motivational aspect. A person-centered approach was important for the patient. Conclusion: The patient´s with hypertension undergoes different emotional reactions. Previous experience and knowledge about hypertension were key opportunities or obstacles to motivation for lifestyle changes. Person-centered care was significant in lifestyle change. The patient is unique and should be treated with dignity and respect for the person's integrity and self-determination.

Bakgrund: Förekomsten av depression hos äldre personer på särskilt boende är ca tre gånger högre jämfört med de som bor i det egna hemmet. Faktorer som kan bidra till att utveckla depression sent i livet är bland annat svagt socialt nätverk och ensamhet. Det finns kunskapsbrister hos omvårdnadspersonalen på särskilda boenden gällande depression hos äldre personer. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva faktorer som har betydelse i omvårdnaden av äldre personer med depression som bor på särskilt boende. Metod: Litteraturöversikt bestående av 9 vetenskapliga artiklar, insamlade via databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Analys av artiklarnas kvalitet har gjorts med hjälp av granskningsmallar. Resultat : Fyra huvudteman identifierades: autonomi, kommunikation, emotionellt stöd och aktivitet. Autonomi visade sig kunna förbättra upplevd livskvalitet. Att sjuksköterskan har tid för samtal och en god kommunikation med den äldre visade sig betydelsefullt. Emotionellt stöd ansågs vara en värdefull del i sjuksköterskans omvårdnad. Aktivitet har en positiv inverkan på depression hos äldre personer på särskilt boende. Slutsats: Faktorer som har betydelse i omvårdnaden av äldre personer med depression är autonomi, individanpassade aktiviteter, god kommunikation, tid för stödjande samtal samt möjlighet att få emotionellt stöd. / Background: The prevalence of depression among elderly people is about three times higher for those living in nursing homes compared to those living in their own homes. Factors that can contribute to generate depression in late life is among other things, weak social network and loneliness. There is absence in knowledge about depression among the care staff working in nursing homes. Aim: To describe factors of importance when caring for elderly people with depression living in nursing homes. Method: A literature review consisting of 9 scientific articles, collected through the CINAHL and PubMed databases. Analysis of the articles' quality has been done using review templates. Results: Four main-themes were formed: autonomy, communication, emotional support and activity. Autonomy can increase the perceived quality of life. To give the elderly time for good communication was found to be significant. Emotional support was important in the nurses care. Activity has an positive impact on depression for elderly persons living in nursing homes. Conclusion: Factors of importance when caring for elderly people with depression are autonomy, individually designed activities, communication and opportunities to receive emotional support.

Bakgrund : Sjuksköterskans roll i omvårdnad inom rättspsykiatrin är komplex. Detta på grund av att utöver omvårdnaden, skall även en säker miljö upprätthållas. Tvångsåtgärder kanske också måste utföras, vilket kan påverka sjuksköterskans etiska och moraliska principer. Den mest framträdande uppgiften sjuksköterskan har är dock att genom en sjuksköterska-patient relation skapa hälsa och välbefinnande samt ge patienter en chans till att växa och utveckla sina beteende. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva aktuell forskning om sjuksköterskans attityder inom den rättspsykiatriska omvårdnaden. Metod: Litteraturöversikt som inkluderar elva kvalitativa studier. Studierna som tagits fram har analyserats och teman identifierats. Databassökningar har genomförts i PubMed, CINAHL, SveMed+ och PsycINFO. Resultat: Tre huvudteman och två subteman identifierades. Första huvudtemat var sjuksköterskans roll med subteman relationens faser och säkerhet och tvångsåtgärder. De andra två huvudteman som identifierades var maskulinitet och copingstrategier. Slutsats : De affektiva attityderna som sjuksköterskan upplever kan styra mycket av de beslut och handlingar som utförs. Detta kan påverka patienters hälsa, välbefinnande och utvecklande. Män ansåg sig själva att genom handlingskomponenten bidra till en trygg och säker miljö. / Background: The nurse has a complex role of nursing care in a forensic care setting. This due to in addition to nursing care, also a safe environment should be preserved. Coercive measures may also have to be carried out, which can affect nurse´s ethical and moral principles. The most prominent task the nurse has are however to create health and wellbeing through nurse-patient relation as well as to offer the patient an opportunity to grow and to develop his behavior. Aim: The aim with this study was to describe current research of the nurse’s attitudes about nursing care in forensic care settings Method: Literature review including eleven qualitative studies. The studies have been analyzed and themes has identified. Database searches are made in PubMed, CINAHL, SveMed+ and PsycINFO. Results: Three main themes and two sub themes were identified. The first main theme was the nurse role with the sub themes the phases of a relationship and safety and coercive measures. The two other main themes that were identified are masculinity and coping strategies. Conclusion: The affective attitudes that the nurse experiences can control much of the decisions and actions that are performed. This can affect patients' health, well-being and development. Men considered themselves to contribute, through the action component, to a safe and secure environment.